供水系统压力管路停泵水力过渡过程的计算机仿真研究
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摘要
随着工业化、城镇化的快速发展和人们对供水量需求的不断加大,并且我国水资源分布时空不均匀,因此越来越多的城市为了解决日趋尖锐的水资源供需矛盾,不得不兴建长距离输水工程。现代长距离输水管线向着大型化、管网化方向发展,输送过程日益复杂。
在供水工程有压管路输水系统中,闸阀的启闭、泵的启动以及突发性事故停泵等都会引起管路中水流流速的急剧变化,从而造成瞬时压力大幅度上升或下降的现象,称为水力过渡过程或水锤。供水系统工程的安全运行受停泵水锤的影响最大,停泵水锤引起的水锤压力要比正常运行状况下的压力高1.5-4倍,当发生多处水柱分离并形成断流弥合水锤时,其产生的水锤压力将会更大。突发性事故停泵会导致供水系统工程供水中断,从而对人们的生产和日常生活造成重大损失。因此,对压力管路停泵水力过渡过程进行理论分析、准确预测和控制研究,并采取适当的水锤防护措施,确保供水工程的安全和稳定运行,具有重大的理论意义和实用价值。
本文研究的主要内容如下：
(1)分析供水泵站稳态运行特性。通过对供水泵站稳态运行特性仿真,分析供水泵站在水泵的不同组合和进出水池水位不断变化的条件下水泵的工作点,以及相对应的泵站系统的各种水力要素,以确定水泵的稳定工作范围,泵站的流量、扬程和效率等,尽量使水泵保持在高效区运行,以实现节能降耗。
(2)详细介绍了管道中水流流动的数学物理模型,包括了运动方程和连续方程的推导。论述了水锤特征线法以及水泵的边界条件,为后文有关水力过渡过程计算机仿真的工作奠定了相应的理论基础。
(3)对水力过渡过程计算模型的改进。在介绍恒定流摩阻系数计算及分析水锤方程中阻力项对水锤计算影响的基础上,采用MIAB变摩阻模型代替以往传统的摩阻处理方法,建立了基于MIAB变摩阻模型的水锤特征方程,探索优化水力过渡过程计算的方法。改进的水力过渡过程计算模型,应用于供水系统压力管路水力过渡过程计算机仿真,具有方法先进,计算精度高、收敛速度快的特点。这是本研究的创新所在。
(4)根据空气阀进排气工作原理,在传统空气阀数学模型的基础上,采用实际气体的范德瓦尔方程的修正形式——R—K方程代替原空气阀数学模型中所假设的理想气体的状态方程,建立了新的空气阀数学模型,该新模型能满足工程计算的要求,可以优化空气阀防护水锤的计算,从而为空气阀的选型和设置提供理论依据和技术支持。这是本研究的另一个创新所在。
(5)采用Visual Basic 6.0语言和SQL Server 2000数据库,开发出功能齐全、性能可靠、界面友善、操作简单的泵站水力过渡过程计算机仿真系统。通过对工程实例进行水力过渡过程的计算机仿真,给出合理的水锤防护措施,蝶阀的优化关闭程序以及空气阀的设置位置等,从而提供了供水工程安全经济合理的运行方式。
With the rapid development of the industrialization and the urbanization, the demand for water supply is increasing. Meanwhile, the time and space distribution of water resource is uneven in China. More and more Long-distance water supply projects had to be built to solve increasingly sharp contradiction between the supply and demand of water. At present, moving toward large-scale and network development, the long-distance water supply projects are becoming more complex.
The sudden changes of the flow velocity is caused by opening or closing the valve and starting or stopping suddenly the pump in the pressure water supply system, which can lead to the rapid spread of pressure wave along the line and the sharp increase or reduce of the pressure within the water pipe. This phenomenon is called water hammer or hydraulic transition process. The water hammer caused by stopping pump due to an accident has an important effect on the safe operation of water supply projects, which can result in the present 1.5-4 times higher than normal. The pressure generated by the cavities collapsing water hammer is greater. Many water supply projects have been severely damaged by pump-stopping water hammer due to an accident. It caused great losses of the people's production and daily life. Therefore, the theoretical analysis, the forecast and control study of hydraulic transition process within the water pipe have great theoretical significance and practical value.Then the appropriate water hammer protection measures must be taken to ensure the safety and stable operation of water supply projects.
The main contents of this study are as follows:
(1) Analysis of the steady-state operation characteristics on water supply pump station. In different combination operation of pumps and variation water level of the access pool conditions, the operating point of pump and the various hydraulic elements of pump station corresponding to the operating point of pump were confirmed by the computer simulation of steady-state operation characteristics on water supply pump station. Thus the stable work area of pump and the pumping flow, head and efficiency were determined. Making the pumps running in high efficiency zone as far as possible is a good way to realize saving energy and reducing consumption.
(2)The mathematical physics model of the pipeline flow was described in detail, including the derivation of motion equation and continuity equation. The method of characteristics used to calculate the water hammer and the pump boundary conditions were discussed. These laid the corresponding theoretical basis for the computer simulation of hydraulic transition process.
(3)The Hydraulic transient model was improved. Based on introducing the calculation of friction coefficient on steady flow and analyzing the influence of resistance items to the calculation of water hammer by water hammer equations, the MIAB model was used instead of the traditional processing method of friction. The water hammer characteristic equations were established on the basis of the MIAB model. The optimum calculation method of hydraulic transition process was studied. Applied in the computer simulation of hydraulic transition process in the pressure water supply system, the improvement model of calculating hydraulic transition process has the characteristics of the methods is advanced, high precision and fast convergence. This is the innovation of this study.
(4) According to the intake and exhaust principle of air valve and the traditional mathematical model of air valve, the R-K equation which is modified by van der Waals equation was used instead of the ideal gas equation. Thus the improved mathematical model of air valve was established. The new model can meet the engineering calculation requirements, and optimize the calculation of water hammer protection with air valve. Thereby it can provide the theory basis and the technical support for the selection and setting of air valve. This is another innovation of this study.
(5) Combined with the engineering practice, Based on Visual Basic 6.0 and SQL Server 2000 database, the computer simulation system of hydraulic transition process on pump station was designed. The features of the computer simulation system are complete functions, reliable performance, friendly interface and easy operation. According to the computer simulation of hydraulic transition process on the example of practical engineering, the reasonable protection measures for water hammer were given. At the same time, the optimization program of butterfly valves and the setting position of air valve were confirmed. Thus the safety and economical operation mode was provided in the water supply system.
在供水工程有压管路输水系统中,闸阀的启闭、泵的启动以及突发性事故停泵等都会引起管路中水流流速的急剧变化,从而造成瞬时压力大幅度上升或下降的现象,称为水力过渡过程或水锤。供水系统工程的安全运行受停泵水锤的影响最大,停泵水锤引起的水锤压力要比正常运行状况下的压力高1.5-4倍,当发生多处水柱分离并形成断流弥合水锤时,其产生的水锤压力将会更大。突发性事故停泵会导致供水系统工程供水中断,从而对人们的生产和日常生活造成重大损失。因此,对压力管路停泵水力过渡过程进行理论分析、准确预测和控制研究,并采取适当的水锤防护措施,确保供水工程的安全和稳定运行,具有重大的理论意义和实用价值。
本文研究的主要内容如下：
(1)分析供水泵站稳态运行特性。通过对供水泵站稳态运行特性仿真,分析供水泵站在水泵的不同组合和进出水池水位不断变化的条件下水泵的工作点,以及相对应的泵站系统的各种水力要素,以确定水泵的稳定工作范围,泵站的流量、扬程和效率等,尽量使水泵保持在高效区运行,以实现节能降耗。
(2)详细介绍了管道中水流流动的数学物理模型,包括了运动方程和连续方程的推导。论述了水锤特征线法以及水泵的边界条件,为后文有关水力过渡过程计算机仿真的工作奠定了相应的理论基础。
(3)对水力过渡过程计算模型的改进。在介绍恒定流摩阻系数计算及分析水锤方程中阻力项对水锤计算影响的基础上,采用MIAB变摩阻模型代替以往传统的摩阻处理方法,建立了基于MIAB变摩阻模型的水锤特征方程,探索优化水力过渡过程计算的方法。改进的水力过渡过程计算模型,应用于供水系统压力管路水力过渡过程计算机仿真,具有方法先进,计算精度高、收敛速度快的特点。这是本研究的创新所在。
(4)根据空气阀进排气工作原理,在传统空气阀数学模型的基础上,采用实际气体的范德瓦尔方程的修正形式——R—K方程代替原空气阀数学模型中所假设的理想气体的状态方程,建立了新的空气阀数学模型,该新模型能满足工程计算的要求,可以优化空气阀防护水锤的计算,从而为空气阀的选型和设置提供理论依据和技术支持。这是本研究的另一个创新所在。
(5)采用Visual Basic 6.0语言和SQL Server 2000数据库,开发出功能齐全、性能可靠、界面友善、操作简单的泵站水力过渡过程计算机仿真系统。通过对工程实例进行水力过渡过程的计算机仿真,给出合理的水锤防护措施,蝶阀的优化关闭程序以及空气阀的设置位置等,从而提供了供水工程安全经济合理的运行方式。
With the rapid development of the industrialization and the urbanization, the demand for water supply is increasing. Meanwhile, the time and space distribution of water resource is uneven in China. More and more Long-distance water supply projects had to be built to solve increasingly sharp contradiction between the supply and demand of water. At present, moving toward large-scale and network development, the long-distance water supply projects are becoming more complex.
The sudden changes of the flow velocity is caused by opening or closing the valve and starting or stopping suddenly the pump in the pressure water supply system, which can lead to the rapid spread of pressure wave along the line and the sharp increase or reduce of the pressure within the water pipe. This phenomenon is called water hammer or hydraulic transition process. The water hammer caused by stopping pump due to an accident has an important effect on the safe operation of water supply projects, which can result in the present 1.5-4 times higher than normal. The pressure generated by the cavities collapsing water hammer is greater. Many water supply projects have been severely damaged by pump-stopping water hammer due to an accident. It caused great losses of the people's production and daily life. Therefore, the theoretical analysis, the forecast and control study of hydraulic transition process within the water pipe have great theoretical significance and practical value.Then the appropriate water hammer protection measures must be taken to ensure the safety and stable operation of water supply projects.
The main contents of this study are as follows:
(1) Analysis of the steady-state operation characteristics on water supply pump station. In different combination operation of pumps and variation water level of the access pool conditions, the operating point of pump and the various hydraulic elements of pump station corresponding to the operating point of pump were confirmed by the computer simulation of steady-state operation characteristics on water supply pump station. Thus the stable work area of pump and the pumping flow, head and efficiency were determined. Making the pumps running in high efficiency zone as far as possible is a good way to realize saving energy and reducing consumption.
(2)The mathematical physics model of the pipeline flow was described in detail, including the derivation of motion equation and continuity equation. The method of characteristics used to calculate the water hammer and the pump boundary conditions were discussed. These laid the corresponding theoretical basis for the computer simulation of hydraulic transition process.
(3)The Hydraulic transient model was improved. Based on introducing the calculation of friction coefficient on steady flow and analyzing the influence of resistance items to the calculation of water hammer by water hammer equations, the MIAB model was used instead of the traditional processing method of friction. The water hammer characteristic equations were established on the basis of the MIAB model. The optimum calculation method of hydraulic transition process was studied. Applied in the computer simulation of hydraulic transition process in the pressure water supply system, the improvement model of calculating hydraulic transition process has the characteristics of the methods is advanced, high precision and fast convergence. This is the innovation of this study.
(4) According to the intake and exhaust principle of air valve and the traditional mathematical model of air valve, the R-K equation which is modified by van der Waals equation was used instead of the ideal gas equation. Thus the improved mathematical model of air valve was established. The new model can meet the engineering calculation requirements, and optimize the calculation of water hammer protection with air valve. Thereby it can provide the theory basis and the technical support for the selection and setting of air valve. This is another innovation of this study.
(5) Combined with the engineering practice, Based on Visual Basic 6.0 and SQL Server 2000 database, the computer simulation system of hydraulic transition process on pump station was designed. The features of the computer simulation system are complete functions, reliable performance, friendly interface and easy operation. According to the computer simulation of hydraulic transition process on the example of practical engineering, the reasonable protection measures for water hammer were given. At the same time, the optimization program of butterfly valves and the setting position of air valve were confirmed. Thus the safety and economical operation mode was provided in the water supply system.
引文
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