福州市主要绿化树种对镉胁迫的生理响应与抗性比较研究
|
摘要
本研究采用溶液培养法和盆栽方法分别研究了榕树(Ficus microcarpa L.f)、樟树(Cinnamomum camphora(L.)Presl)和芒果(Mangifera indica Linn)种子和1年生幼苗对重金属镉(Cd)胁迫的生长和生理生化反应。设置的Cd浓度梯度分别为0.3、1.0、10.0、20.0 mg/kg(以Cd~(2+)计),同时设置对照(CK)。研究结果如下:
1、Cd处理对3种树种种子发芽具有低浓度下的激活效应和高浓度下的抑制效应,且3种种子胚根伸长的抑制率随着Cd浓度的增大呈增大的趋势,抑制效应大小顺序为樟树＜榕树＜芒果。另外,Cd胁迫浓度与种子发芽率、根伸长抑制率之间普遍存在显著的回归关系。
2、Cd胁迫下,芒果的细胞膜透性增大,且随浓度的增大呈上升的趋势;榕树和樟树则表现为低浓度(1mg/kg)时细胞膜透性减小,高浓度时细胞膜透性增大,榕树增大的幅度比樟树大。
3、Cd胁迫下,3种幼苗的光合系统也受影响,榕树和芒果幼前苗叶片叶绿素含量和净光合速率随着Cd处理浓度的增加呈现下降趋势,芒果下降的幅度比榕树大;樟树在Cd胁迫下幼苗叶片叶绿素含量和净光合速率变化不大。而3种幼苗叶片叶绿素a/b值均比对照高,但与浓度主效应的差异不显著。
4、Cd胁迫下,3种幼苗的自由基清除系统受到严重影响。低浓度(Cd浓度≤10 mg/kg)的Cd在一定程度上刺激了樟树和榕树的过氧化氧酶(CAT)和过氧化物酶(POD)的活性,表明这两种树种具有一定抵御Cd伤害的能力,但是随着处理浓度的增加,两种酶活性开始下降,说明两树种对Cd的抵御能力是有一定限度的。Cd胁迫下芒果的CAT和POD的活性表现为下降的趋势。
5、Cd胁迫下,芒果的幼苗植株细而矮,生物量累积少;榕树的地茎、苗高和生物量累积随Cd胁迫浓度的增加变化不大,而樟树却略有增大。
6、用隶属函数法进行综合评定,3种树种的抗Cd胁迫能力强弱顺序为:樟树＞榕树＞芒果。
本论文以3种福州市常见的常绿阔叶乔木树种的种子与1年生幼苗为试材,研究其在不同浓度Cd胁迫下的生理生态效应,探讨和比较不同树种抗Cd胁迫的差异,综合评定其抗Cd胁迫能力的强弱,为福州市园林绿化树种选择提供理论依据,从而更好地发挥园林绿化植物在改善生态环境中的作用。
The reaction in growth,and physiology and biochemistry of Ficus microcarpa L.f,Cinnamomum camphora(L.) Presl,Mangifera indica Linn and the one-year -old seedlings to the stress of Cd were studied with the methods of solution and pot culture.Each species was treated with different concentration gradient,namely,0.3, 1,10 and 20 mg/kg(pure Cd~(2+)) in turn,and meanwhile control group(CK) was set as well.The results were as follows:
(1) The Cd treatment had an activation effect on the seed germination of these three tree species under low concentrations and an inhibition effect under high concentrations.The inhibition rate of embryonic root extension increased with the increase of Cd concentration,and the order was Cinnamomum camphora(L.) Presl＜Ficus microcarpa L.f.＜Mangifera indica Linn.In addition,the regressive relationship between Cd concentration and seed germination,and between Cd concentration and inhibition rate of the root was significant.
(2) Under the stress of Cd,the cell permeability of Mangifera indica Linn increased,having an upward trend with the increase of the concentration;as for Ficus microcarpa L.f.and Cinnamomum camphora(L.) Presl,their cell permeability decreased when the concentration of Cd＜1 mg/kg,and increased with higher concentration,in addition,the increasing amplitude of Ficus microcarpa L.f.was bigger than Cinnamomum camphora(L.) Presl.
(3) Under the stress of Cd,the photosynthetic systems of the 3 species were affected.The chlorophyll contents of the leaves and net photosynthetic rate of the seedlings of Mangifera indica Linn and Ficus microcarpa L.f.displayed a downward trend with the increase of Cd concentration,and the decreasing amplitude of Mangifera indica Linn was bigger than that of Ficus microcarpa L.f..While the chlorophyll contents of the leaves and net photosynthetic rate of the seedlings of Cinnamomum camphora(L.) Presl changed little.Besides,a/b values of these three tree species were all more than that of CK,however,the difference between a/b value and the concentration main effect was insignificant.
(4) Under the stress of Cd,the free radical scavenging system was seriously affected.The activity of peroxidase(POD) and catalase(CAT) of Cinnamomum camphora(L.) Presl and Ficus microcarpa L.f.was stimulated to some extent by the Cd of low concentration,which showed that the two tree species had the capacity to prevent being hurt by Cd.However,their enzyme activity began to drop with the increase of concentration,which reflected that the capacity to resist Cd was limited.As for Mangifera indica Linn,its POD and CAT activity decreased under the stress of Cd.
(5) Under the stress of Cd,the seedlings of Mangifera indica Linn were more slender and shorter,and had less biomass;while the root stem,seedling height and biomass of Cinnamomum camphora(L.) Presl changed more than Ficus microcarpa L.f.did,and Ficus microcarpa L.f.changed quite a little with the increase of Cd concentration.
(6) According to the comprehensive evaluation by subordination function method,the stress-resistance to Cd of the three tree species was in the order of Cinnamomum camphora(L.) Presl＞Ficus microcarpa L.f.＞Mangifera indica Linn.
With the seeds of three common evergreen broad-leaved tree species in Fuzhou and one-year-old seedlings as the test materials,their physiological and ecological effects on the stress of Cd with different concentrations were studied,and the differences in stress-resistance to Cd of different tree species were discussed and compared,besides,their capacity in stress-resistance to Cd was comprehensively evaluated as well in this paper,in order to provide theoretical basis for the selection of garden tree species in Fuzhou and thus the garden tree species could better play their part in improving the ecological environment.
1、Cd处理对3种树种种子发芽具有低浓度下的激活效应和高浓度下的抑制效应,且3种种子胚根伸长的抑制率随着Cd浓度的增大呈增大的趋势,抑制效应大小顺序为樟树＜榕树＜芒果。另外,Cd胁迫浓度与种子发芽率、根伸长抑制率之间普遍存在显著的回归关系。
2、Cd胁迫下,芒果的细胞膜透性增大,且随浓度的增大呈上升的趋势;榕树和樟树则表现为低浓度(1mg/kg)时细胞膜透性减小,高浓度时细胞膜透性增大,榕树增大的幅度比樟树大。
3、Cd胁迫下,3种幼苗的光合系统也受影响,榕树和芒果幼前苗叶片叶绿素含量和净光合速率随着Cd处理浓度的增加呈现下降趋势,芒果下降的幅度比榕树大;樟树在Cd胁迫下幼苗叶片叶绿素含量和净光合速率变化不大。而3种幼苗叶片叶绿素a/b值均比对照高,但与浓度主效应的差异不显著。
4、Cd胁迫下,3种幼苗的自由基清除系统受到严重影响。低浓度(Cd浓度≤10 mg/kg)的Cd在一定程度上刺激了樟树和榕树的过氧化氧酶(CAT)和过氧化物酶(POD)的活性,表明这两种树种具有一定抵御Cd伤害的能力,但是随着处理浓度的增加,两种酶活性开始下降,说明两树种对Cd的抵御能力是有一定限度的。Cd胁迫下芒果的CAT和POD的活性表现为下降的趋势。
5、Cd胁迫下,芒果的幼苗植株细而矮,生物量累积少;榕树的地茎、苗高和生物量累积随Cd胁迫浓度的增加变化不大,而樟树却略有增大。
6、用隶属函数法进行综合评定,3种树种的抗Cd胁迫能力强弱顺序为:樟树＞榕树＞芒果。
本论文以3种福州市常见的常绿阔叶乔木树种的种子与1年生幼苗为试材,研究其在不同浓度Cd胁迫下的生理生态效应,探讨和比较不同树种抗Cd胁迫的差异,综合评定其抗Cd胁迫能力的强弱,为福州市园林绿化树种选择提供理论依据,从而更好地发挥园林绿化植物在改善生态环境中的作用。
The reaction in growth,and physiology and biochemistry of Ficus microcarpa L.f,Cinnamomum camphora(L.) Presl,Mangifera indica Linn and the one-year -old seedlings to the stress of Cd were studied with the methods of solution and pot culture.Each species was treated with different concentration gradient,namely,0.3, 1,10 and 20 mg/kg(pure Cd~(2+)) in turn,and meanwhile control group(CK) was set as well.The results were as follows:
(1) The Cd treatment had an activation effect on the seed germination of these three tree species under low concentrations and an inhibition effect under high concentrations.The inhibition rate of embryonic root extension increased with the increase of Cd concentration,and the order was Cinnamomum camphora(L.) Presl＜Ficus microcarpa L.f.＜Mangifera indica Linn.In addition,the regressive relationship between Cd concentration and seed germination,and between Cd concentration and inhibition rate of the root was significant.
(2) Under the stress of Cd,the cell permeability of Mangifera indica Linn increased,having an upward trend with the increase of the concentration;as for Ficus microcarpa L.f.and Cinnamomum camphora(L.) Presl,their cell permeability decreased when the concentration of Cd＜1 mg/kg,and increased with higher concentration,in addition,the increasing amplitude of Ficus microcarpa L.f.was bigger than Cinnamomum camphora(L.) Presl.
(3) Under the stress of Cd,the photosynthetic systems of the 3 species were affected.The chlorophyll contents of the leaves and net photosynthetic rate of the seedlings of Mangifera indica Linn and Ficus microcarpa L.f.displayed a downward trend with the increase of Cd concentration,and the decreasing amplitude of Mangifera indica Linn was bigger than that of Ficus microcarpa L.f..While the chlorophyll contents of the leaves and net photosynthetic rate of the seedlings of Cinnamomum camphora(L.) Presl changed little.Besides,a/b values of these three tree species were all more than that of CK,however,the difference between a/b value and the concentration main effect was insignificant.
(4) Under the stress of Cd,the free radical scavenging system was seriously affected.The activity of peroxidase(POD) and catalase(CAT) of Cinnamomum camphora(L.) Presl and Ficus microcarpa L.f.was stimulated to some extent by the Cd of low concentration,which showed that the two tree species had the capacity to prevent being hurt by Cd.However,their enzyme activity began to drop with the increase of concentration,which reflected that the capacity to resist Cd was limited.As for Mangifera indica Linn,its POD and CAT activity decreased under the stress of Cd.
(5) Under the stress of Cd,the seedlings of Mangifera indica Linn were more slender and shorter,and had less biomass;while the root stem,seedling height and biomass of Cinnamomum camphora(L.) Presl changed more than Ficus microcarpa L.f.did,and Ficus microcarpa L.f.changed quite a little with the increase of Cd concentration.
(6) According to the comprehensive evaluation by subordination function method,the stress-resistance to Cd of the three tree species was in the order of Cinnamomum camphora(L.) Presl＞Ficus microcarpa L.f.＞Mangifera indica Linn.
With the seeds of three common evergreen broad-leaved tree species in Fuzhou and one-year-old seedlings as the test materials,their physiological and ecological effects on the stress of Cd with different concentrations were studied,and the differences in stress-resistance to Cd of different tree species were discussed and compared,besides,their capacity in stress-resistance to Cd was comprehensively evaluated as well in this paper,in order to provide theoretical basis for the selection of garden tree species in Fuzhou and thus the garden tree species could better play their part in improving the ecological environment.
引文
[1]陈怀满.土壤-植物系统中的重金属污染[M].北京:科学出版社,1996.
[2]周根娣,江雅谷,卢善玲.上海市农备产品有害物质残留调查[J].上海农业学报,1994,10(2):45-48.
[3]王新,吴燕玉.重金属在土壤-水稻系统中的行为特征[J].生态学杂志,1997,16(1):10-14.
[4]周卫,汀洪,李春花,等.添加碳酸钙对土壤中镉形态转化与玉米叶片镉组分的影响[J].土壤学报,2001,38(2):219-225.
[5]张妮娅,齐德生.镉对畜禽的毒害作用及防治[J].饲料工业,2002,23(12):37-39.
[6]吕中明,杨永年.镉的遗传毒性作用及作用机理研究进展[J].职业医学,1995,22(5):43-45.
[7]徐培娟,古桂雄.环境Cd对健康及生殖的危害[J].国外医学:妇幼保健分册,2004,15(1):35-37.
[8]杨若明.环境中有毒有害化学物质的污染与监测[M].北京:中央民族大学出版社,2000.
[9]Chen Y X,Lin Q,Luo Y M,et al..The role of eitric acid on the Phytoremediation of heavy metal contaminatedsoil[J].Chemosphere,2003,50(6):807-811.
[10]陈芳,董元华,安琼,等.长期肥料定位试验条件下土壤中重金属的含量变化[J].土壤,2005,37(3):308-311.
[11]何振立,周启星,谢正苗,等.污染及有益元素的土壤化学平衡[M].北京:中国环境科学出版社,1998.
[12]刘玉机,房聚燕,刘绮,等.辽宁省环境重金属研究[M].北京:中国环境科学出版社,1996.
[13]王夔.生命科学中的微量元素[M].北京:中国计量科学出版社,2005.
[14]Nriagu J O,Pacyna J M.Quantitative assessment of worldwide contamination of air,water and soils by trace metals[J].Nature,1998,33:134-139.
[15]孙琴,袁信芳,王晓蓉.环境因子对小麦体内镉的生物毒性和植物络合系合成的影响[J].应用生态学报,2005,16(7):1360-1365.
[16]曹仁林,贾晓葵.关于我国土壤重金属污染对农产品安全性影响的思考[J].第七次全国土壤与环境学术论文集,2001,11:2-5.
[17]刘芬.清水塘地区土壤重金属污染现状及土地利用设想[J].农业环境保护,1998,(4):162-164.
[18]吴燕玉,陈涛,张学询.沈阳张士灌区Cd污染生态研究[J].生态学报,1989,9(1): 21-20.
[19]赵其国,周炳中,杨浩.江苏省环境质量与农业安全问题研究[J].土壤,2002,1:1-8.
[20]周青,黄晓华,张一.镉对种子萌发的影响[J].农业环境保护,2000,19(3):156-158.
[21]杜兰芳,沈宗根,王立新,等.CdCl_2对豌豆种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响[J].西北植物学报,2007,27(7):1411-1416.
[22]秦普丰:Pb与Cd对棉花和水稻萌发及生长的影响[J].湖南农业大学学报,2000,26(3):205-207
[23]施农农,陈忠伟,贾秀英.镉胁迫下水稻种子的萌芽生长及体内水解酶的活性变化[J].农业环境保护,1999,18(5):213-216.
[24]孔祥生,郭秀璞,张妙霞.镉胁迫对玉米幼苗生长:及生理乍化的影响[J].华中农业大学学报,1999,18(2):111-113.
[25]王凯荣,周建林,龚惠群.土壤Cd污染对苎麻的生长毒害效应[J].应用生态学报,2000,11(5):773-776.
[26]张金彪.镉对草莓的毒害及机理和调控研究[D].福建农林大学博士学位论文,2001.
[27]秦天才,吴玉树,王焕校,等.镉、锌及其交互作用对小白菜根系生理生态效应的研究[J].生态学报,1998,18(3):320-325.
[28]丁海东,万延慧,齐乃敏,等.镉和锌对番茄幼苗抗氧化酶活性的影响[J].仲恺农业技术学院学报,2004,17(2):37-41.
[29]蔡保松,曹林奎.镉对小麦生长发育的影响及其基因型间差异[J].西北农林科技大学学报(自然科学版),2003,31(1):62-66.
[30]邬飞波.大麦钙积累和耐镉基因型差异的机理研究[D].浙江大学博士学位论文,2002.
[31]李德明.白菜镉积累及生理的研究[D].浙江大学博士学位论文,2003.
[32]王凯荣.镉对不同基因型水稻生长毒害影响的比较[J].农村生态环境,1996,12(3):18-23.
[33]邵国胜,MUHAMMAD J H,章秀福,等.镉胁迫对不同水稻基因型植株生长和抗氧化酶系统的影响[J].中国水稻科学,2004,15(3):239-244.
[34]Hagemeyer J,Lohrmann D,Breckle SW.Development of annual xylem rings and shoot growth of young beech(Fagus sylvatica L.) grown in soil with various Cd and Zn levels[J].Water Air and Soil Pollution,1993,69:375-381.
[35]孔祥生,张妙霞,郭秀璞.Cd~(2+)毒害对玉米幼苗细胞膜透性及保护酶活性的影响[J].农业环境保护,1999,18(3):133-134.
[36]任安芝,高玉葆,刘爽.铬、镉、铅胁迫对青菜叶片几种生理生化指标的影响[J].应用与环境生物学报,2000,6(2):112-116.
[37]王焕校.污染生态学基础[M].昆明:云南大学出版社,1990.
[38]戴玲芬,高宏,夏建荣.雪松聚球藻对重金属镉的抗性和解毒作用[J].应用与环境生物学报,1998,4(3):192-195.
[39]杨居荣,贺新建,蒋婉茹.镉污染对植物生理生化的影响[J].农业环境保护,1995,14(5):193-197.
[40]彭鸣,王焕校.镉、铅诱导的玉米(Zea mays L.)幼苗细胞超微结构的变化[J].中国环境科学,1991,11(6):426-431.
[41]杨丹慧.重金属离子对高等植物光合膜结构与功能的影响[J].植物学通报,1991,8(3):26-29.
[42]李元,王焕校,吴玉树,等.Cd、Fe及其复合污染对烟草叶片几项生理指标的影响[J].生态学报,1992,12(2):147-153.
[43]周青,黄晓华,施国新,等.镉对5种常绿树木若干生理生化特性的影响[J].环境科学研究,2001,14(3):9-11.
[44]严重玲,傅舜珍,杨先科.土壤中Pb,Hg及其相互作用对烤烟叶片抗氧化酶的影响[J].环境科学学报,1997,17(4):469-473.
[45]Gil J,Moral R.Effects of cadmium on physiological and nutritional aspects of tomato plant chlorophyll(a and b) and carotenoids[J].Fresenius Environ Bull,1995,4:430-435.
[46]孙赛初,王焕校.水生维管束植物受镉污染后的生理变化及受害机制初探[J].植物生理学报,1985,11(2):113-121.
[47]何翠屏,王慧忠.重金属镉、铅对草坪植物根系代谢和叶绿素水平的影响[J].湖北农业科学,2003,5:60-63.
[48]Ana M,Palma M,Francisco J,et al..Antioxidative enzymes in cultivars of pepper plants with different sensitivity to cadmium[J].Plant Physoil Biochem,2002,40:813-820.
[49]Prasad M N.Cadmium toxicity and tolerance in vascular plants[J].Environ.Experi Botany,1995,35(4):525-545.
[50]江行玉,赵可夫.植物重金属伤害及其抗性机理[J].应用与环境生物学报,2001,7(1):92-99.
[51]Paula K P,Thompson J E.Evidence for the accumulation of Peroxidized Lipids in Membranes of Senescing Cotyledons[J].Plant Physiol,1984,75:1152-1157.
[52]王逸群,郑金贵,陈文列,等.Hg~+、Cd~+污染对水稻叶肉细胞伤害的超微观察[J].福建农林大学学报(自然科学版),2004,33(4):409-413.
[53]李元,祖艳群,王焕校.镉、铁及其复合污染对烟草叶片氨基酸含量的影响[J].生态学报,1998,18(6):640-647.
[54]Petrovic N,Kastori R,Rajcan I.The effect of cadmium on nitrate reductase activity in sugar beet(Beta vulgaris)[J].In van Beusichem M L.Plant Nutrition Physiology and Applications,Kluwer Academic Publishers,1990,107-109.
[55]Gouia H,Ghorbal M H,Meyer C.Effects of cadmium on activity of nitrate reductase and on other enzymes of the nitrate assimilation pathway in bean[J].Plant Physiol Biochem,2000,38:629-638.
[56]孙光闻,陈日远,刘厚诚,等。镉对光合作用及氮代谢影响研究进展[J].中国农学通报,2005,21(9):234-236、251.
[57]秦天才,吴玉树.镉、锚及其相互作用对小白菜生理生化特性的影响[J].生态学报,1994,14(1):46-50.
[58]任安芝,高玉葆.铅、镉、铬单一和复合污染对青菜种子萌发的生物学效应[J].生态学杂志,2000,19(1):19-22.
[59]杨居荣,贺建群,张国祥,等.农作物对Cd毒害的耐性机理探讨[J].应用生态学报,1995,6(1):87-91.
[60]刘海亮,崔世民等.镉对作物种子萌发、幼苗生长及氧化酶同工酶的影响[J].环境科学,1991,12(6):29-31,7.
[61]陈朝明,龚惠群.Cd对桑叶品质生理生化特性的影响及其机理研究[J].应用生态学报,1996,7(4):417-423.
[62]张金彪,黄维南.镉对植物的生理生态效应的研究进展[J].生态学报,2000,20(3):514-523.
[63]洪仁远,蒲长辉.镉对小麦幼苗的生长和生理生化反应的影响[J].华北农学报,1991,6(3):70-75.
[64]段吕群,王焕校,曲仲湘.重金属对蚕豆(Vicia faba)根尖的核酸含量及核酸酶活性的影响[J].环境科学,1992,13(5):31-35.
[65]罗立新,孙铁珩.镉胁迫对小麦叶片细胞膜脂过氧化的影响[J].中国环境科学,1998,18(1):72-75.
[66]段吕群,王焕校.Pb~(2+)、Cd~(2+)、Hg~(2+)对蚕豆(Vicia fabaL.)乳酸脱氢酶的影响[J].生态 学报,1998,18(4):413-417.
[67]张义贤.重金属对大麦(hordeum vulgare)毒性研究[J].环境科学学报,1997,17(2):199-201.
[68]Marcano L,Carruyo I,Del C A,et al..Effect of cadmium on the nucleoli of meristematic cells of onion Allium cepa L.,an ultrastructrual study[J].Environ Res,2002,88(1):30-35.
[69]季玉鸣,李振国.镉引起小麦逆境乙烯的产生及其和镉的吸收、分布的关系[J].植物生理学报,1989,15(2):159-166.
[70]杨居荣,鲍子平,蒋婉茹.不同耐镉作物体内镉结合体的对比研究[J].作物学报,1995,21(5):605-611.
[71]Zhang G P,Fukami M,Sekimoto H.Influene of cadmium on mineral concentrations and components in wheat genotypes differing in Cd tolerance at seedling stage[J].Field Crops Res.2002,77:93-98.
[72]王春春,沈振国.Cd在植物体内的积累及其对绿豆幼苗生长的影响[J].南京农业大学学报,2001,24(4):9-13.
[73]许嘉林,杨居荣.陆地生态系统中的重金属[M].北京:中国环境科学出版社,1995.
[74]杨明杰,林咸永.Cd对不同种类植物生长和养分积累的影响[J].应用生态学报,1998,9(1):89-94.
[75]Haynes RJ.Active ion uptake and maintenance of cation-anion balance,a critical examination of their role in regulating rhizosphere pH[J].Plant Soil,1990,126:247-264.
[76]黄会,蒋德明,张春兴,等.木本植物对土壤中的镉的吸收、积累和耐性[J].中国环境科学,1989,9(5):323-330.
[77]吴启堂,陈卢,王文寿.水稻不同品种对Cd吸收累积的差异利机理研究[J].生态学报,1999,19(1):104-107.
[78]宋松泉,简伟军.Cd~(2+)对玉米种子活力的影响及Ca~(2+)的拮抗作用[J].应用与环境生物学报,1997,3(1):1-5.
[79]徐红宁,杨居荣.作物对Cd的吸收与根系阳离子交换容量[J].农业环境保护,1995,14(4):150-153.
[80]吴启堂.根系分泌物对镉生物有效性的影响[J].土壤,1993,25(5):257-259.
[81]张福锁.环境胁迫与根际营养[M].北京:中国农业出版社,1998.
[82]张金彪,黄维南,柯玉琴,等.草莓对镉的吸收积累特性及调控研究[J].园艺学报,2003,30(5).514-518.
[83]王新,吴燕玉.改性措施对复合污染土壤重金属行为影响的研究[J].应用生态学报,1995,6(4):440.
[84]杨明杰,林成永,杨肖娥.Cd对不同种类植物生长和养分积累的影响田[J].应用生态学报,1998,9(1):89-94.
[85]王宏镔,王焕校,文传浩,等.镉处理下不同小麦品种几种解毒机制探讨[J].环境科学学报,2002,22(4):523-528.
[86]Nishizono H.The role of the root cell wall in the heavy metal tolerance of Athyrium Yokoscense[J].Plant and Soil,1987,101:15-20.
[87]Grill E,Winnacker E L,Zenk M H.Phytochelatins,a class of heavy-metal-binding peptides from plant,are functionally analogous to metallothioneins[J].Proc Natl Acad Sci USA,1987,84:439-443.
[88]杨居荣,久保井撤.镉、铜抗性植物细胞株的增长及元素吸收特性[J].应用生态学报.1992,3(3):273-279.
[89]许嘉林,鲍子平,杨居荣,等.农作物体内铅、镉、铜的化学形态研究[J].应用生态学报,1991,2(3):244-248.
[90]胡金朝.重金属污染对不同生境水生植物的毒性机理研究[D].南京师范大学博士学位,2006.
[91]徐勤松,施国新,周耀明,等.镉在黑藻中叶细胞中的亚显微定位及毒害效应分析[J].实验生物学报,2004,37(6):461-465.
[92]江行玉,王长海,赵可夫.芦苇抗镉污染机理研究[J].生态学报,2003,23(5):856-862.
[93]陈英旭,林崎,陆芳,等.有机酸对铅、镉植株危害的解毒作用研究[J].环境科学学报,2000,20(4):467-472.
[94]文传浩,常学秀,王震洪,等.不同金属污染经历下曼佗罗(Datura stramonium)核酸代谢动态变化研究[J].农业环境保护,1999,18(2):49-53.
[95]Mench ME.Martin.Mobilization of Cd and other metals from two soils by root exudates of Zea mays L.,Nicotiana tabacum L.and Nicotianarustica L[J].Plant and Soil,1991,132(20):187-196.
[96]杨志敏,郑绍建,赵秀兰,等.磷对小麦细胞镉、锌的积累及在亚细胞内分布的影响[J].环境科学学报,1999,19(6):693-695.
[97]Wang J.Computer-simulated evaluation of possible mechanisms for quenching heavy metal ion activity in plant vacuoles[J].Plant Physiol,1991,97:1154-1160.
[98]Rauser WE,Acker CA.Localization of cadmium in granules within differentiating and mature root cells[J].Can J Bot,1987,65:643-646.
[99]Perez-Coll CS,Herkovits J,Fridman O,et al..Metallothioneins and cadmium uptake by the liver in Bufoarenarum[J].Environ Pollut,1997,97:311-315.
[100]Rauser WE.Phytochelatins and related peptides[J].Plant Physiol,1995,109:1141-1149
[101]黄玉山,罗广华,关棨文.镉诱导植物的自由基过氧化损伤[J].植物学报。1997,39(6):522-526.
[102]周青,黄晓华,屠昆岗等.La对Cd伤害大豆幼苗的生态生理作用[J].中国环境科学,1998,1 8(5):442-445.
[103]van Assche F,Clijsters H.Effects of metal on enzyme activity in plants[J].Plant Cell Environ,1990,13:195-206.
[104]温学,孔国辉,彭长连,等.植物监测大气污染及其抗性[J].热带亚热带植物学报,2003,11(4):348-357.
[105]谢黎明,梁伟.三清山主要树种重金属污染与华东各山的比较[J].干旱环境监测,1995,9(4):202-205.
[106]赵承易,戚琦,季海冰,等.北京交通干道旁杨树叶中重金属和硫的测定及大气污染状况的研究[J].北京师范大学学报(自然科学版),2001,37(6):795-799.
[107]张健,孙根年.土壤重金属污染与植物修复研究进展[J].云南师范大学学报,2004,24(2):52-57.
[108]魏树和,周启星,王新.18种杂草对重金属的超积累特性研究[J].应有基础与工程科学学报,2003,11(2):152-160.
[109]穆立蔷,孙海燕,祝宁.东北主要绿化树种对大气重金属污染物吸收能力的研究[J].Journal of Forestry Research,2004,15(1):73-76.
[110]鲁敏,李英杰.绿化树种对大气重金属污染物吸滞能力[J].城市环境与城市生态,2003,16(1):51-52.
[111]杨学军,唐东芹,许东新,等.上海地区绿化树种重金属污染防护特性的研究[J].应用生态学报,2004,15(4):687-690.
[112]郑文教,王文卿,林鹏.九龙江口桐花红树林对重金属的吸收与累积[J].应用与环境生物学报,1996,2(3):207-213.
[113]任旭喜.土壤重金属污染及防治对策研究[J].环境保护科学,1999,25(5):31-33.
[114]王学奎.植物生理生化实验原理和技术[M].北京:高等敦育出版社,2006.
[115]陈建勋,王晓峰.植物生理学实验指导[M].广州:华南理工大学出版社,2002.
[116]唐启义,冯明光.DPS数据处理系统[M].北京科学出版社,2007.
[117]龚明.作物抗性鉴定方法与指标及其综合评价[J].云南农业大学学报,1989,4(1):73-80.
[2]周根娣,江雅谷,卢善玲.上海市农备产品有害物质残留调查[J].上海农业学报,1994,10(2):45-48.
[3]王新,吴燕玉.重金属在土壤-水稻系统中的行为特征[J].生态学杂志,1997,16(1):10-14.
[4]周卫,汀洪,李春花,等.添加碳酸钙对土壤中镉形态转化与玉米叶片镉组分的影响[J].土壤学报,2001,38(2):219-225.
[5]张妮娅,齐德生.镉对畜禽的毒害作用及防治[J].饲料工业,2002,23(12):37-39.
[6]吕中明,杨永年.镉的遗传毒性作用及作用机理研究进展[J].职业医学,1995,22(5):43-45.
[7]徐培娟,古桂雄.环境Cd对健康及生殖的危害[J].国外医学:妇幼保健分册,2004,15(1):35-37.
[8]杨若明.环境中有毒有害化学物质的污染与监测[M].北京:中央民族大学出版社,2000.
[9]Chen Y X,Lin Q,Luo Y M,et al..The role of eitric acid on the Phytoremediation of heavy metal contaminatedsoil[J].Chemosphere,2003,50(6):807-811.
[10]陈芳,董元华,安琼,等.长期肥料定位试验条件下土壤中重金属的含量变化[J].土壤,2005,37(3):308-311.
[11]何振立,周启星,谢正苗,等.污染及有益元素的土壤化学平衡[M].北京:中国环境科学出版社,1998.
[12]刘玉机,房聚燕,刘绮,等.辽宁省环境重金属研究[M].北京:中国环境科学出版社,1996.
[13]王夔.生命科学中的微量元素[M].北京:中国计量科学出版社,2005.
[14]Nriagu J O,Pacyna J M.Quantitative assessment of worldwide contamination of air,water and soils by trace metals[J].Nature,1998,33:134-139.
[15]孙琴,袁信芳,王晓蓉.环境因子对小麦体内镉的生物毒性和植物络合系合成的影响[J].应用生态学报,2005,16(7):1360-1365.
[16]曹仁林,贾晓葵.关于我国土壤重金属污染对农产品安全性影响的思考[J].第七次全国土壤与环境学术论文集,2001,11:2-5.
[17]刘芬.清水塘地区土壤重金属污染现状及土地利用设想[J].农业环境保护,1998,(4):162-164.
[18]吴燕玉,陈涛,张学询.沈阳张士灌区Cd污染生态研究[J].生态学报,1989,9(1): 21-20.
[19]赵其国,周炳中,杨浩.江苏省环境质量与农业安全问题研究[J].土壤,2002,1:1-8.
[20]周青,黄晓华,张一.镉对种子萌发的影响[J].农业环境保护,2000,19(3):156-158.
[21]杜兰芳,沈宗根,王立新,等.CdCl_2对豌豆种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响[J].西北植物学报,2007,27(7):1411-1416.
[22]秦普丰:Pb与Cd对棉花和水稻萌发及生长的影响[J].湖南农业大学学报,2000,26(3):205-207
[23]施农农,陈忠伟,贾秀英.镉胁迫下水稻种子的萌芽生长及体内水解酶的活性变化[J].农业环境保护,1999,18(5):213-216.
[24]孔祥生,郭秀璞,张妙霞.镉胁迫对玉米幼苗生长:及生理乍化的影响[J].华中农业大学学报,1999,18(2):111-113.
[25]王凯荣,周建林,龚惠群.土壤Cd污染对苎麻的生长毒害效应[J].应用生态学报,2000,11(5):773-776.
[26]张金彪.镉对草莓的毒害及机理和调控研究[D].福建农林大学博士学位论文,2001.
[27]秦天才,吴玉树,王焕校,等.镉、锌及其交互作用对小白菜根系生理生态效应的研究[J].生态学报,1998,18(3):320-325.
[28]丁海东,万延慧,齐乃敏,等.镉和锌对番茄幼苗抗氧化酶活性的影响[J].仲恺农业技术学院学报,2004,17(2):37-41.
[29]蔡保松,曹林奎.镉对小麦生长发育的影响及其基因型间差异[J].西北农林科技大学学报(自然科学版),2003,31(1):62-66.
[30]邬飞波.大麦钙积累和耐镉基因型差异的机理研究[D].浙江大学博士学位论文,2002.
[31]李德明.白菜镉积累及生理的研究[D].浙江大学博士学位论文,2003.
[32]王凯荣.镉对不同基因型水稻生长毒害影响的比较[J].农村生态环境,1996,12(3):18-23.
[33]邵国胜,MUHAMMAD J H,章秀福,等.镉胁迫对不同水稻基因型植株生长和抗氧化酶系统的影响[J].中国水稻科学,2004,15(3):239-244.
[34]Hagemeyer J,Lohrmann D,Breckle SW.Development of annual xylem rings and shoot growth of young beech(Fagus sylvatica L.) grown in soil with various Cd and Zn levels[J].Water Air and Soil Pollution,1993,69:375-381.
[35]孔祥生,张妙霞,郭秀璞.Cd~(2+)毒害对玉米幼苗细胞膜透性及保护酶活性的影响[J].农业环境保护,1999,18(3):133-134.
[36]任安芝,高玉葆,刘爽.铬、镉、铅胁迫对青菜叶片几种生理生化指标的影响[J].应用与环境生物学报,2000,6(2):112-116.
[37]王焕校.污染生态学基础[M].昆明:云南大学出版社,1990.
[38]戴玲芬,高宏,夏建荣.雪松聚球藻对重金属镉的抗性和解毒作用[J].应用与环境生物学报,1998,4(3):192-195.
[39]杨居荣,贺新建,蒋婉茹.镉污染对植物生理生化的影响[J].农业环境保护,1995,14(5):193-197.
[40]彭鸣,王焕校.镉、铅诱导的玉米(Zea mays L.)幼苗细胞超微结构的变化[J].中国环境科学,1991,11(6):426-431.
[41]杨丹慧.重金属离子对高等植物光合膜结构与功能的影响[J].植物学通报,1991,8(3):26-29.
[42]李元,王焕校,吴玉树,等.Cd、Fe及其复合污染对烟草叶片几项生理指标的影响[J].生态学报,1992,12(2):147-153.
[43]周青,黄晓华,施国新,等.镉对5种常绿树木若干生理生化特性的影响[J].环境科学研究,2001,14(3):9-11.
[44]严重玲,傅舜珍,杨先科.土壤中Pb,Hg及其相互作用对烤烟叶片抗氧化酶的影响[J].环境科学学报,1997,17(4):469-473.
[45]Gil J,Moral R.Effects of cadmium on physiological and nutritional aspects of tomato plant chlorophyll(a and b) and carotenoids[J].Fresenius Environ Bull,1995,4:430-435.
[46]孙赛初,王焕校.水生维管束植物受镉污染后的生理变化及受害机制初探[J].植物生理学报,1985,11(2):113-121.
[47]何翠屏,王慧忠.重金属镉、铅对草坪植物根系代谢和叶绿素水平的影响[J].湖北农业科学,2003,5:60-63.
[48]Ana M,Palma M,Francisco J,et al..Antioxidative enzymes in cultivars of pepper plants with different sensitivity to cadmium[J].Plant Physoil Biochem,2002,40:813-820.
[49]Prasad M N.Cadmium toxicity and tolerance in vascular plants[J].Environ.Experi Botany,1995,35(4):525-545.
[50]江行玉,赵可夫.植物重金属伤害及其抗性机理[J].应用与环境生物学报,2001,7(1):92-99.
[51]Paula K P,Thompson J E.Evidence for the accumulation of Peroxidized Lipids in Membranes of Senescing Cotyledons[J].Plant Physiol,1984,75:1152-1157.
[52]王逸群,郑金贵,陈文列,等.Hg~+、Cd~+污染对水稻叶肉细胞伤害的超微观察[J].福建农林大学学报(自然科学版),2004,33(4):409-413.
[53]李元,祖艳群,王焕校.镉、铁及其复合污染对烟草叶片氨基酸含量的影响[J].生态学报,1998,18(6):640-647.
[54]Petrovic N,Kastori R,Rajcan I.The effect of cadmium on nitrate reductase activity in sugar beet(Beta vulgaris)[J].In van Beusichem M L.Plant Nutrition Physiology and Applications,Kluwer Academic Publishers,1990,107-109.
[55]Gouia H,Ghorbal M H,Meyer C.Effects of cadmium on activity of nitrate reductase and on other enzymes of the nitrate assimilation pathway in bean[J].Plant Physiol Biochem,2000,38:629-638.
[56]孙光闻,陈日远,刘厚诚,等。镉对光合作用及氮代谢影响研究进展[J].中国农学通报,2005,21(9):234-236、251.
[57]秦天才,吴玉树.镉、锚及其相互作用对小白菜生理生化特性的影响[J].生态学报,1994,14(1):46-50.
[58]任安芝,高玉葆.铅、镉、铬单一和复合污染对青菜种子萌发的生物学效应[J].生态学杂志,2000,19(1):19-22.
[59]杨居荣,贺建群,张国祥,等.农作物对Cd毒害的耐性机理探讨[J].应用生态学报,1995,6(1):87-91.
[60]刘海亮,崔世民等.镉对作物种子萌发、幼苗生长及氧化酶同工酶的影响[J].环境科学,1991,12(6):29-31,7.
[61]陈朝明,龚惠群.Cd对桑叶品质生理生化特性的影响及其机理研究[J].应用生态学报,1996,7(4):417-423.
[62]张金彪,黄维南.镉对植物的生理生态效应的研究进展[J].生态学报,2000,20(3):514-523.
[63]洪仁远,蒲长辉.镉对小麦幼苗的生长和生理生化反应的影响[J].华北农学报,1991,6(3):70-75.
[64]段吕群,王焕校,曲仲湘.重金属对蚕豆(Vicia faba)根尖的核酸含量及核酸酶活性的影响[J].环境科学,1992,13(5):31-35.
[65]罗立新,孙铁珩.镉胁迫对小麦叶片细胞膜脂过氧化的影响[J].中国环境科学,1998,18(1):72-75.
[66]段吕群,王焕校.Pb~(2+)、Cd~(2+)、Hg~(2+)对蚕豆(Vicia fabaL.)乳酸脱氢酶的影响[J].生态 学报,1998,18(4):413-417.
[67]张义贤.重金属对大麦(hordeum vulgare)毒性研究[J].环境科学学报,1997,17(2):199-201.
[68]Marcano L,Carruyo I,Del C A,et al..Effect of cadmium on the nucleoli of meristematic cells of onion Allium cepa L.,an ultrastructrual study[J].Environ Res,2002,88(1):30-35.
[69]季玉鸣,李振国.镉引起小麦逆境乙烯的产生及其和镉的吸收、分布的关系[J].植物生理学报,1989,15(2):159-166.
[70]杨居荣,鲍子平,蒋婉茹.不同耐镉作物体内镉结合体的对比研究[J].作物学报,1995,21(5):605-611.
[71]Zhang G P,Fukami M,Sekimoto H.Influene of cadmium on mineral concentrations and components in wheat genotypes differing in Cd tolerance at seedling stage[J].Field Crops Res.2002,77:93-98.
[72]王春春,沈振国.Cd在植物体内的积累及其对绿豆幼苗生长的影响[J].南京农业大学学报,2001,24(4):9-13.
[73]许嘉林,杨居荣.陆地生态系统中的重金属[M].北京:中国环境科学出版社,1995.
[74]杨明杰,林咸永.Cd对不同种类植物生长和养分积累的影响[J].应用生态学报,1998,9(1):89-94.
[75]Haynes RJ.Active ion uptake and maintenance of cation-anion balance,a critical examination of their role in regulating rhizosphere pH[J].Plant Soil,1990,126:247-264.
[76]黄会,蒋德明,张春兴,等.木本植物对土壤中的镉的吸收、积累和耐性[J].中国环境科学,1989,9(5):323-330.
[77]吴启堂,陈卢,王文寿.水稻不同品种对Cd吸收累积的差异利机理研究[J].生态学报,1999,19(1):104-107.
[78]宋松泉,简伟军.Cd~(2+)对玉米种子活力的影响及Ca~(2+)的拮抗作用[J].应用与环境生物学报,1997,3(1):1-5.
[79]徐红宁,杨居荣.作物对Cd的吸收与根系阳离子交换容量[J].农业环境保护,1995,14(4):150-153.
[80]吴启堂.根系分泌物对镉生物有效性的影响[J].土壤,1993,25(5):257-259.
[81]张福锁.环境胁迫与根际营养[M].北京:中国农业出版社,1998.
[82]张金彪,黄维南,柯玉琴,等.草莓对镉的吸收积累特性及调控研究[J].园艺学报,2003,30(5).514-518.
[83]王新,吴燕玉.改性措施对复合污染土壤重金属行为影响的研究[J].应用生态学报,1995,6(4):440.
[84]杨明杰,林成永,杨肖娥.Cd对不同种类植物生长和养分积累的影响田[J].应用生态学报,1998,9(1):89-94.
[85]王宏镔,王焕校,文传浩,等.镉处理下不同小麦品种几种解毒机制探讨[J].环境科学学报,2002,22(4):523-528.
[86]Nishizono H.The role of the root cell wall in the heavy metal tolerance of Athyrium Yokoscense[J].Plant and Soil,1987,101:15-20.
[87]Grill E,Winnacker E L,Zenk M H.Phytochelatins,a class of heavy-metal-binding peptides from plant,are functionally analogous to metallothioneins[J].Proc Natl Acad Sci USA,1987,84:439-443.
[88]杨居荣,久保井撤.镉、铜抗性植物细胞株的增长及元素吸收特性[J].应用生态学报.1992,3(3):273-279.
[89]许嘉林,鲍子平,杨居荣,等.农作物体内铅、镉、铜的化学形态研究[J].应用生态学报,1991,2(3):244-248.
[90]胡金朝.重金属污染对不同生境水生植物的毒性机理研究[D].南京师范大学博士学位,2006.
[91]徐勤松,施国新,周耀明,等.镉在黑藻中叶细胞中的亚显微定位及毒害效应分析[J].实验生物学报,2004,37(6):461-465.
[92]江行玉,王长海,赵可夫.芦苇抗镉污染机理研究[J].生态学报,2003,23(5):856-862.
[93]陈英旭,林崎,陆芳,等.有机酸对铅、镉植株危害的解毒作用研究[J].环境科学学报,2000,20(4):467-472.
[94]文传浩,常学秀,王震洪,等.不同金属污染经历下曼佗罗(Datura stramonium)核酸代谢动态变化研究[J].农业环境保护,1999,18(2):49-53.
[95]Mench ME.Martin.Mobilization of Cd and other metals from two soils by root exudates of Zea mays L.,Nicotiana tabacum L.and Nicotianarustica L[J].Plant and Soil,1991,132(20):187-196.
[96]杨志敏,郑绍建,赵秀兰,等.磷对小麦细胞镉、锌的积累及在亚细胞内分布的影响[J].环境科学学报,1999,19(6):693-695.
[97]Wang J.Computer-simulated evaluation of possible mechanisms for quenching heavy metal ion activity in plant vacuoles[J].Plant Physiol,1991,97:1154-1160.
[98]Rauser WE,Acker CA.Localization of cadmium in granules within differentiating and mature root cells[J].Can J Bot,1987,65:643-646.
[99]Perez-Coll CS,Herkovits J,Fridman O,et al..Metallothioneins and cadmium uptake by the liver in Bufoarenarum[J].Environ Pollut,1997,97:311-315.
[100]Rauser WE.Phytochelatins and related peptides[J].Plant Physiol,1995,109:1141-1149
[101]黄玉山,罗广华,关棨文.镉诱导植物的自由基过氧化损伤[J].植物学报。1997,39(6):522-526.
[102]周青,黄晓华,屠昆岗等.La对Cd伤害大豆幼苗的生态生理作用[J].中国环境科学,1998,1 8(5):442-445.
[103]van Assche F,Clijsters H.Effects of metal on enzyme activity in plants[J].Plant Cell Environ,1990,13:195-206.
[104]温学,孔国辉,彭长连,等.植物监测大气污染及其抗性[J].热带亚热带植物学报,2003,11(4):348-357.
[105]谢黎明,梁伟.三清山主要树种重金属污染与华东各山的比较[J].干旱环境监测,1995,9(4):202-205.
[106]赵承易,戚琦,季海冰,等.北京交通干道旁杨树叶中重金属和硫的测定及大气污染状况的研究[J].北京师范大学学报(自然科学版),2001,37(6):795-799.
[107]张健,孙根年.土壤重金属污染与植物修复研究进展[J].云南师范大学学报,2004,24(2):52-57.
[108]魏树和,周启星,王新.18种杂草对重金属的超积累特性研究[J].应有基础与工程科学学报,2003,11(2):152-160.
[109]穆立蔷,孙海燕,祝宁.东北主要绿化树种对大气重金属污染物吸收能力的研究[J].Journal of Forestry Research,2004,15(1):73-76.
[110]鲁敏,李英杰.绿化树种对大气重金属污染物吸滞能力[J].城市环境与城市生态,2003,16(1):51-52.
[111]杨学军,唐东芹,许东新,等.上海地区绿化树种重金属污染防护特性的研究[J].应用生态学报,2004,15(4):687-690.
[112]郑文教,王文卿,林鹏.九龙江口桐花红树林对重金属的吸收与累积[J].应用与环境生物学报,1996,2(3):207-213.
[113]任旭喜.土壤重金属污染及防治对策研究[J].环境保护科学,1999,25(5):31-33.
[114]王学奎.植物生理生化实验原理和技术[M].北京:高等敦育出版社,2006.
[115]陈建勋,王晓峰.植物生理学实验指导[M].广州:华南理工大学出版社,2002.
[116]唐启义,冯明光.DPS数据处理系统[M].北京科学出版社,2007.
[117]龚明.作物抗性鉴定方法与指标及其综合评价[J].云南农业大学学报,1989,4(1):73-80.