气管内全氟化碳预处理在急性肺损伤实验兔的实验研究
|
摘要
目的
探讨全氟化碳(PFC)汽化吸入预处理对油酸型兔急性肺损伤(ALI)的干预作用。
方法
实验兔12只随机分为对照组(C组)和PFC预处理组(P组)(n=6)。两组动物麻醉、建立人工气道和动物监测操作完成后,机械通气30min,待动物呼吸、循环指标平稳后(T1),测定相应监测指标为基础值。C组先机械通气60min,再静脉注射油酸造ALI模型后行机械通气120min;P组先经气管内汽化吸入PFC60min,再静脉注射油酸造ALI模型后行机械通气120min。于机械通气(C组)/PFC汽化吸入(P组)60min (T2)、ALI造模成功时(T3)、ALI后30min(T4)、60min(T5)、90min(T6)、120min(T7)各时点记录吸气压峰值、呼气末二氧化碳分压、动脉血气分析、心率、平均动脉压和中心静脉压测定值,并计算肺泡-动脉血氧分压差、肺系数。T7后抽取静脉血样本静置后离心取上清测定TNF-α、IL-1β的含量;深麻醉下处死动物后分离左右肺,对左肺进行肺灌洗留取支气管肺泡灌洗液测定TNF-α、IL-1β的含量,留取右肺作病理检查并统计肺叶不同分区病理损伤评分。应用酶联免疫吸附法(ELISA)检测TNF-α、IL-1β的含量。
结果
1 P组在T3至T7各时点的吸气压峰值均低于C组(P<0.05)。氧合指数在P组与C组的T3至T7各时点比较分别是130.79±3.65、118.40±2.35、104.04±5.00、96.62±3.14、86.52±3.42 vs 103.26±4.15、95.92±1.92、87.66±3.88、84.43±2.00、77.75±4.58。P组在T3至T7各时点的动脉血氧分压与C组比较明显升高(P<0.05)。P组肺泡-动脉血氧分压差从T3到T6均显著低于C组的对应时点值(P<0.05),在T7两组的肺泡-动脉血氧分压差无显著性差异。P组SaO2值从T3至T7与相应时点C组比较,均升高显著(P<0.05)。P组在T3至T7各时点的动脉血二氧化碳分压与C组比较明显降低(P<0.05),两组测定值(mmHg)分别是39.57±2.08、40.73±0.47、41.72±2.75、42.91±1.99、44.61±1.59 vs 44.39±2.53、46.60±2.31、49.52±3.98、52.03±2.92、54.54±2.39。P组的pH值从T3至T7一直显著高于C组(P<0.05)。P组的HCO3-从T3至T7各时点与C组比较,均显著升高(P<0.05)。P组BE从T3至T7各时点与C组比较,均显著升高(P<0.05)。但P组在心率、平均动脉压和中心静脉压指标与C组比较无显著性差异(P<0.05)。
2 P组的肺系数显著低于C组(P<0.05)。P组的兔肺组织病理损伤明显轻于C组,出血、水肿、炎性细胞渗出较少,P组上、中、下叶腹侧和背侧的积分值均显著低于C组(P<0.05)。
3 P组的血清、支气管肺泡灌洗液中的TNF-α、IL-1β含量均显著低于C组(P<0.05)。
结论
1通过建立气道内小剂量PFC给药途径,证实汽化吸入PFC预处理干预可减轻实验兔ALI的严重程度。
2以2mL/(kg·h)汽化吸入PFC预处理60min,可改善油酸导致的ALI实验兔呼吸功能及氧合状况,但对血流动力学指标无明显改善。
3以2mL/(kg·h)汽化吸入PFC预处理60min,可减轻油酸导致的ALI实验兔肺组织病理损伤,减少炎性因子TNF-α和IL-1β的浸润。PFC干预效果和机制还需进一步验证和研究。
Objective
To assess the intervention effects of intratracheal administration with vaporized perfluorocarbon(PFC) pretreatment in rabbits of oleic acid(OA)-induced acute lung injury(ALI).
Methods
Twelve New Zealand rabbits were randomly divided into control group(group C) and PFC pretreatment group(group P)(n=6 each). After all the rabbits were anesthetized and intubated with mechanical ventilation, and animal monitoring operation were finished, a period of 30min was allowed for animals to stabilize. Baseline measurements were then obtained(T1). In group C, the rabbits were ventilated for 60min and then ALI model was induced by OA. In group P, vaporized perfluorocarbon was given intratracheally for 60min before OA administration. After ALI model was established by OA, the rabbits in two groups were mechanically ventilated for 120min. Peak inspiratory pressure(PIP), expiration carbon dioxide pressure(PETCO2), blood gas analysis, heart rate(HR), mean arterial pressure(MAP) and central venous pressure(CVP) were measured in mechanical ventilation(group C)/PFC pretreatment(group P) for 60min(T2), in T3 that when ALI was established and in time points after ALI 30min(T4), 60min(T5), 90min(T6),120min(T7). AaDO2 and lung coefficient were calculated. After T7, the samples of the venous blood were obtained for measuring concentration of TNF-αand IL-1β. The animals were executed under deep anesthetization, then their left lung and right lung were separated. Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid(BALF) was obtained by lavaging the left lung for detecting the contents of TNF-αand IL-1β. The right lung was obtained for pathological examination and counting the pathological injury scores of different regions of lung lobe.The contents of TNF-αand IL-1βwere detection by the method of enzyme linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA).
Results
1 PIP in group P significantly was lower than that in group C from T3 to T7 (P<0.05). Oxygenation index in group P and group C from T3 to T7 separately were 130.79±3.65、118.40±2.35、104.04±5.00、96.62±3.14、86.52±3.42 vs. 103.26±4.15、95.92±1.92、87.66±3.88、84.43±2.00、77.75±4.58. PaO2 in group P significantly was higher than that in group C(P<0.05) from T3 to T7. AaDO2 in group P significantly was lower than that in group C from T3 to T6(P<0.05) except T7. SaO2 in group P significantly was higher than that in group C(P<0.05) from T3 to T7. PaCO2 in group P significantly was lower than that in group C(P<0.05) from T3 to T7, and two groups separately were (39.57±2.08)mmHg、(40.73±0.47)mmHg、(41.72±2.75)mmHg、(42.91±1.99)mmHg、(44.61±1.59)mmHg vs. (44.39±2.53)mmHg、(46.60±2.31) mmHg、(49.52±3.98)mmHg、(52.03±2.92)mmHg、(54.54±2.39)mmHg. On arterial blood gas, pH in group P significantly was higher than that in group C(P<0.05) from T3 to T7. HCO3- in group P significantly was higher than that in group C(P<0.05) from T3 to T7. BE in group P significantly was higher than that in group C(P<0.05) from T3 to T7. However, HR, MAP and CVP in group P had no significantly difference comparing with group C.
2 Lung coefficient in group P significantly was lower than that in group C (P<0.05). Compared with group C, lung pathological injury was lighter and heamorrhage, edema and effusion of inflammatory factor were fewer in group P. The scores of upper and lower in every lung lobe in group P were significantly inferior to those in group C(P<0.05).
3 The concentration of TNF-αand IL-1βin blood serum and BALF in group P were significantly lower than that in group C(P<0.05).
Conclusion
1 By low-dose PFC administration intratracheally, it was demonstrated that vaporized PFC pretreatment intratracheally was effective to reducing the level of ALI in the rabbits.
2 Vaporized PFC pretreatment intratracheally for 60min with the rate of 2mL/(kg·h) can improve the values of respiratory function and oxygenation without adverse effect on hemodynamics in rabbits of OA-induced ALI.
3 Vaporized PFC pretreatment intratracheally for 60min with the rate of 2mL/(kg·h) can lighten the lung pathological injury and reduce the release of TNF-αand IL-1βin rabbits of OA-induced ALI. The intervention effects and mechanism of PFC pretreatment will be studied further.
探讨全氟化碳(PFC)汽化吸入预处理对油酸型兔急性肺损伤(ALI)的干预作用。
方法
实验兔12只随机分为对照组(C组)和PFC预处理组(P组)(n=6)。两组动物麻醉、建立人工气道和动物监测操作完成后,机械通气30min,待动物呼吸、循环指标平稳后(T1),测定相应监测指标为基础值。C组先机械通气60min,再静脉注射油酸造ALI模型后行机械通气120min;P组先经气管内汽化吸入PFC60min,再静脉注射油酸造ALI模型后行机械通气120min。于机械通气(C组)/PFC汽化吸入(P组)60min (T2)、ALI造模成功时(T3)、ALI后30min(T4)、60min(T5)、90min(T6)、120min(T7)各时点记录吸气压峰值、呼气末二氧化碳分压、动脉血气分析、心率、平均动脉压和中心静脉压测定值,并计算肺泡-动脉血氧分压差、肺系数。T7后抽取静脉血样本静置后离心取上清测定TNF-α、IL-1β的含量;深麻醉下处死动物后分离左右肺,对左肺进行肺灌洗留取支气管肺泡灌洗液测定TNF-α、IL-1β的含量,留取右肺作病理检查并统计肺叶不同分区病理损伤评分。应用酶联免疫吸附法(ELISA)检测TNF-α、IL-1β的含量。
结果
1 P组在T3至T7各时点的吸气压峰值均低于C组(P<0.05)。氧合指数在P组与C组的T3至T7各时点比较分别是130.79±3.65、118.40±2.35、104.04±5.00、96.62±3.14、86.52±3.42 vs 103.26±4.15、95.92±1.92、87.66±3.88、84.43±2.00、77.75±4.58。P组在T3至T7各时点的动脉血氧分压与C组比较明显升高(P<0.05)。P组肺泡-动脉血氧分压差从T3到T6均显著低于C组的对应时点值(P<0.05),在T7两组的肺泡-动脉血氧分压差无显著性差异。P组SaO2值从T3至T7与相应时点C组比较,均升高显著(P<0.05)。P组在T3至T7各时点的动脉血二氧化碳分压与C组比较明显降低(P<0.05),两组测定值(mmHg)分别是39.57±2.08、40.73±0.47、41.72±2.75、42.91±1.99、44.61±1.59 vs 44.39±2.53、46.60±2.31、49.52±3.98、52.03±2.92、54.54±2.39。P组的pH值从T3至T7一直显著高于C组(P<0.05)。P组的HCO3-从T3至T7各时点与C组比较,均显著升高(P<0.05)。P组BE从T3至T7各时点与C组比较,均显著升高(P<0.05)。但P组在心率、平均动脉压和中心静脉压指标与C组比较无显著性差异(P<0.05)。
2 P组的肺系数显著低于C组(P<0.05)。P组的兔肺组织病理损伤明显轻于C组,出血、水肿、炎性细胞渗出较少,P组上、中、下叶腹侧和背侧的积分值均显著低于C组(P<0.05)。
3 P组的血清、支气管肺泡灌洗液中的TNF-α、IL-1β含量均显著低于C组(P<0.05)。
结论
1通过建立气道内小剂量PFC给药途径,证实汽化吸入PFC预处理干预可减轻实验兔ALI的严重程度。
2以2mL/(kg·h)汽化吸入PFC预处理60min,可改善油酸导致的ALI实验兔呼吸功能及氧合状况,但对血流动力学指标无明显改善。
3以2mL/(kg·h)汽化吸入PFC预处理60min,可减轻油酸导致的ALI实验兔肺组织病理损伤,减少炎性因子TNF-α和IL-1β的浸润。PFC干预效果和机制还需进一步验证和研究。
Objective
To assess the intervention effects of intratracheal administration with vaporized perfluorocarbon(PFC) pretreatment in rabbits of oleic acid(OA)-induced acute lung injury(ALI).
Methods
Twelve New Zealand rabbits were randomly divided into control group(group C) and PFC pretreatment group(group P)(n=6 each). After all the rabbits were anesthetized and intubated with mechanical ventilation, and animal monitoring operation were finished, a period of 30min was allowed for animals to stabilize. Baseline measurements were then obtained(T1). In group C, the rabbits were ventilated for 60min and then ALI model was induced by OA. In group P, vaporized perfluorocarbon was given intratracheally for 60min before OA administration. After ALI model was established by OA, the rabbits in two groups were mechanically ventilated for 120min. Peak inspiratory pressure(PIP), expiration carbon dioxide pressure(PETCO2), blood gas analysis, heart rate(HR), mean arterial pressure(MAP) and central venous pressure(CVP) were measured in mechanical ventilation(group C)/PFC pretreatment(group P) for 60min(T2), in T3 that when ALI was established and in time points after ALI 30min(T4), 60min(T5), 90min(T6),120min(T7). AaDO2 and lung coefficient were calculated. After T7, the samples of the venous blood were obtained for measuring concentration of TNF-αand IL-1β. The animals were executed under deep anesthetization, then their left lung and right lung were separated. Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid(BALF) was obtained by lavaging the left lung for detecting the contents of TNF-αand IL-1β. The right lung was obtained for pathological examination and counting the pathological injury scores of different regions of lung lobe.The contents of TNF-αand IL-1βwere detection by the method of enzyme linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA).
Results
1 PIP in group P significantly was lower than that in group C from T3 to T7 (P<0.05). Oxygenation index in group P and group C from T3 to T7 separately were 130.79±3.65、118.40±2.35、104.04±5.00、96.62±3.14、86.52±3.42 vs. 103.26±4.15、95.92±1.92、87.66±3.88、84.43±2.00、77.75±4.58. PaO2 in group P significantly was higher than that in group C(P<0.05) from T3 to T7. AaDO2 in group P significantly was lower than that in group C from T3 to T6(P<0.05) except T7. SaO2 in group P significantly was higher than that in group C(P<0.05) from T3 to T7. PaCO2 in group P significantly was lower than that in group C(P<0.05) from T3 to T7, and two groups separately were (39.57±2.08)mmHg、(40.73±0.47)mmHg、(41.72±2.75)mmHg、(42.91±1.99)mmHg、(44.61±1.59)mmHg vs. (44.39±2.53)mmHg、(46.60±2.31) mmHg、(49.52±3.98)mmHg、(52.03±2.92)mmHg、(54.54±2.39)mmHg. On arterial blood gas, pH in group P significantly was higher than that in group C(P<0.05) from T3 to T7. HCO3- in group P significantly was higher than that in group C(P<0.05) from T3 to T7. BE in group P significantly was higher than that in group C(P<0.05) from T3 to T7. However, HR, MAP and CVP in group P had no significantly difference comparing with group C.
2 Lung coefficient in group P significantly was lower than that in group C (P<0.05). Compared with group C, lung pathological injury was lighter and heamorrhage, edema and effusion of inflammatory factor were fewer in group P. The scores of upper and lower in every lung lobe in group P were significantly inferior to those in group C(P<0.05).
3 The concentration of TNF-αand IL-1βin blood serum and BALF in group P were significantly lower than that in group C(P<0.05).
Conclusion
1 By low-dose PFC administration intratracheally, it was demonstrated that vaporized PFC pretreatment intratracheally was effective to reducing the level of ALI in the rabbits.
2 Vaporized PFC pretreatment intratracheally for 60min with the rate of 2mL/(kg·h) can improve the values of respiratory function and oxygenation without adverse effect on hemodynamics in rabbits of OA-induced ALI.
3 Vaporized PFC pretreatment intratracheally for 60min with the rate of 2mL/(kg·h) can lighten the lung pathological injury and reduce the release of TNF-αand IL-1βin rabbits of OA-induced ALI. The intervention effects and mechanism of PFC pretreatment will be studied further.
引文
[1] Kilpatrick B, Slinger P. Lung protective strategies in anaesthesia[J]. Br J Anaesth, 2010, 105 Suppl 1:i108-116.
[2] Ahmad S, Shlobin OA, Nathan SD. Pulmonary complications of lung transplantation[J]. Chest, 2011, 139(2):402-411.
[3] Hong SK, Hwang S, Lee SG, et al. Pulmonary complications following adult liver transplantation[J]. Transplant Proceedings, 2006, 38(9):2979-2981.
[4]黎尚荣,沈宁,黑子清,等.肝移植术后患者急性肺损伤及其早期危险因素分析[J].中华医学杂志, 2008, 88(43):3049-3052.
[5]文习刚,韩文玲,陈茂平.腹部手术后急性肺损伤的治疗体会[J].临床外科杂志, 2008, 16(6):428-429.
[6] Apostolakis EE, Koletsis EN, Baikoussis NG, et al. Strategies to prevent intraoperative lung injury during cardiopulmonary bypass[J]. J Cardiothorac Surg, 2010, 5:1.
[7] Oeckler RA, Hubmayr RD. Ventilator-associated lung injury: a search for better therapeutic targets[J]. Eur Respir J, 2007, 30(6):1216-1226.
[8] Udobi KF, Childs E, Touijer K. Acute respiratory distress syndrome[J]. Am Fam Physician, 2003, 67(2): 315-322.
[9] Kylstra JA, Tissing MO, van der M. Of mice as fish[J]. Trans Am Soc Artif Intern Organs, 1962, 8:378-383.
[10] Clark LC, Jr., Gollan F. Survival of mammals breathing organic liquids equilibrated with oxygen at atmospheric pressure[J]. Science, 1966, 152(730):1755-1756.
[11] Fuhrman BP, Paczan PR, DeFrancisis M. Perfluorocarbon-associated gas exchange[J]. Crit Care Med, 1991, 19(5):712-722.
[12] Brower RG, Ware LB, Berthiaume Y, et al. Treatment of ARDS[J]. Chest, 2001, 120(4):1347-1367.
[13] Ko AC, Hirsh E, Wong AC, et al. Segmental hemodynamics during partial liquid ventilation in isolated rat lungs[J]. Resuscitation, 2003, 57(1):85-91.
[14] Andrade CF, Martins LK, Tonietto TA, et al. Partial liquid ventilation with perfluorodecalin following unilateral canine lung allotransplantation in non-heart-beating donors[J]. J Heart Lung Transplant, 2004, 23(2):242-251.
[15] Hamilton MC, Peek GJ, Dux AE. Partial liquid ventilation[J]. Pediatr Radiol, 2005, 35(11):1152-1156.
[16] Rimensberger PC. Partial liquid ventilation: is it really time to give it a go[J]? Pediatr Crit Care Med, 2008, 9(6):664-666.
[17] Hirschl RB, Croce M, Gore D, et a1. Prospective,randomized,controlled pilot study of partial liquid ventilation in adult acute respiratory distress syndrome[J]. Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 2002, 165(6):78l-787.
[18] Kaisers U, Kely KP, Busch T. Liquid ventilation[J]. Br J Anaesth, 2003, 91(1):143-151.
[19] Kacmarek RM, Wiedemann HP, Lavin PT, et a1. Partial liquid ventilation in adult patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome[J]. Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 2006, 173(8):882-889.
[20]王晓光,刘又宁.全氟化碳治疗急性肺损伤/急性呼吸窘迫综合征的新进展[J].国外医学呼吸系统分册, 2005, 25(7):5l7-5l9.
[21] Bleyl JU, Ragaller M, Tscho U, et al. Vaporized perfluorocarbon improves oxygenation and pulmonary function in an ovine model of acute respiratory distress syndrome[J]. Anesthesiology, 1999, 91(2):461-469.
[22] Lewis JF, Veldhuizen RA. The future of surfactant therapy during ALI/ARDS[J]. Semin Respir Crit Care Med, 2006, 27(4): 377-388.
[23] Nader ND, Knight PR, Davidson BA, et al. Systemic perfluorocarbons suppress the acute lung inflammation after gastric acid aspiration in rats[J]. Anesth Analg, 2000, 90(2):356-361.
[24]樊毫军,刘书盈,张健鹏, et al.静脉注射全氟化碳乳剂对急性肺损伤大鼠肺的保护作用[J].中华内科杂志, 2007, 46(6):491-492.
[25] Chang H, Li MH, Chen CW, et al. Intravascular FC-77 attenuates phorbol myristate acetate-induced acute lung injury in isolated rat lungs[J]. Crit Care Med, 2008, 36(4):1222-1229.
[26] Hubler M, Souders JE, Shade ED, et al. Effects of vaporized perfluorocarbon on pulmonary blood flow and ventilation/perfusion distribution in a model of acute respiratory distress syndrome[J]. Anesthesiology, 2001, 95(6): 1414-1421.
[27] Noble WH, Severinghaus JW. Thermal and conductivity dilution curves for rapid quantitation of pulmonary edema[J]. J Appl Physiol, 1972, 32(6) :770-775.
[28] Sehgal A, Guaran R. Liquid ventilation[J]. Indian J Chest Dis Allied Sci, 2005, 47(3): 187-192.
[29] Dunster KR, Davies MW, Fraser JF. The use of chilled condensers for the recovery of perfluorocarbon liquid in an experimental model of perfluorocarbon vapour loss during neonatal partial liquid ventilation[J]. Biomed Eng Online, 2007, 6: 19.
[30] Morris K, Cox P, Frndova H, et al. Effect of a sustained inflation on regional distribution of gas and perfluorocarbon during partial liquid ventilation[J]. Pediatr Pulmonol, 2007, 42(3): 204-209.
[31] de Lange F, Yoshitani K, Proia AD, et al. Perfluorocarbon administration during cardiopulmonary bypass in rats: an inflammatory link to adverse outcome[J]? Anesth Analg, 2008, 106(1):24-31.
[32] Ricard JD, Iserin F, Dreyfuss D, et al. Perflubron dosing affects ventilator-induced lung injury in rats with previous lung injury[J]. Crit Care Med, 2007, 35(2):561-567.
[33] Paxian M, Rensing H, Geckeis K, et al. Perflubron emulsion in prolonged hemorrhagic shock: influence on hepatocellular energy metabolism and oxygen-dependent gene expression[J]. Anesthesiology, 2003, 98(6): 1391-1399.
[34]樊毫军,张健鹏,刘又宁.吸入全氟化碳治疗急性肺损伤研究进展[J].中国呼吸与危重监护杂志, 2006, 5(1): 63-65.
[35] Kandler MA, von der Hardt K, Gericke N, et al. Dose response to aerosolized perflubron in a neonatal swine model of lung injury[J]. Pediatr Res, 2004, 56(2): 191-197.
[36] Costantino ML, Micheau P, Shaffer TH, et al. Clinical design functions: round table discussions on the bioengineering of liquid ventilators[J]. ASAIO J, 2009, 55(3):206-208.
[37]中华医学会重症医学分会.急性肺损伤/急性呼吸窘迫综合征诊断和治疗指南(2006)[J].中国危重病急救医学, 2006, 18(12):706-710.
[38]佘守章,岳云.临床监测学[M].第2版.北京:人民卫生出版社, 2005. 176-177.
[39] Li X , Liu Y, Wang Q , et al . A novel and stable " two-hit" acute lung injury model induced by oleic acid in piglets [J] . Acta Vet Scand ,2009,51 :17.
[40]肖献忠.病理生理学[M].北京:高等教育出版社, 2005. 46.
[41]肖献忠.病理生理学[M].北京:高等教育出版社, 2005. 61-62.
[42] Rotta AT, Gunnarsson B, Fuhrman BP, et al. Comparison of lung protective ventilation strategies in a rabbit model of acute lung injury[J]. Crit Care Med, 2001, 29(11):2176-2184.
[43] Matuschak GM, Lechner AJ. Acute lung injury and acute respiratory distress syndrome: pathophysiology and treatment[J]. Mo Med, 2010, 107(4):252-258.
[44] Park WY, Goodman RB, Steinberg KP, et al. Cytokine balance in the lungs of patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome[J].Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 2001, 164(10 Pt 1): 1896-1903.
[45] Takala A, Jousela I, Takkunen O, et al. A prospective study of inflammation markers in patients at risk of indirect acute lung injury[J]. Shock, 2002, 17(4):252-257.
[46] Yasui K, Furuta RA, Matsuyama N, et al. Possible involvement of heparin-binding protein in transfusion-related acute lung injury[J]. Transfusion, 2008, 48(5):978-87.
[47] Chou IC, Lin WD, Wang CH, et al. Interleukin (IL)-1beta, IL-1 receptor antagonist, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, and tumor necrosis factor alpha gene polymorphisms in patients with febrile seizures[J]. J Clin Lab Anal, 2010, 24(3):154-159.
[48] Chen HI. From neurogenic pulmonary edema to fat embolism syndrome: a brief review of experimental and clinical investigations of acute lung injury and acute respiratory distress syndrome[J]. Chin J Physiol, 2009, 52(5 Suppl):339-344.
[49] Rudiger M, Wissel H, Ochs M, et al. Perfluorocarbons are taken up by isolated type II pneumocytes and influence its lipid synthesis and secretion[J]. Crit Care Med, 2003, 31(4):1190-1196.
[50] von der Hardt K, Kandler MA, Fink L, et al. Laser-assisted microdissection and real-time PCR detect anti-inflammatory effect of perfluorocarbon[J]. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol, 2003, 285(1):L55-62.
[51] Rotta AT, Viana ME, Wiryawan B, et al. Combining lung-protective strategies in experimental acute lung injury: The impact of high-frequency partial liquid ventilation[J]. Pediatr Crit Care Med, 2006, 7(6):562-570.
[52] Jiang L, Wang Q, Liu Y, et al. Effect of different ventilation modes with FC-77 on pulmonaryinflammatory reaction in piglets after cardiopulmonary bypass[J]. Pediatr Pulmonol, 2007, 42(2):150-158.
[53] Burkhardt W, Koehne P, Wissel H, et al. Intratracheal perfluorocarbons diminish LPS-induced increase in systemic TNF-alpha[J]. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol, 2008, 294(6):L1043-1048.
[54]樊毫军,张健鹏,刘又宁,等.全氟化碳对肿瘤坏死因子攻击下肺泡上皮细胞产生IL-8水平的影响[J].中华医学杂志, 2006, 86(15): 1075-1076.
[55] Hirayama Y, Hirasawa H, Oda S, et al. Partial liquid ventilation with FC-77 suppresses the release of lipid mediators in rat acute lung injury model[J]. Crit Care Med, 2004, 32(10):2085-2089.
[56] Mikawa K, Nishina K, Takao Y, et al. Efficacy of partial liquid ventilation in improving acute lung injury induced by intratracheal acidified infant formula: determination of optimal dose and positive end-expiratory pressure level[J]. Crit Care Med, 2004, 32(1): 209-216.
[57] Obraztsov VV, Neslund GG, Kornbrust ES, et al. In vitro cellular effects of perfluorochemicals correlate with their lipid solubility [J]. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol, 2000, 278(5): L1018-L1024.
[58] Smith TM, Steinhorn DM, Thusu K, et al. A liquid perfluorochemical decreases the in vitro production of reactive oxygen species by alveolar macrophages[J]. Crit Care Med, 1995, 23(9): 1533-1539.
[59]樊毫军.腹腔或静脉注射全氟化碳对大鼠急性肺损伤预防作用的实验研究[D].北京:中国人民解放军军医进修学院, 2006.
[1] Udobi KF, Childs E, Touijer K. Acute respiratory distress syndrome[J]. Am Fam Physician, 2003, 67(2): 315-322.
[2] Clark LC, Jr., Gollan F. Survival of mammals breathing organic liquids equilibrated with oxygen at atmospheric pressure[J]. Science, 1966, 152(730): 1755-1756.
[3] Sehgal A, Guaran R. Liquid ventilation[J]. Indian J Chest Dis Allied Sci, 2005, 47(3): 187-192.
[4] Dunster KR, Davies MW, Fraser JF. The use of chilled condensers for the recovery of perfluorocarbon liquid in an experimental model of perfluorocarbon vapour loss during neonatal partial liquid ventilation[J]. Biomed Eng Online, 2007, 6: 19.
[5] Morris K, Cox P, Frndova H, et al. Effect of a sustained inflation on regional distribution of gas and perfluorocarbon during partial liquid ventilation[J]. Pediatr Pulmonol, 2007, 42(3): 204-209.
[6] Reickert C, Pranikoff T, Overbeck M, et al. The pulmonary and systemic distribution and elimination of perflubron from adult patients treated with partial liquid ventilation[J]. Chest, 2001, 119(2):515-522.
[7] Hood CI, Modell JH. A morphologic study of long-term retention of fluorocarbon after liquid ventilation[J]. Chest, 2000, 118 (5) : 1436 -1440.
[8] Hirschl RB, Croce M, Gore D, et a1. Prospective,randomized, controlled pilot study of partial liquid ventilation in adult acute respiratory distress syndrome[J]. Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 2002, 165(6): 78l-787.
[9] Kacmarek RM, Wiedemann HP, Lavin PT, et a1. Partial liquid ventilation in adult patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome[J]. Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 2006, 173(8): 882-889.
[10] Spieth PM, Knels L, Kasper M, et al. Effects of vaporized perfluorohexane and partial liquid ventilation on regional distribution of alveolar damage in experimental lung injury[J]. Intensive Care Med, 2007, 33(2): 308-314.
[11]张健鹏,刘又宁.全氟化碳吸入技术及其应用前景[J].中国实用内科学杂志, 2007, 27(5): 336-338.
[12] Davies MW, Sargent PH. Partial liquid ventilation for the prevention of mortality and morbidity in paediatric acute lung injury and acute respiratory distress syndrome[J]. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 2004, 2:CD003845.
[13]中华医学会重症医学分会.急性肺损伤/急性呼吸窘迫综合征诊断和治疗指南(2006)[J].中国危重病急救医学, 2006, 18(12):706-710.
[14] Anonymous. Ventilation with lower tidal volumes as compared with traditional tidal volumes for acute lung injury and the acute respiratory distress syndrome[J]. N Engl J Med, 2000, 342(18):1301-1308.
[15]刘又宁,解立新.急性肺损伤/急性呼吸窘迫综合征近年来国内研究进展[J].中华呼吸和结核杂志, 2004, 27(1):8-10.
[16]钱桂生.急性肺损伤和急性呼吸窘迫综合征的临床研究[J].中华烧伤杂志, 2004,20(3):129-131.
[17] Bumbasirevic V, Bukumirovic V, Popovic N, et al. Protective ventilation strategy in the acute respiratory distress syndrome[J]. Acta Chir Iugosl, 2004, 51(3):45-49.
[18] ARDS Network Investigators. Ventilation with lower tidal volumes as compared with traditional tidal volumes for acute lung injury and the acute respiratory distress syndrome[J]. N Engl J Med, 2000, 342(18):1301-1308.
[19] van Kaam AH, de J aegere A, Hait sma JJ,et al. Positive pressure ventilation with the open lung concept optimizes gas exchange and reduces ventilator-induced lung injury in newborn piglets[J]. Pediatr Res, 2003, 53(2):245-253.
[20]王少根,郭光华,付忠华,等.高频振荡通气治疗吸入性肺损伤的作用[J].中华急诊医学杂志, 2007, 16(2):170-173.
[21] Wakabayashi T, Tamura M, Nakamura T. Partial liquid ventilation with low-dose perfluorochemical and high-frequency oscillation improves oxygenation and lung compliance in a rabbit model of surfactant depletion[J]. Biol Neonate, 2005, 9(3):177-182.
[22]李德元.高氟碳部分液体通气对兔急性肺损伤治疗的实验研究[D].南昌:南昌大学, 2008.
[23]曾林祥.高频振荡通气联合部分液体通气治疗吸入性损伤的实验研究[D].南昌:南昌大学, 2008.
[24] Ricard JD, Iserin F, Dreyfuss D, et a1. Perflubron dosing affects ventilator-induced lung injury in rats with previous lung injury[J]. Crit Care Med, 2007, 35(2): 561-567.
[25] Ricard JD, Dreyfuss D, Laissy JP, et al. Dose-response effect of perfluorocarbon administration on lung microvascular permeability in rats[J]. Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 2003, 168(11): 1378-1382.
[26]樊毫军,张健鹏,刘又宁.吸入全氟化碳治疗急性肺损伤研究进展[J].中国呼吸与危重监护杂志, 2006, 5(1): 63-65.
[27] Bleyl JU, Ragaller M, Tscho U, et al. Vaporized perfluorocarbon improves oxygenation and pulmonary function in an ovine model of acute respiratory distress syndrome[J]. Anesthesiology, 1999, 91(2): 461-469.
[28] Kandler MA, von der Hardt K, Gericke N, et al. Dose response to aerosolized perflubron in a neonatal swine model of lung injury[J]. Pediatr Res, 2004, 56(2): 191-197.
[29] Gama de Abreu M, Wilmink B, Hubler M, et al. Vaporized perfluorohexane attenuates ventilator-induced lung injury in isolated, perfused rabbit lungs[J]. Anesthesiology, 2005, 102(3): 597-605.
[30]樊毫军,张健鹏,刘又宁,等.全氟化碳对肿瘤坏死因子攻击下肺泡上皮细胞产生IL-8水平的影响[J].中华医学杂志, 2006, 86(15): 1075-1076.
[31] Brower RG, Ware LB, Berthiaume Y, et al. Treatment of ARDS[J]. Chest, 2001, 120(4): 1347-1367.
[32] Ko AC, Hirsh E, Wong AC, et al. Segmental hemodynamics during partial liquid ventilation inisolated rat lungs[J]. Resuscitation, 2003, 57(1): 85-91.
[33] Andrade CF, Martins LK, Tonietto TA, et al. Partial liquid ventilation with perfluorodecalin following unilateral canine lung allotransplantation in non-heart-beating donors[J]. J Heart Lung Transplant, 2004, 23(2): 242-251.
[34] Rimensberger PC. Partial liquid ventilation: is it really time to give it a go[J]? Pediatr Crit Care Med, 2008, 9(6): 664-666.
[35] Lewis JF, Veldhuizen RA. The future of surfactant therapy during ALI/ARDS[J]. Semin Respir Crit Care Med, 2006, 27(4): 377-388.
[36] Nader ND, Knight PR, Davidson BA, et al. Systemic perfluorocarbons suppress the acute lung inflammation after gastric acid aspiration in rats[J]. Anesth Analg, 2000, 90(2):356-361.
[37]樊毫军,刘书盈,张健鹏, et al.静脉注射全氟化碳乳剂对急性肺损伤大鼠肺的保护作用[J].中华内科杂志, 2007, 46(6):491-492.
[38] Chang H, Li MH, Chen CW, et al. Intravascular FC-77 attenuates phorbol myristate acetate-induced acute lung injury in isolated rat lungs[J]. Crit Care Med, 2008, 36(4):1222-1229.
[39] Rudiger M, Wissel H, Ochs M, et al. Perfluorocarbons are taken up by isolated type II pneumocytes and influence its lipid synthesis and secretion[J]. Crit Care Med, 2003, 31(4):1190-1196.
[40] von der Hardt K, Kandler MA, Fink L, et al. Laser-assisted microdissection and real-time PCR detect anti-inflammatory effect of perfluorocarbon[J]. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol, 2003, 285(1):L55-62.
[41] Rotta AT, Viana ME, Wiryawan B, et al. Combining lung-protective strategies in experimental acute lung injury: The impact of high-frequency partial liquid ventilation[J]. Pediatr Crit Care Med, 2006, 7(6):562-570.
[42] Jiang L, Wang Q, Liu Y, et al. Effect of different ventilation modes with FC-77 on pulmonary inflammatory reaction in piglets after cardiopulmonary bypass[J]. Pediatr Pulmonol, 2007, 42(2):150-158.
[43] Burkhardt W, Koehne P, Wissel H, et al. Intratracheal perfluorocarbons diminish LPS-induced increase in systemic TNF-alpha[J]. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol, 2008, 294(6):L1043-1048.
[44] de Lange F, Yoshitani K, Proia AD, Mackensen GB, Grocott HP. Perfluorocarbon administration during cardiopulmonary bypass in rats: an inflammatory link to adverse outcome[J]? Anesth Analg, 2008, 106(1):24-31.
[45] Hirayama Y, Hirasawa H, Oda S, et al. Partial liquid ventilation with FC-77 suppresses the release of lipid mediators in rat acute lung injury model[J]. Crit Care Med, 2004, 32(10):2085-2089.
[46] Mikawa K, Nishina K, Takao Y, et al. Efficacy of partial liquid ventilation in improving acute lung injury induced by intratracheal acidified infant formula: determination of optimal dose and positive end-expiratory pressure level[J]. Crit Care Med, 2004, 32(1): 209-216.
[47] Obraztsov VV, Neslund GG, Kornbrust ES, et al. In vitro cellular effects of perfluorochemicals correlate with their lipid solubility [J]. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol, 2000, 278(5): L1018-L1024.
[48] Smith TM, Steinhorn DM, Thusu K, et al. A liquid perfluorochemical decreases the in vitro production of reactive oxygen species by alveolar macrophages[J]. Crit Care Med, 1995, 23(9): 1533-1539.
[49]樊毫军.腹腔或静脉注射全氟化碳对大鼠急性肺损伤预防作用的实验研究[D].北京:中国人民解放军军医进修学院, 2006.
[2] Ahmad S, Shlobin OA, Nathan SD. Pulmonary complications of lung transplantation[J]. Chest, 2011, 139(2):402-411.
[3] Hong SK, Hwang S, Lee SG, et al. Pulmonary complications following adult liver transplantation[J]. Transplant Proceedings, 2006, 38(9):2979-2981.
[4]黎尚荣,沈宁,黑子清,等.肝移植术后患者急性肺损伤及其早期危险因素分析[J].中华医学杂志, 2008, 88(43):3049-3052.
[5]文习刚,韩文玲,陈茂平.腹部手术后急性肺损伤的治疗体会[J].临床外科杂志, 2008, 16(6):428-429.
[6] Apostolakis EE, Koletsis EN, Baikoussis NG, et al. Strategies to prevent intraoperative lung injury during cardiopulmonary bypass[J]. J Cardiothorac Surg, 2010, 5:1.
[7] Oeckler RA, Hubmayr RD. Ventilator-associated lung injury: a search for better therapeutic targets[J]. Eur Respir J, 2007, 30(6):1216-1226.
[8] Udobi KF, Childs E, Touijer K. Acute respiratory distress syndrome[J]. Am Fam Physician, 2003, 67(2): 315-322.
[9] Kylstra JA, Tissing MO, van der M. Of mice as fish[J]. Trans Am Soc Artif Intern Organs, 1962, 8:378-383.
[10] Clark LC, Jr., Gollan F. Survival of mammals breathing organic liquids equilibrated with oxygen at atmospheric pressure[J]. Science, 1966, 152(730):1755-1756.
[11] Fuhrman BP, Paczan PR, DeFrancisis M. Perfluorocarbon-associated gas exchange[J]. Crit Care Med, 1991, 19(5):712-722.
[12] Brower RG, Ware LB, Berthiaume Y, et al. Treatment of ARDS[J]. Chest, 2001, 120(4):1347-1367.
[13] Ko AC, Hirsh E, Wong AC, et al. Segmental hemodynamics during partial liquid ventilation in isolated rat lungs[J]. Resuscitation, 2003, 57(1):85-91.
[14] Andrade CF, Martins LK, Tonietto TA, et al. Partial liquid ventilation with perfluorodecalin following unilateral canine lung allotransplantation in non-heart-beating donors[J]. J Heart Lung Transplant, 2004, 23(2):242-251.
[15] Hamilton MC, Peek GJ, Dux AE. Partial liquid ventilation[J]. Pediatr Radiol, 2005, 35(11):1152-1156.
[16] Rimensberger PC. Partial liquid ventilation: is it really time to give it a go[J]? Pediatr Crit Care Med, 2008, 9(6):664-666.
[17] Hirschl RB, Croce M, Gore D, et a1. Prospective,randomized,controlled pilot study of partial liquid ventilation in adult acute respiratory distress syndrome[J]. Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 2002, 165(6):78l-787.
[18] Kaisers U, Kely KP, Busch T. Liquid ventilation[J]. Br J Anaesth, 2003, 91(1):143-151.
[19] Kacmarek RM, Wiedemann HP, Lavin PT, et a1. Partial liquid ventilation in adult patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome[J]. Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 2006, 173(8):882-889.
[20]王晓光,刘又宁.全氟化碳治疗急性肺损伤/急性呼吸窘迫综合征的新进展[J].国外医学呼吸系统分册, 2005, 25(7):5l7-5l9.
[21] Bleyl JU, Ragaller M, Tscho U, et al. Vaporized perfluorocarbon improves oxygenation and pulmonary function in an ovine model of acute respiratory distress syndrome[J]. Anesthesiology, 1999, 91(2):461-469.
[22] Lewis JF, Veldhuizen RA. The future of surfactant therapy during ALI/ARDS[J]. Semin Respir Crit Care Med, 2006, 27(4): 377-388.
[23] Nader ND, Knight PR, Davidson BA, et al. Systemic perfluorocarbons suppress the acute lung inflammation after gastric acid aspiration in rats[J]. Anesth Analg, 2000, 90(2):356-361.
[24]樊毫军,刘书盈,张健鹏, et al.静脉注射全氟化碳乳剂对急性肺损伤大鼠肺的保护作用[J].中华内科杂志, 2007, 46(6):491-492.
[25] Chang H, Li MH, Chen CW, et al. Intravascular FC-77 attenuates phorbol myristate acetate-induced acute lung injury in isolated rat lungs[J]. Crit Care Med, 2008, 36(4):1222-1229.
[26] Hubler M, Souders JE, Shade ED, et al. Effects of vaporized perfluorocarbon on pulmonary blood flow and ventilation/perfusion distribution in a model of acute respiratory distress syndrome[J]. Anesthesiology, 2001, 95(6): 1414-1421.
[27] Noble WH, Severinghaus JW. Thermal and conductivity dilution curves for rapid quantitation of pulmonary edema[J]. J Appl Physiol, 1972, 32(6) :770-775.
[28] Sehgal A, Guaran R. Liquid ventilation[J]. Indian J Chest Dis Allied Sci, 2005, 47(3): 187-192.
[29] Dunster KR, Davies MW, Fraser JF. The use of chilled condensers for the recovery of perfluorocarbon liquid in an experimental model of perfluorocarbon vapour loss during neonatal partial liquid ventilation[J]. Biomed Eng Online, 2007, 6: 19.
[30] Morris K, Cox P, Frndova H, et al. Effect of a sustained inflation on regional distribution of gas and perfluorocarbon during partial liquid ventilation[J]. Pediatr Pulmonol, 2007, 42(3): 204-209.
[31] de Lange F, Yoshitani K, Proia AD, et al. Perfluorocarbon administration during cardiopulmonary bypass in rats: an inflammatory link to adverse outcome[J]? Anesth Analg, 2008, 106(1):24-31.
[32] Ricard JD, Iserin F, Dreyfuss D, et al. Perflubron dosing affects ventilator-induced lung injury in rats with previous lung injury[J]. Crit Care Med, 2007, 35(2):561-567.
[33] Paxian M, Rensing H, Geckeis K, et al. Perflubron emulsion in prolonged hemorrhagic shock: influence on hepatocellular energy metabolism and oxygen-dependent gene expression[J]. Anesthesiology, 2003, 98(6): 1391-1399.
[34]樊毫军,张健鹏,刘又宁.吸入全氟化碳治疗急性肺损伤研究进展[J].中国呼吸与危重监护杂志, 2006, 5(1): 63-65.
[35] Kandler MA, von der Hardt K, Gericke N, et al. Dose response to aerosolized perflubron in a neonatal swine model of lung injury[J]. Pediatr Res, 2004, 56(2): 191-197.
[36] Costantino ML, Micheau P, Shaffer TH, et al. Clinical design functions: round table discussions on the bioengineering of liquid ventilators[J]. ASAIO J, 2009, 55(3):206-208.
[37]中华医学会重症医学分会.急性肺损伤/急性呼吸窘迫综合征诊断和治疗指南(2006)[J].中国危重病急救医学, 2006, 18(12):706-710.
[38]佘守章,岳云.临床监测学[M].第2版.北京:人民卫生出版社, 2005. 176-177.
[39] Li X , Liu Y, Wang Q , et al . A novel and stable " two-hit" acute lung injury model induced by oleic acid in piglets [J] . Acta Vet Scand ,2009,51 :17.
[40]肖献忠.病理生理学[M].北京:高等教育出版社, 2005. 46.
[41]肖献忠.病理生理学[M].北京:高等教育出版社, 2005. 61-62.
[42] Rotta AT, Gunnarsson B, Fuhrman BP, et al. Comparison of lung protective ventilation strategies in a rabbit model of acute lung injury[J]. Crit Care Med, 2001, 29(11):2176-2184.
[43] Matuschak GM, Lechner AJ. Acute lung injury and acute respiratory distress syndrome: pathophysiology and treatment[J]. Mo Med, 2010, 107(4):252-258.
[44] Park WY, Goodman RB, Steinberg KP, et al. Cytokine balance in the lungs of patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome[J].Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 2001, 164(10 Pt 1): 1896-1903.
[45] Takala A, Jousela I, Takkunen O, et al. A prospective study of inflammation markers in patients at risk of indirect acute lung injury[J]. Shock, 2002, 17(4):252-257.
[46] Yasui K, Furuta RA, Matsuyama N, et al. Possible involvement of heparin-binding protein in transfusion-related acute lung injury[J]. Transfusion, 2008, 48(5):978-87.
[47] Chou IC, Lin WD, Wang CH, et al. Interleukin (IL)-1beta, IL-1 receptor antagonist, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, and tumor necrosis factor alpha gene polymorphisms in patients with febrile seizures[J]. J Clin Lab Anal, 2010, 24(3):154-159.
[48] Chen HI. From neurogenic pulmonary edema to fat embolism syndrome: a brief review of experimental and clinical investigations of acute lung injury and acute respiratory distress syndrome[J]. Chin J Physiol, 2009, 52(5 Suppl):339-344.
[49] Rudiger M, Wissel H, Ochs M, et al. Perfluorocarbons are taken up by isolated type II pneumocytes and influence its lipid synthesis and secretion[J]. Crit Care Med, 2003, 31(4):1190-1196.
[50] von der Hardt K, Kandler MA, Fink L, et al. Laser-assisted microdissection and real-time PCR detect anti-inflammatory effect of perfluorocarbon[J]. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol, 2003, 285(1):L55-62.
[51] Rotta AT, Viana ME, Wiryawan B, et al. Combining lung-protective strategies in experimental acute lung injury: The impact of high-frequency partial liquid ventilation[J]. Pediatr Crit Care Med, 2006, 7(6):562-570.
[52] Jiang L, Wang Q, Liu Y, et al. Effect of different ventilation modes with FC-77 on pulmonaryinflammatory reaction in piglets after cardiopulmonary bypass[J]. Pediatr Pulmonol, 2007, 42(2):150-158.
[53] Burkhardt W, Koehne P, Wissel H, et al. Intratracheal perfluorocarbons diminish LPS-induced increase in systemic TNF-alpha[J]. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol, 2008, 294(6):L1043-1048.
[54]樊毫军,张健鹏,刘又宁,等.全氟化碳对肿瘤坏死因子攻击下肺泡上皮细胞产生IL-8水平的影响[J].中华医学杂志, 2006, 86(15): 1075-1076.
[55] Hirayama Y, Hirasawa H, Oda S, et al. Partial liquid ventilation with FC-77 suppresses the release of lipid mediators in rat acute lung injury model[J]. Crit Care Med, 2004, 32(10):2085-2089.
[56] Mikawa K, Nishina K, Takao Y, et al. Efficacy of partial liquid ventilation in improving acute lung injury induced by intratracheal acidified infant formula: determination of optimal dose and positive end-expiratory pressure level[J]. Crit Care Med, 2004, 32(1): 209-216.
[57] Obraztsov VV, Neslund GG, Kornbrust ES, et al. In vitro cellular effects of perfluorochemicals correlate with their lipid solubility [J]. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol, 2000, 278(5): L1018-L1024.
[58] Smith TM, Steinhorn DM, Thusu K, et al. A liquid perfluorochemical decreases the in vitro production of reactive oxygen species by alveolar macrophages[J]. Crit Care Med, 1995, 23(9): 1533-1539.
[59]樊毫军.腹腔或静脉注射全氟化碳对大鼠急性肺损伤预防作用的实验研究[D].北京:中国人民解放军军医进修学院, 2006.
[1] Udobi KF, Childs E, Touijer K. Acute respiratory distress syndrome[J]. Am Fam Physician, 2003, 67(2): 315-322.
[2] Clark LC, Jr., Gollan F. Survival of mammals breathing organic liquids equilibrated with oxygen at atmospheric pressure[J]. Science, 1966, 152(730): 1755-1756.
[3] Sehgal A, Guaran R. Liquid ventilation[J]. Indian J Chest Dis Allied Sci, 2005, 47(3): 187-192.
[4] Dunster KR, Davies MW, Fraser JF. The use of chilled condensers for the recovery of perfluorocarbon liquid in an experimental model of perfluorocarbon vapour loss during neonatal partial liquid ventilation[J]. Biomed Eng Online, 2007, 6: 19.
[5] Morris K, Cox P, Frndova H, et al. Effect of a sustained inflation on regional distribution of gas and perfluorocarbon during partial liquid ventilation[J]. Pediatr Pulmonol, 2007, 42(3): 204-209.
[6] Reickert C, Pranikoff T, Overbeck M, et al. The pulmonary and systemic distribution and elimination of perflubron from adult patients treated with partial liquid ventilation[J]. Chest, 2001, 119(2):515-522.
[7] Hood CI, Modell JH. A morphologic study of long-term retention of fluorocarbon after liquid ventilation[J]. Chest, 2000, 118 (5) : 1436 -1440.
[8] Hirschl RB, Croce M, Gore D, et a1. Prospective,randomized, controlled pilot study of partial liquid ventilation in adult acute respiratory distress syndrome[J]. Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 2002, 165(6): 78l-787.
[9] Kacmarek RM, Wiedemann HP, Lavin PT, et a1. Partial liquid ventilation in adult patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome[J]. Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 2006, 173(8): 882-889.
[10] Spieth PM, Knels L, Kasper M, et al. Effects of vaporized perfluorohexane and partial liquid ventilation on regional distribution of alveolar damage in experimental lung injury[J]. Intensive Care Med, 2007, 33(2): 308-314.
[11]张健鹏,刘又宁.全氟化碳吸入技术及其应用前景[J].中国实用内科学杂志, 2007, 27(5): 336-338.
[12] Davies MW, Sargent PH. Partial liquid ventilation for the prevention of mortality and morbidity in paediatric acute lung injury and acute respiratory distress syndrome[J]. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 2004, 2:CD003845.
[13]中华医学会重症医学分会.急性肺损伤/急性呼吸窘迫综合征诊断和治疗指南(2006)[J].中国危重病急救医学, 2006, 18(12):706-710.
[14] Anonymous. Ventilation with lower tidal volumes as compared with traditional tidal volumes for acute lung injury and the acute respiratory distress syndrome[J]. N Engl J Med, 2000, 342(18):1301-1308.
[15]刘又宁,解立新.急性肺损伤/急性呼吸窘迫综合征近年来国内研究进展[J].中华呼吸和结核杂志, 2004, 27(1):8-10.
[16]钱桂生.急性肺损伤和急性呼吸窘迫综合征的临床研究[J].中华烧伤杂志, 2004,20(3):129-131.
[17] Bumbasirevic V, Bukumirovic V, Popovic N, et al. Protective ventilation strategy in the acute respiratory distress syndrome[J]. Acta Chir Iugosl, 2004, 51(3):45-49.
[18] ARDS Network Investigators. Ventilation with lower tidal volumes as compared with traditional tidal volumes for acute lung injury and the acute respiratory distress syndrome[J]. N Engl J Med, 2000, 342(18):1301-1308.
[19] van Kaam AH, de J aegere A, Hait sma JJ,et al. Positive pressure ventilation with the open lung concept optimizes gas exchange and reduces ventilator-induced lung injury in newborn piglets[J]. Pediatr Res, 2003, 53(2):245-253.
[20]王少根,郭光华,付忠华,等.高频振荡通气治疗吸入性肺损伤的作用[J].中华急诊医学杂志, 2007, 16(2):170-173.
[21] Wakabayashi T, Tamura M, Nakamura T. Partial liquid ventilation with low-dose perfluorochemical and high-frequency oscillation improves oxygenation and lung compliance in a rabbit model of surfactant depletion[J]. Biol Neonate, 2005, 9(3):177-182.
[22]李德元.高氟碳部分液体通气对兔急性肺损伤治疗的实验研究[D].南昌:南昌大学, 2008.
[23]曾林祥.高频振荡通气联合部分液体通气治疗吸入性损伤的实验研究[D].南昌:南昌大学, 2008.
[24] Ricard JD, Iserin F, Dreyfuss D, et a1. Perflubron dosing affects ventilator-induced lung injury in rats with previous lung injury[J]. Crit Care Med, 2007, 35(2): 561-567.
[25] Ricard JD, Dreyfuss D, Laissy JP, et al. Dose-response effect of perfluorocarbon administration on lung microvascular permeability in rats[J]. Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 2003, 168(11): 1378-1382.
[26]樊毫军,张健鹏,刘又宁.吸入全氟化碳治疗急性肺损伤研究进展[J].中国呼吸与危重监护杂志, 2006, 5(1): 63-65.
[27] Bleyl JU, Ragaller M, Tscho U, et al. Vaporized perfluorocarbon improves oxygenation and pulmonary function in an ovine model of acute respiratory distress syndrome[J]. Anesthesiology, 1999, 91(2): 461-469.
[28] Kandler MA, von der Hardt K, Gericke N, et al. Dose response to aerosolized perflubron in a neonatal swine model of lung injury[J]. Pediatr Res, 2004, 56(2): 191-197.
[29] Gama de Abreu M, Wilmink B, Hubler M, et al. Vaporized perfluorohexane attenuates ventilator-induced lung injury in isolated, perfused rabbit lungs[J]. Anesthesiology, 2005, 102(3): 597-605.
[30]樊毫军,张健鹏,刘又宁,等.全氟化碳对肿瘤坏死因子攻击下肺泡上皮细胞产生IL-8水平的影响[J].中华医学杂志, 2006, 86(15): 1075-1076.
[31] Brower RG, Ware LB, Berthiaume Y, et al. Treatment of ARDS[J]. Chest, 2001, 120(4): 1347-1367.
[32] Ko AC, Hirsh E, Wong AC, et al. Segmental hemodynamics during partial liquid ventilation inisolated rat lungs[J]. Resuscitation, 2003, 57(1): 85-91.
[33] Andrade CF, Martins LK, Tonietto TA, et al. Partial liquid ventilation with perfluorodecalin following unilateral canine lung allotransplantation in non-heart-beating donors[J]. J Heart Lung Transplant, 2004, 23(2): 242-251.
[34] Rimensberger PC. Partial liquid ventilation: is it really time to give it a go[J]? Pediatr Crit Care Med, 2008, 9(6): 664-666.
[35] Lewis JF, Veldhuizen RA. The future of surfactant therapy during ALI/ARDS[J]. Semin Respir Crit Care Med, 2006, 27(4): 377-388.
[36] Nader ND, Knight PR, Davidson BA, et al. Systemic perfluorocarbons suppress the acute lung inflammation after gastric acid aspiration in rats[J]. Anesth Analg, 2000, 90(2):356-361.
[37]樊毫军,刘书盈,张健鹏, et al.静脉注射全氟化碳乳剂对急性肺损伤大鼠肺的保护作用[J].中华内科杂志, 2007, 46(6):491-492.
[38] Chang H, Li MH, Chen CW, et al. Intravascular FC-77 attenuates phorbol myristate acetate-induced acute lung injury in isolated rat lungs[J]. Crit Care Med, 2008, 36(4):1222-1229.
[39] Rudiger M, Wissel H, Ochs M, et al. Perfluorocarbons are taken up by isolated type II pneumocytes and influence its lipid synthesis and secretion[J]. Crit Care Med, 2003, 31(4):1190-1196.
[40] von der Hardt K, Kandler MA, Fink L, et al. Laser-assisted microdissection and real-time PCR detect anti-inflammatory effect of perfluorocarbon[J]. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol, 2003, 285(1):L55-62.
[41] Rotta AT, Viana ME, Wiryawan B, et al. Combining lung-protective strategies in experimental acute lung injury: The impact of high-frequency partial liquid ventilation[J]. Pediatr Crit Care Med, 2006, 7(6):562-570.
[42] Jiang L, Wang Q, Liu Y, et al. Effect of different ventilation modes with FC-77 on pulmonary inflammatory reaction in piglets after cardiopulmonary bypass[J]. Pediatr Pulmonol, 2007, 42(2):150-158.
[43] Burkhardt W, Koehne P, Wissel H, et al. Intratracheal perfluorocarbons diminish LPS-induced increase in systemic TNF-alpha[J]. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol, 2008, 294(6):L1043-1048.
[44] de Lange F, Yoshitani K, Proia AD, Mackensen GB, Grocott HP. Perfluorocarbon administration during cardiopulmonary bypass in rats: an inflammatory link to adverse outcome[J]? Anesth Analg, 2008, 106(1):24-31.
[45] Hirayama Y, Hirasawa H, Oda S, et al. Partial liquid ventilation with FC-77 suppresses the release of lipid mediators in rat acute lung injury model[J]. Crit Care Med, 2004, 32(10):2085-2089.
[46] Mikawa K, Nishina K, Takao Y, et al. Efficacy of partial liquid ventilation in improving acute lung injury induced by intratracheal acidified infant formula: determination of optimal dose and positive end-expiratory pressure level[J]. Crit Care Med, 2004, 32(1): 209-216.
[47] Obraztsov VV, Neslund GG, Kornbrust ES, et al. In vitro cellular effects of perfluorochemicals correlate with their lipid solubility [J]. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol, 2000, 278(5): L1018-L1024.
[48] Smith TM, Steinhorn DM, Thusu K, et al. A liquid perfluorochemical decreases the in vitro production of reactive oxygen species by alveolar macrophages[J]. Crit Care Med, 1995, 23(9): 1533-1539.
[49]樊毫军.腹腔或静脉注射全氟化碳对大鼠急性肺损伤预防作用的实验研究[D].北京:中国人民解放军军医进修学院, 2006.
© 2004-2018 中国地质图书馆版权所有 京ICP备05064691号 京公网安备11010802017129号 地址：北京市海淀区学院路29号 邮编：100083 电话：办公室：(+86 10)66554848；文献借阅、咨询服务、科技查新：66554700 |