基于小波变换的特高压直流线路保护研究
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摘要
我国发电资源分布与用电区域不平衡的特点决定了发展特高压输电是我国电网发展建设的重要部分。直流输电由于其在长距离大容量输电方面的独特优势而得到了大力发展。我国自20世纪80年代开始建设直流输电工程以来,在直流输电的理论研究、输电设备的国产化等各方面均取得了令人瞩目的成就。目前我国已经投入运行的多项直流输电工程运行统计结果均表明,输电线路故障是导致直流输电系统停运的主要原因之一。并且目前直流系统线路保护均普遍存在正确动作率不高、线路高阻接地时灵敏度不足的问题。
本文以电磁暂态仿真程序PSCAD为计算工具,结合CIGRE直流系统标准控制模型,参考目前已经投运的直流输电工程设备的实际参数建立了±660kV和±800kV直流输电系统模型。分析了直流输电系统中交流场、直流场典型位置发生故障时,直流线路保护装置测得电气量变化特点。利用小波变换工具,通过大量仿真计算提取了不同故障位置的故障电流特征,在此基础上进一步研究了故障点与换流站之间的距离、故障过渡电阻的大小两方面因素对小波变换提取故障特征可靠性的影响。
目前投运的直流输电工程多为双极系统,一极故障会在另一健全极上感应出暂态电气量,可能使健全极线路保护误动。为解决这一问题,本文通过大量仿真得出了了故障极和健全极电压变化的一般规律,从电压变化的一般规律中提找出了利用电压变化量区分交流场与直流场故障、直流线路故障极与健全极的方法。结合故障电流的小波变换结果,本文在分析高压直流输电线路两极之间电压变化量耦合关系的基础上提出了一种基于小波变换的高压直流输电线路暂态保护。
本文对所提出的直流输电线路保护判据进行了大量仿真验证,结果表明保护判据能够简单可靠的进行故障极判别、区分线路内部故障和线路保护区外故障,雷击闪络与雷击干扰,可靠性不受过渡电阻的影响。并且本文提出的保护判据只需要线路对侧的电流极性信号,对通信通道的可靠性要求较低。
In China, energy such as solar, coal is mainly distributed in the north and west.But load center is mainly distributed in the east and south. The imbalance shows that the development of HVDC is an important part of power grid construction in China. HVDC project has got rapid development recently because of its advantages on power transmission. Remarkable achievements have been made on theory research and equipment manufacturing since 1980s when China began to design HVDC project. The operation statistical results of the present HVDC projects in China show that transmission line faults are the main reason to HVDC system outage. It also shows that the present HVDC transmission line protection has low accuracy and insufficient sensitivity under high transient resistance fault.
±660 kV and±800kV HVDC project models are built by the PSCAD/EMTDC electromagnetic transient simulation software, on the basis of parameters of Ningdong HVDC Transmission System. Typical faults at AC area, DC area are simulated in this paper. Wavelet transform tools are used to extract fault characteristics. Different transient resistances are also taken into consideration. Current polarities extract by wavelet transform tools can be used to distinguish different fault positions. Simulations show that this method has high reliability on fault location.
Most of the existing HVDC systems are bipolar systems. For parallel DC transmission lines, because of the affect of electromagnetic induction between two lines, faults on a line will cause transient voltage and current on the healthy one. Extensive simulations have been carried out to find out the general regularity of voltage variations. Ratio of voltage variation between fault line and healthy line are used to separate fault line from the healthy one. By using ratio of voltage variation, faults at different positions can be easily detected. Combined with the characteristic of current polarities, a new protection criterion for bipolar HVDC transmission system is proposed.
Different conditions are considered in the verification of the proposed protection criterions, including short circuit faults on AC-side bus, lightning stroke and short circuit faults on dc transmission lines with different positions and transition resistances. Simulations results show the reliability of the protection principle
本文以电磁暂态仿真程序PSCAD为计算工具,结合CIGRE直流系统标准控制模型,参考目前已经投运的直流输电工程设备的实际参数建立了±660kV和±800kV直流输电系统模型。分析了直流输电系统中交流场、直流场典型位置发生故障时,直流线路保护装置测得电气量变化特点。利用小波变换工具,通过大量仿真计算提取了不同故障位置的故障电流特征,在此基础上进一步研究了故障点与换流站之间的距离、故障过渡电阻的大小两方面因素对小波变换提取故障特征可靠性的影响。
目前投运的直流输电工程多为双极系统,一极故障会在另一健全极上感应出暂态电气量,可能使健全极线路保护误动。为解决这一问题,本文通过大量仿真得出了了故障极和健全极电压变化的一般规律,从电压变化的一般规律中提找出了利用电压变化量区分交流场与直流场故障、直流线路故障极与健全极的方法。结合故障电流的小波变换结果,本文在分析高压直流输电线路两极之间电压变化量耦合关系的基础上提出了一种基于小波变换的高压直流输电线路暂态保护。
本文对所提出的直流输电线路保护判据进行了大量仿真验证,结果表明保护判据能够简单可靠的进行故障极判别、区分线路内部故障和线路保护区外故障,雷击闪络与雷击干扰,可靠性不受过渡电阻的影响。并且本文提出的保护判据只需要线路对侧的电流极性信号,对通信通道的可靠性要求较低。
In China, energy such as solar, coal is mainly distributed in the north and west.But load center is mainly distributed in the east and south. The imbalance shows that the development of HVDC is an important part of power grid construction in China. HVDC project has got rapid development recently because of its advantages on power transmission. Remarkable achievements have been made on theory research and equipment manufacturing since 1980s when China began to design HVDC project. The operation statistical results of the present HVDC projects in China show that transmission line faults are the main reason to HVDC system outage. It also shows that the present HVDC transmission line protection has low accuracy and insufficient sensitivity under high transient resistance fault.
±660 kV and±800kV HVDC project models are built by the PSCAD/EMTDC electromagnetic transient simulation software, on the basis of parameters of Ningdong HVDC Transmission System. Typical faults at AC area, DC area are simulated in this paper. Wavelet transform tools are used to extract fault characteristics. Different transient resistances are also taken into consideration. Current polarities extract by wavelet transform tools can be used to distinguish different fault positions. Simulations show that this method has high reliability on fault location.
Most of the existing HVDC systems are bipolar systems. For parallel DC transmission lines, because of the affect of electromagnetic induction between two lines, faults on a line will cause transient voltage and current on the healthy one. Extensive simulations have been carried out to find out the general regularity of voltage variations. Ratio of voltage variation between fault line and healthy line are used to separate fault line from the healthy one. By using ratio of voltage variation, faults at different positions can be easily detected. Combined with the characteristic of current polarities, a new protection criterion for bipolar HVDC transmission system is proposed.
Different conditions are considered in the verification of the proposed protection criterions, including short circuit faults on AC-side bus, lightning stroke and short circuit faults on dc transmission lines with different positions and transition resistances. Simulations results show the reliability of the protection principle
引文
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[7]D.Naidoo and N.M.Ijumba. A Protection System for Long HVDC Transmission Lines[C]. Inaugural IEEE PES 2005 Conference and Exposition in Africa:150-155.
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[10]Wang Gang, Li Haifeng, Zhao Jie, Li Zhikeng. A novel transient based protection for ±800 kV UHVDC transmission lines[C]. The 8th IEE International Conference on AC and DC Power Transmission, London, UK,2006.
[11]李振强,鲁改凤,吕艳萍.基于小波变换的高压直流输电线路暂态电压行波保护[J].电力系统保护与控制,2010,38(13)：40-45.
[12]Li Zhenqiang, Lu Gaifeng, Lu Yanping.A novel scheme of HVDC transmission line voltage traveling wave protection based on wavelet transform[J].Power System Protection and Control,2010,38(13):40-45(in Chinese).
[13]Li Zhenqiang, Lu Yanping.A novel scheme of HVDC transmission line voltage traveling wave protection based on wavelet transform[C].2008 International Conference on High Voltage Engineering and Application, Chongqing, China,2008.
[14]王钢,罗健斌,李海锋,李志铿.特高压直流输电线路暂态能量保护[J].电力系统自动化,2010,34(1)：28-31.
[15]Wang Gang, Luo Jinxing, Li Haifeng, Li Zhikeng.Transient energy protection for ±800kV UHVDC transmission lines[J].Automation of Electric Power Systems, 2010,34(1):28-31(in Chinese).
[16]Li Aimin, Cai Zexiang, Li Xiaohua, Liu Yonghao.Analysis of influence factors and improvement of traveling wave protections for HVDC line[J].Automation of Electric Power Systems,2010,34(10):76-80(in Chinese).
[17]张保会,张嵩,尤敏,曹瑞峰.高压直流线路单端暂态量保护研究[J].电力系统保护与控制,2010,38(15)：18-23.
[18]Zhang Baohui, Zhang Song, You Min, Cao Ruifeng. Research on transient-based protection for HVDC lines [J].Power System Protection and Control,2010, 38(15):18-23(in Chinese).
[19]高淑萍,索南加乐,宋国兵,等.高压直流输电线路电流差动保护新原理[J].电力系统自动化,2010,34(17)：45-49.
[20]Gao Shuping, Suo Nan Jiale, Song Guobing, et al. A new current differential protection principle for HVDC transmission lines [J].Automation of Electric Power Systems, 2010,34(17):45-49(in Chinese).
[21]李学鹏,全玉生.基于数学形态学暂态特征提取的高压直流输电线路精确故障定位[J].现代电力,Vo1.24 No.2：21-25.
[22]束洪春,王超,张杰,吴娜.基于形态学的HVDC线路故障识别与定位方法研究[J].电力自动化设备,Vo1.27 No.4：6-9.
[23]张家奇,吴坚,于飞.基于神经网络的HVDC系统故障诊断.高电压技术,Vo1.32No.5：65-68.
[24]Joe-Air Jiang, Ping-Lin Fan, Ching-Shan Chen, Chi-Shan Yu, Jin-YI Sheu. A Fault Detection and Faulted-phase Selection Approach for Transmission Lines With Haar Wavelet Transform" Transmission and Distribution Conference and Exposition.2003 IEEE PES Volume 1285-289.
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