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渭北高原红富士苹果树蒸腾规律的研究
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摘要
渭北黄土高原是苹果的最佳适生区。然而,由于水肥的制约,使该地区红富士苹果产量低而不稳。为此,本文采用热扩散茎流计法对苹果树干液流变化进行了为期3年的动态连续监测,以探求其蒸腾耗水规律,旨在为该地区苹果生产提供必要的水肥管理依据。通过研究与分析,得出如下几个基本结论:
     (1)不同天气状况下树干液流存在较大的差异。晴天,苹果树蒸腾速率日变化表现为单峰曲线;阴天,蒸腾速率日变化表现为多峰曲线;雨天,蒸腾速率日变化呈不规则的多峰曲线变化特征。阴天、雨天的蒸腾速率值总体低于晴天时,启动时间也比晴天时滞后。
     (2)苹果树各月的平均蒸腾速率具有明显的昼夜变化规律,每个月基本都表现为单峰曲线。但由于苹果树自身生理状况及气象的不同,月蒸腾速率的启动和结束时间、最大值和最小值及最大值和最小值的出现时间等都有一定的差异。
     (3)苹果树一年内的日平均蒸腾速率变化规律呈单峰曲线。2008年的日平均蒸腾速率为0.59L/h;2009年的日平均蒸腾速率为0.65L/h;2010年的日平均蒸腾速率为0.69L/h。苹果树的日累计曲线呈“S”型。2008年平均一天的蒸腾量为14.32mm;2009年平均一天的蒸腾量为14.34mm;2010年平均一天的蒸腾量为14.37mm。
     (4)苹果树的日蒸腾量呈现出明显的日际变化特征。7、8月的日蒸腾量达到全年的最大值。一年中的5、6、7、8月份是苹果树的主要需水期,此时正值幼果期和膨大期,蒸腾量也最大。
     (5)在降水和充分灌水条件下蒸腾规律在不同月份表现为其启动时间、峰值出现时间及变化趋势基本相似。但是峰值的大小及每天的蒸腾量具有一定的差异性。一年内,潜在蒸腾量均比不灌水处理下的蒸腾量大,特别是7月份蒸腾量的差值最大。2008年,不灌水条件下的苹果树年蒸腾量比充分灌水条件下的少了127.36mm;2009年则少了168.59mm。2010年则少了138.30mm。
     (6)就试验年而言,不同施肥处理的苹果树的月蒸腾量在5-10月表现为施95kg/株有机肥的最大,其次是施150kg/株有机肥的,再次是施40kg/株有机肥的,最小的为不施肥的,在其他月份施肥影响较小。不同施肥处理的苹果树的蒸腾量在幼果期、膨大期差别最大,在其他生长周期施肥影响较小。
     (7)处理W2(尿素1kg/株,过磷酸钙1.75kg/株,硫酸钾1.25kg/株)的苹果树的月蒸腾量几乎全年都大于处理W1(尿素1.5kg/株,过磷酸钙2kg/株,硫酸钾1.25kg/株)的。施了无机肥的苹果树的月蒸腾量要大于不施肥的。在2008年处理W1的苹果树的年蒸腾量比处理W2的少了297.06mm。在2009年则少了157.48mm。在2010年则少了275.08mm。处理W2的苹果树能更好的吸收水分,减少水分亏缺量。
     (8)就试验年而言,降水很难满足苹果树的潜在蒸腾需求。其中2008年的2、6、9月份,2009年的2、5、7、8、9、11月份以及2010年的4、7、8、9、10月份的水分供求基本平衡。其他月份的水分供求关系矛盾比较突出,应该加强水分补给。在2008年,充分灌水处理下的单株产量比不灌水处理下的多了11.70kg;在2009年,前者比后者多了5.16kg;在2010年,前者比后者多了15.45kg。说明通过灌溉满足苹果树生长发育对水分的要求,可以提高苹果树产量。
Weibei Plateau is the best suitable area for Apple. However, the lack of reasonable irrigation and fertilization management results in that Fuji apple trees yields is low and unstable in this region. Therefore, this study continuously monitored the diurnal variation of apple trees transpiration in the two years of period using thermal-dissipation probe. It revealed the characteristics of transpiration based on Fuji Apple tree on the Weibei plateau. It is aimed at providing the necessary theoretical basis of water ecology for the apple production in this region. Through research and analysis, some basic conclusions drawn are as follows:
     (1) Types of apple trees under different weather there is a big difference in sap flow. Transpiration rate in the sunny apple trees showed a single peak curve change. In the cloudy apple tree transpiration rate changes show a lower level of multi-peak curve. Transpiration rate of apple trees in the rain at irregular changes Variation of multi-peak curve. The overall value of transpiration rate in overcast、rainy days is lower than that in a clear-cloudy day.
     (2) Monthly variation of apple trees transpiration has a significant diurnal variation; basically each month showed a single peak curve. However, due to different physiological conditions of apple trees and different weather, the start and end time, maximum and the maximum value of the transpiration rate in each mouth have some differences.
     (3) Annual variation of apple trees transpiration showed a single peak curve. In 2008 the average daily transpiration rate is 0.59L/h; in 2009 the average daily transpiration rate is 0.65L/h; in 2010 the average daily transpiration rate is 0.69L/h. Cumulative curve of the apple tree at "S" type. In 2008, the average daily transpiration is 14.32mm. In 2009, the average daily transpiration is 14.34mm. In 2010, the average daily transpiration is 14.37mm.
     (4) Diurnal transpiration of apple trees showed distinct diurnal variation characteristics. In July and August transpiration throughout the year is the largest. In May、June、July and August is the major water demand period of apple trees. This time is young fruit time and expanding period and transpiration is also the largest.
     (5) Apple trees transpiration under different treatments is in the performance of that its start time, peak time and the curves are similar in different mouths. But the peaks of the size and amount of daily transpiration have some differences. Within one year of growth in apple trees, the potential transpiration is larger than the apple tree transpiration under non-irrigation. In particular, the biggest difference between transpiration is in July. In 2008、2009 and 2010, transpiration of apple trees under full irrigation conditions is less than that under non-irrigation conditions.
     (6)Transpiration of Fuji apple trees under different treatments in the May-October showed that the maximum one is the organic fertilizer applied 95kg, followed by the organic fertilizer applied 150kg, the third one is the organic fertilizer applied 40kg, the smallest one is for the no fertilizer, and other months have little effect.. Transpiration of apple trees under different treatments in the young fruit stage and expanding period has the biggest difference; other growth cycle was less affected.
     (7) Apple trees under inorganic fertilizer treatment W2 (Urea 1kg / strain, SSP 1.75kg / strains, potassium 1.25kg / strains) almost all year round on transpiration than that under inorganic fertilizer treatment W1 (1.5kg / strains, SSP 2kg / strains, potassium 1.25kg / strains). Transpiration of apple trees under Inorganic fertilizer is greater than that under non-fertilization. Fuji apple tree yearly transpiration under inorganic fertilizer treatment W1 is less than that under inorganic fertilizer treatment W2. Apple tree under inorganic fertilizer treatment W2 can better absorb water and reduce water deficit.
     (8) In the test years, the precipitation is difficult to meet the potential transpiration of apple trees. In Feb.、Jun. and Sep. of 2008, in Feb.、May.、Jul.、Aug.、Sep.、Nov. of 2009 and in Apr.、Jul.、Aug.、Sep.、Oct. of 2010, water supply and demand balance. Water supply and demand in other months highlights contradictions, Water supply should be strengthened. In 2008, yield per plant under the full irrigation treatments more than that under the non-irrigation treatment 11.70kg; in 2009, the former more than the latter 5.16kg; in 2010, the former more than the latter 15.45kg. Tree growth and development through irrigation to meet the requirements for water can improve apple production.
引文
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