O_3/GAC工艺控制饮用水氯化消毒副产物研究
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摘要
近年来，水体污染日益加剧，使得以混凝、过滤、消毒为代表的常规饮用水处理工艺难以有效地去除水中的有机物，从而使氯化消毒副产物增加，严重威胁人体健康，最为突出的就是产生具有致癌致突作用的THMs和卤代有机物，其中三氯甲烷产生量最大，尤其受到了重视。而原水中存在的各种有机物，包括天然有机物(如腐殖酸)和污染性有机物，都是产生氯化消毒副产物的根源。因此，最大可能地去除有机物，减少消毒副产物前体物就是饮用水深度净化的目的。本研究即以COD_(Mn)、UV_(254)、CHCl_3FP、CCl_4FP作为评价指标，探讨臭氧和活性炭联用对有机物，特别是消毒副产物前体物的去除效能以及去除机理，并针对高有机污染饮用水源提出了O_3／GAC两级串联工艺。
研究发现，针对COD_(Mn)＜5mg／l的低有机污染饮用水源，采用O_3／GAC一级工艺，出水水质良好。它在去除有机物、消毒副产物前体物方面明显优于传统工艺、O_3、GAC单一工艺。
O_3／GAC联合工艺出水水质受臭氧投加量、活性炭吸附时间和水源水质波动的影响。O_3投加量有一最佳范围，因水质而异，如当原水COD_(Mn)为4.78时，最佳O_3投加量为4mg／l，当原水COD_(Mn)为7.1时，最佳O_3投加量为6mg／l。COD_(Mn)、UV_(254)、CHCl_3FP的去除率以及CHCl_3FP、CCl_4FP总去除率随活性炭吸附时间的延长而提高；但当吸附时间超过15～25min后，四者的去除率己无明显变化，此时可认为已达到吸附平衡。对于不同水质(COD_(Mn)4—8，uv_(254)0.08—0.185)，O_3／GAC工艺均有较稳定的去除率，即COD_(Mn)在55％—70％之间，UV_(254)在60％—80％之间，而CHCl_3FP去除率、CHCl_3FP、CCl_4FP总去除率则稳定在50％左右。说明O_3／GAC工艺对控制消毒副产物具有稳定的处理效果。
当原水为COD_(Mn)＞5mg／l的高有机污染饮用水源时，采用O_3／GAC一级工艺，出水的COD_(Mn)难以达到净水标准，即使增加臭氧投量和延长活性炭吸附时间也难以有效提高处理效果。我们根据O_3／GAC工艺去除有机物的机理，在一级工艺的基础上采用了O_3／GAC两级串联工艺。结果表明，它不仅能将出水的COD_(Mn)达到净水要求，而且更为突出的是，它显著提高了对消毒副产物前驱物的去除率，对控制氯化消毒副产物特别有效。
In recent years, because of industrial, agricultural and urban pollution, the quality of drinking water sources is becoming worse and worse. Though conventional water treatment has played an important role in past years, it is now found ill-fitted because of increasing mutagens and carcinogens in chlorinated water. So how to reduce chlorination disinfection by-products (DBFs) has been greatly concerned. In this text, we discussed the effectiveness and mechanism of Os/GAC technics in removing natural organic matters (NOM) and disinfection by-products precursors.
Ozonation coupled with granular activated carbon adsorption (CVGAC technics) is proved to have a good effect in dealing with low organic polluted raw water. It shows distinct advantage in reducing NOM and disinfection by-products precursors when compared with conventional water treatment, OB and GAC single technics.
The quality of effluent water depends on ozone dose, carbon adsorption time and the character of raw water. The analyses of samples show results: there is a best ozone dose for a particular raw water which varies with the quality of water; the removal ratios of all indexes increase with prolonged carbon adsorption time before 15-25 minutes; Os/GAC technics can apply stably under different water quality conditions(CODMn 4-8).
However, when source water is seriously polluted by organics, the concentration of CODMn can't meet the drinking water regulations using one-stage Os/GAC technics. Increasing ozone dose or prolonging carbon adsorption time is proved to have little effect. On the basis of mechanism of Os/GAC technics, we put forward two-stage CVGAC technics which not only make CODMn up to dar, but also greatly reduce disinfection by-products precursors.
研究发现，针对COD_(Mn)＜5mg／l的低有机污染饮用水源，采用O_3／GAC一级工艺，出水水质良好。它在去除有机物、消毒副产物前体物方面明显优于传统工艺、O_3、GAC单一工艺。
O_3／GAC联合工艺出水水质受臭氧投加量、活性炭吸附时间和水源水质波动的影响。O_3投加量有一最佳范围，因水质而异，如当原水COD_(Mn)为4.78时，最佳O_3投加量为4mg／l，当原水COD_(Mn)为7.1时，最佳O_3投加量为6mg／l。COD_(Mn)、UV_(254)、CHCl_3FP的去除率以及CHCl_3FP、CCl_4FP总去除率随活性炭吸附时间的延长而提高；但当吸附时间超过15～25min后，四者的去除率己无明显变化，此时可认为已达到吸附平衡。对于不同水质(COD_(Mn)4—8，uv_(254)0.08—0.185)，O_3／GAC工艺均有较稳定的去除率，即COD_(Mn)在55％—70％之间，UV_(254)在60％—80％之间，而CHCl_3FP去除率、CHCl_3FP、CCl_4FP总去除率则稳定在50％左右。说明O_3／GAC工艺对控制消毒副产物具有稳定的处理效果。
当原水为COD_(Mn)＞5mg／l的高有机污染饮用水源时，采用O_3／GAC一级工艺，出水的COD_(Mn)难以达到净水标准，即使增加臭氧投量和延长活性炭吸附时间也难以有效提高处理效果。我们根据O_3／GAC工艺去除有机物的机理，在一级工艺的基础上采用了O_3／GAC两级串联工艺。结果表明，它不仅能将出水的COD_(Mn)达到净水要求，而且更为突出的是，它显著提高了对消毒副产物前驱物的去除率，对控制氯化消毒副产物特别有效。
In recent years, because of industrial, agricultural and urban pollution, the quality of drinking water sources is becoming worse and worse. Though conventional water treatment has played an important role in past years, it is now found ill-fitted because of increasing mutagens and carcinogens in chlorinated water. So how to reduce chlorination disinfection by-products (DBFs) has been greatly concerned. In this text, we discussed the effectiveness and mechanism of Os/GAC technics in removing natural organic matters (NOM) and disinfection by-products precursors.
Ozonation coupled with granular activated carbon adsorption (CVGAC technics) is proved to have a good effect in dealing with low organic polluted raw water. It shows distinct advantage in reducing NOM and disinfection by-products precursors when compared with conventional water treatment, OB and GAC single technics.
The quality of effluent water depends on ozone dose, carbon adsorption time and the character of raw water. The analyses of samples show results: there is a best ozone dose for a particular raw water which varies with the quality of water; the removal ratios of all indexes increase with prolonged carbon adsorption time before 15-25 minutes; Os/GAC technics can apply stably under different water quality conditions(CODMn 4-8).
However, when source water is seriously polluted by organics, the concentration of CODMn can't meet the drinking water regulations using one-stage Os/GAC technics. Increasing ozone dose or prolonging carbon adsorption time is proved to have little effect. On the basis of mechanism of Os/GAC technics, we put forward two-stage CVGAC technics which not only make CODMn up to dar, but also greatly reduce disinfection by-products precursors.
引文
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