谷类作物子粒Cd、Zn、Se含量比较及杂交稻不同品种Cd积累差异研究
|
摘要
根据2002年我国居民膳食结构的调查,谷物粮食的消费在膳食来源中占首位。而人类对环境污染物的接触途径主要是通过土壤-作物-食物途径。在Cd等重金属的土壤污染日益扩展的情况下,谷类食物中Cd水平与人类健康风险受到了高度关注。而食物摄取中Zn或Se对Cd的毒害效应有颉抗作用而Zn和Se对Cd表现出拮抗作用。谷物作物Cd在子粒的富集及其吸收Zn、Se之间的相互作用因作物的不同类型而异。因此,本文探讨不同粮食种类的重金属含量水平以及食物暴露风险具有重要意义。水稻作为我国南方居民的主要粮食作物,在谷类作物显示出相对较强的Cd吸收能力,而且水稻对Cd的吸收存在显著的基因型差异。同时土壤类型也是影响水稻Cd吸收的重要因素。本文选择了两种水稻(“超级稻”和“普通杂交稻”)与乌珊土和红沙泥田两种水稻土为材料,采用添加外源Cd处理进行盆栽试验,研究了不同杂交水稻品种在不同生育期对Cd的吸收、器官分配及其子粒的富集。研究结果表明:
(1)供试部分粮食样品的Se含量均低于世界卫生组织(WHO)推荐的食物硒水平(0.1mg·kg~(-1)),居民日常膳食的元素摄入可能存在不平衡。50%以上杂粮样品的Cd含量超标,其中来自杂交水稻的大米Cd含量偏高,可能存在较高的Cd健康风险。
(2)不同谷类子粒间这些元素含量存在显著差别,以玉米中最低;糙米中的Cd、Zn与除玉米外的杂粮子粒无显著差异;大豆子粒的Cd、Zn含量高于玉米,但Se含量没有显著差异:
(3)供试杂粮中大豆样本有90%超过我国现行杂粮Cd限量标准0.05mg·kg~(-1),然Cd/Zn均未超过食物安全值临界值0.015,居民对大豆等杂粮消费量远低于大米的消费量,而我国现行杂粮Cd限量标准更为苛刻,为了更加符合实际情况建议重新拟定杂粮的Cd限量标准。
(4)在基因型影响的类型中,水稻中Cd的总吸收量和Cd在水稻中的分配对水稻籽粒中Cd含量影响最大。
(5)在不同的土壤上Cd的总吸收量表现不同,乌栅土上无品种差异,而红沙泥田上存在品种差异。在处理的乌栅土上,Ⅱ优明86比汕优63在苗期表现出更强的Cd从根向茎叶的转运能力,及在成熟期的茎叶中积累更多Cd量,这就为超级稻Ⅱ优明86的Cd籽粒转运提供了条件。
(6)超级稻籽粒具有强积累Cd的原因除了本身具有强吸收能力,特别是在Cd浓度和土壤因素的影响下,除了增加吸收外,其更强的Cd从根向茎叶的运转能力进一步推动了籽粒Cd强烈积累。
Cd accumulation in grains of staple crops may have important impact on human health through dietary intake.Growing of hybrid rice cultivars are increasingly extended in South China for high rice production.However,much attention has been to the higher Cd uptake and grain accumulation by the hybrid rice than the conventional rice for the last 5 years.In this thesis,a comparative study of grain concentration of heavy metals Cd,Zn and Se between rice grains and non-rice grains and of Cd accumulation in plants between cultivars of hybrid rices was conducted.
Grain samples of some rice and other cereals were collected from agro-markets of Nanjing and their contents of Cd,Se and Zn were determined with atomic adsorption spectroscopy(AAS),atomic fluoresce spectroscopy(AFS) and AAS respectively.The results showed that:(1) The grain Se contents of the studied cereals fall below the guideline value by WHO of 0.1mg·kg~(-1),while over 50%of foodstaff grain samples had a grain Cd concentration over the China Food Security Guideline of 0.05mg·kg~(-1),indicating potential Se deficiency and over-loading of Cd from food exposure for dietary intake;(2) There was much difference in the metal contents between the cereals grains,being more significant with Cd and Se than with Zn;Soybean grains contained high contents of Cd and Zd but not Se than corn grains;(3) Most of the foodstaff grains contained Cd over 0.05mg·kg~(-1),a limit value of China Food Security Guideline without a Cd/Zn ratio over 0.015,a threshold value for potential Cd toxicity to human.Taking in account of the small consumption relative to rice,a guideline value of 0.2mg·kg~(-1),same for rice grains is suggested.
To understanding the possible mechanism for the enhanced Cd uptake by hybrid rice cultivars,a Pot experiments were conducted with two rice cultivars(a super hybrid rice and a common hybrid rice) on two different soils with and without Cd spiking(2.5mgCd/kg soil) to soils.The uptake and partitioning of Cd by rice was determined with atomic adsorption spectroscopy(AAS) at different growth stages.The results showed that on the basis of total biomass construction,the most intense active Cd uptake for both hybrid rice cultivars happened at the heading stage.Compared to common hybrid rice cultivars,Cd uptake by super rice ones was much enhanced under Cd spiking.While super rice cultivars had a higher capacity to translocate and partition Cd to grains than the common rice under no Cd spiking.That is,under no Cd pollution,the Cd translocation and partitioning drive the grain Cd level by the rice cultivars.However,with spiked Cd,soil factor may become significant in controlling the Cd availability as super rice had Cd uptake in grains as several folds as common rice cultivars when grown in an acidic soil.This explained intense enhanced Cd uptake and accumulation in rice grains by hybrid rice cultivars grown in red soil region from South China as reported in previous studies.
(1)供试部分粮食样品的Se含量均低于世界卫生组织(WHO)推荐的食物硒水平(0.1mg·kg~(-1)),居民日常膳食的元素摄入可能存在不平衡。50%以上杂粮样品的Cd含量超标,其中来自杂交水稻的大米Cd含量偏高,可能存在较高的Cd健康风险。
(2)不同谷类子粒间这些元素含量存在显著差别,以玉米中最低;糙米中的Cd、Zn与除玉米外的杂粮子粒无显著差异;大豆子粒的Cd、Zn含量高于玉米,但Se含量没有显著差异:
(3)供试杂粮中大豆样本有90%超过我国现行杂粮Cd限量标准0.05mg·kg~(-1),然Cd/Zn均未超过食物安全值临界值0.015,居民对大豆等杂粮消费量远低于大米的消费量,而我国现行杂粮Cd限量标准更为苛刻,为了更加符合实际情况建议重新拟定杂粮的Cd限量标准。
(4)在基因型影响的类型中,水稻中Cd的总吸收量和Cd在水稻中的分配对水稻籽粒中Cd含量影响最大。
(5)在不同的土壤上Cd的总吸收量表现不同,乌栅土上无品种差异,而红沙泥田上存在品种差异。在处理的乌栅土上,Ⅱ优明86比汕优63在苗期表现出更强的Cd从根向茎叶的转运能力,及在成熟期的茎叶中积累更多Cd量,这就为超级稻Ⅱ优明86的Cd籽粒转运提供了条件。
(6)超级稻籽粒具有强积累Cd的原因除了本身具有强吸收能力,特别是在Cd浓度和土壤因素的影响下,除了增加吸收外,其更强的Cd从根向茎叶的运转能力进一步推动了籽粒Cd强烈积累。
Cd accumulation in grains of staple crops may have important impact on human health through dietary intake.Growing of hybrid rice cultivars are increasingly extended in South China for high rice production.However,much attention has been to the higher Cd uptake and grain accumulation by the hybrid rice than the conventional rice for the last 5 years.In this thesis,a comparative study of grain concentration of heavy metals Cd,Zn and Se between rice grains and non-rice grains and of Cd accumulation in plants between cultivars of hybrid rices was conducted.
Grain samples of some rice and other cereals were collected from agro-markets of Nanjing and their contents of Cd,Se and Zn were determined with atomic adsorption spectroscopy(AAS),atomic fluoresce spectroscopy(AFS) and AAS respectively.The results showed that:(1) The grain Se contents of the studied cereals fall below the guideline value by WHO of 0.1mg·kg~(-1),while over 50%of foodstaff grain samples had a grain Cd concentration over the China Food Security Guideline of 0.05mg·kg~(-1),indicating potential Se deficiency and over-loading of Cd from food exposure for dietary intake;(2) There was much difference in the metal contents between the cereals grains,being more significant with Cd and Se than with Zn;Soybean grains contained high contents of Cd and Zd but not Se than corn grains;(3) Most of the foodstaff grains contained Cd over 0.05mg·kg~(-1),a limit value of China Food Security Guideline without a Cd/Zn ratio over 0.015,a threshold value for potential Cd toxicity to human.Taking in account of the small consumption relative to rice,a guideline value of 0.2mg·kg~(-1),same for rice grains is suggested.
To understanding the possible mechanism for the enhanced Cd uptake by hybrid rice cultivars,a Pot experiments were conducted with two rice cultivars(a super hybrid rice and a common hybrid rice) on two different soils with and without Cd spiking(2.5mgCd/kg soil) to soils.The uptake and partitioning of Cd by rice was determined with atomic adsorption spectroscopy(AAS) at different growth stages.The results showed that on the basis of total biomass construction,the most intense active Cd uptake for both hybrid rice cultivars happened at the heading stage.Compared to common hybrid rice cultivars,Cd uptake by super rice ones was much enhanced under Cd spiking.While super rice cultivars had a higher capacity to translocate and partition Cd to grains than the common rice under no Cd spiking.That is,under no Cd pollution,the Cd translocation and partitioning drive the grain Cd level by the rice cultivars.However,with spiked Cd,soil factor may become significant in controlling the Cd availability as super rice had Cd uptake in grains as several folds as common rice cultivars when grown in an acidic soil.This explained intense enhanced Cd uptake and accumulation in rice grains by hybrid rice cultivars grown in red soil region from South China as reported in previous studies.
引文
[1]Chaney R L,Reeves P G,Ryan J A,et al.An improved un-derstanding of soiI Cd risk to humans and Iow cost methods to phytoextract Cd from contaminated soils to prevent soil Cd risks[J].Biometals.2004,17:549-553.
[2]Chang A C,Pan G X,Page A L,et al.Developing Human Health-related Chemical Guidelines for Reclaimed Water and Sewage Sludge Applications in Agriculture[OL].http://www.Envisci.ucr.edu/downloads/chang/WHO_report.pdf.2002.
[3]Codex Alimentarius Commission 2005 Report of the 37th Session of the Codex Commitee on Food Additives and Contaminants[OL].Netherlands,7April.Http://Europa.Eu.Int/comm./food/fs/ifsi/eupositions/ccfac/ccfac.-2005-22-10-en.pdf.
[4]Codex Alimentation Commission 2002 Report of the 34th Sessionof the Codex Committee on Food Additives and Contaminants[R].Rotterdam.2002-03:11-15.
[5]Cuadrado C,Kumpulainen J,Carbajal A,et al.Cereals contribution to the total dietary intake of heavy metals in Madrid,Spain[J].Journal of Food Composition and Analysis.2000.13:495-503.
[6]Dudka S,Miller W P.Accumulation of potentially toxic elements in plants and their transfer to human chain[J].J Environ Sci and Health.1999B,84(4):681-708.
[7]Gupta U C.Gupta MD SC.Selenium in soils and crops,its deficiencies in livestock and humans:implication for management[J].Comm Soil Sci Plant Anal.2000,31(11-14):1791-1807.
[8]Horiguchi H,Oguma E,Sasaki S,et al.Dietary exposure to cadmium at close to the current provisional tolerable weekly intake does not afect renal function among female Japanese farmers[J].Environment Research.2004,95:20-31.
[9]Kaori M,Etsuko K,Yasushi O,et al.Total cadmium intake and mortality among residents in the Jinzu River Basin,Japan[J].Arch Environ Health.2003,58(4):218-222.
[10]KarA B,Frcc Natl.Inst Sci India Part B[J].Biol Sci.1960,26:40-50.
[11]Kukier U,Chaney R L.Growing rice grain with controlled cadmium concentratons[J].Journal of Plant Nutrition.2002,25(8):1793-1820.
[12]Merja E,Ekholm P.Effect of selenium fertilization on the Se content of cereal grains,flour,and bread produced in Finland[J].Cereal Chem.1990,67(4):334-337.
[13]Morgana J E,Morgan A J.The accumulation of metals(Cd,Cu,Pb,Zn and Ca) by two ecologically contrasting earthworm species(Lumbricus rubellus and Aporrectodea liginosa):implications for ecotoxicological testing[J].Applied Soil Ecology.1999,13:9-20.
[14]Nan Z R,Li J J,Zhang J M,et al.Cadmium and zinc interactions and their transfer in soil—crop system under actual field conditions[J].The Science of the Total Environment.2002,285:187-195.
[15]Reeves P G,Chancy R L.Marginal nutritional status of zinc,lron,and calcium increases cadmium retention in the duodenum and other organs of rats fed rice—based diets[J].Environmental Research.2004,96:311-322
[16]Reeves P G,Nielsen E J,O,Brien—Nimens C,et al.Cadmium bioavailability from edible sun flower kernels:a long-term study with men and women volunteers[J].Environmental Research Section A87.2001:81-91.
[17]Sharma R P,Kjellstrom T,Mckenzie J M.Cadmium in blood and urine among smokers and non-smokers with high cadmium intake via food[J].Toxicology.1983,29:163-171.
[18]Simmons R W,Pongsakul P,Chancy R L,et al.The relative exclnsion of zinc and iron from rice grain in relation to rice grain cadmium as compared to soybean:Implications for human health[J].Plant and Soil.2003,257:163-170.
[19]Tripathi R M,Raghunath R,Krishnamurthy T M.Dietary intake of heavy metals in Bombay city,India[J].The Science of the Total Environment.1997,208:149-159.
[20]U S Environment Protection Agency.DrinkingWater Standards and Health Advisories[Z].EPA 822-B-00-001,Summer 2000.
[21]Umesh C,Winter K.Selenium content of barley as influenced by selenite and selenate enriched fertilizers[J].Commun Soil Sci Plant Anal.1993,24:1165-1170.
[22]WHO Water,Sanitation and Health.Guidelines for Drinking Water Quality 2~(nd) ed.Vol 2 Health Criteria and Other Supporting Information Geneva:http://www.who.int/water-sanitation-health/GDWQ/Summary-tables/Sumtab.htm 1999,281-283.
[23]WHO.Cadmium Environmental health criteria 134.Geneva:WHO,1992:131-198.
[24]蔡德华.扬中县土壤背景值及其与恶性肿瘤死亡率关系[J].农村生态环境.1993,2:42-46.
[25]曹仁林,贾晓葵,张建顺.镉污染水稻土防治研究[J].天津农林科技.1999,12(6):12-17.
[26]查燕,杨居荣,刘虹,等.污染谷物中重金属的分布及加工过程的影响[J].环境科学.2002,21(3):52-55.
[27]陈光华,陆凌霞.马坝地区镉污染对人体健康的影响[J].卫生研究.1983,3(1):42-52.
[28]陈建青.锌对镉毒性的拮抗作用[J].国外医学卫生学分册.1990,5:279-282.
[29]陈历程,杨方美,胡秋辉,等.南京市主要食物含硒量分析及居民硒营养水平评价[J].食品科学,2000,21(10):57-58.
[30]陈历程,杨方美,张艳玲,等.我国部分大米含硒量分析及生物硒肥对籽粒硒水平的影响[J].中国水稻科学.2002,16(4):341-345.
[31]陈瑞英,黄为红,王小梅.2005～2006年泰州地区部分食品中铅、镉污染情况分析[J].卫生研究.2007,37(1):28-29.
[32]崔绍棠.锌对人体健康的影响[J].世界元素医学.2007,14(4):20-23.
[33]邓凯杰,蒋立新,刘霞,等.深圳市福田区2006年农产品重金属污染情况调查[J].海峡预防医学杂志.2007,05:61.
[34]杜树发,吕冰,王志宏,等.中国居民膳食的变迁[J].卫生研究.2001,30(4):221-225.
[35]冯兆良,韩宗寿,郭慕陈,等.张士灌区镉污染对居民健康现状及长期影响的调查研究[J].中国医科大学学报.1985,14(4):287-291.
[36]高希宝,史丽,玄永庆,等.锌、硒对镉致大鼠听力损伤影响的研究[J].山东大学学报.2005,43(5):442-444.
[37]葛可佑.中国营养科学全书[M].北京:人民卫生出版社,2004:1254-1256.
[38]龚朋飞,袁慧.硒拮抗镉毒性的研究[J].兽药与饲料添加剂.2003,6(8):19-22.
[39]龚伟群,潘根兴.中国水稻生产中Cd吸收及其健康风险的有关问题[J].科技导报.2006,24(5):43-48.
[40]龚伟群,李恋卿,潘根兴.杂交水稻对Cd的吸收与籽粒积累:土壤和品种的交互影响[J].环境科学,2006,27(8):1647-1653.
[41]郭翠花,王爱英.太原市耕作土壤和作物中Cd的污染分析[J].农业环境保护.2000,19(1):41-42,55
[42]国务院办公厅.中国食物与营养发展纲要(2001-2010年)[EB/OL].(2001-11-03)[2006-06-08].http://www.cas.ac.cn/html/Dir/2001/11/03/5901.htm.
[43]贺小平.大米中镉含量的调查[J].中国卫生检验杂志.2002,12(5):590.
[44]胡秋辉,朱建春,潘根兴.硒的土壤生态环境、生物地球化学与食物链的研究现状[J].农村生态环境.2000,16(4):54-57.
[45]黄永源,周秀达,柯世超,等.多种金属污染环境对健康的影响[J].环境与健康杂志.1987,4(2):14-16.
[46]江川,王金英,谢冬容.硒对人体的重要性及水稻硒营养研究[J].福建稻麦科技.2005,23(1):36-38.
[47]蒋冬梅,阿丽娅,王定勇,等.三峡库区居民膳食结构与重金属摄入水平研究[J].生态毒理学报.2007,2(1):83-87.
[48]金亮,李恋卿,潘根兴,等.苏北地区土壤.水稻系统重金属分布及其食物安全风险评价[J].生态与农村环境学报.2007,23(1):33-39.
[49]金亮.苏北部分地区土壤—水稻系统中重金属分配与食物安全风险分析与模拟[D].南京:南京农业大学,2007.
[50]荆旭慧,李恋卿,潘根兴.不同环境下土壤作物系统中重金属元素迁移分配特点[J].生态环境.2007,16(3):812-817.
[51]李慧,黄薇,黄海雄,等.深圳市2004年部分食品中镉污染情况分析[J].现代预防医学.2005,32(6):609-610.
[52]李红军,白忠贞,王桂敏,等.锌、硒单独与联合作用对镉毒性拮抗作用的研究[J].职业医学.199724(3):9-11.
[53]李继强,陈锡永,唐意佳,等.环境镉污染及其对人群健康影响的研究[J].中国公共卫生.2001,17(3):196-198.
[54]李少旦,刘韧,李华茜,等不周种类食品中镉含量水平及污染评价[J].中国卫生检验杂志.2007,17(9):1690-1691.
[55]李艳慧.江苏宜兴地区土壤中硒含量及其农产品对硒的吸收与分配[D].南京农业大学,2006,06.
[56]李永涛,刘科学,张池,等.广东大宝山地区重金属污染水天土壤的Cu Pb Zn Cd全量与DTPA 浸提态含量的相互关系研究[J].农业环境科学学报.2004,23(6):1110-1114.
[57]李正文,张艳玲,潘根兴,等.不同水稻品种籽粒Cd、Cu和Se的含量差异及其人类膳食摄取风险[J].环境科学.2003,24(3):112-115.
[58]李志博,骆永明,宋静,等.基于稻米摄入风险的稻田土壤镉临界值研究:个案研究[J].土壤学报.2008,45(1):76-81.
[59]廖琳,胡晓荣,李晖,等.生态环境中镐对生物体毒性作用机理及硒对该毒性拮抗作用的研究进展[J].四川环境.2002,21(2):21-24.
[60]廖启林,黄顺生,范迪富,等.微量元素在湖积物、土壤的垂向分布与稻谷中的分配[J].第四纪研究.2005.25(3):331-339.
[61]刘洪莲,李艳慧,李恋卿,等.太湖地区某地农田土壤及农产品中重金属污染及风险评价[J].安全与环境学报.2006,6(5):60-63.
[62]柳春红,宋海波.美国食用动物中化学残留物的监控[J].国外医学社会医学分册.2001,18(4):170-172.
[63]鲁如坤主编.土壤农业化学分析方法[M].北京:科学出版社.2000,205-226.
[64]陆屺.2003年上海市部分食品中铅、镉污染情况分析[J].上海预防医学杂志.2004,16(10):486-487.
[65]米建萍.北海市食品污染物中铅、镉的监测与调查分析报告[J].大众科技.2007,9(97):175-176.
[66]南开.中国人的膳食结构[J].中国食物与营养.2006,6:55-57.
[67]宁鸿珍,唐咏梅,刘辉,等.唐山市城市居民1990-2004年膳食结构变化分析[J].中国自然医学杂志.2007,9(1):42-44.
[68]潘根兴,Andrew C.Chang,Albert L.Page.土壤-作物污染物迁移分配与食物安全的评价模型及其应用.应用生态学报.2002,13(7):854-858.
[69]庞金华.上海粮食中元素的含量及土壤的安全值[J].长江流域资源与环境.1997,6(2):149-154.
[70]情闻.环境怪病源于吃了污染[J].医药保健杂志.2007(11s):34-35.
[71]任香梅,蔡云清,莫宝庆,等.南京市区老年人膳食结构的调查分析[J].南京医科大学学报.2004,24(6):682-685.
[72]尚琪,蔡诗文.污染区人群镉摄入量与肾损害的关系[J].环境与健康杂志.1993,10(5):193-196.
[73]史德浩.亚硒酸钠与镉中毒预防和治疗的研究[J].江苏农学院学报.1995,16(1):57-61.
[74]史静,李正文,龚伟群,等.2种常规水稻Cd、Zn吸收与器官分配的生育期变化:品种、土壤和Cd处理的影响[J].生态毒理学报.2007,2(1):32-40.
[75]覃志英,唐振柱,吴祖军,等.广西主要农产品铅、镉污染状况分析.中国公共卫生,2006,22(10):1261.
[76]汪再娟,孔庆瑚,金峰,等.镉污染区居民食用米镉含量与尿镉水平跟踪调查[J].中国公共卫生.1997,13(3):149.
[77]王芳,杨文英,王宝旺.2004—2006年北京市通州区部分农产品中铅和镉污染状况调查[J].环境与健康杂志.2007,24(7):556.
[78]王朝旭,王志云,朱静,等.1995～2004年黑龙江省居民食物消费与膳食结构[J].卫生研究.2007,36(1):103-104.
[79]王华,潘平涛,吴方,等.海宁市农村居民膳食结构与营养素摄入情况分析[J].浙江预防医学.2007,19(2):10-12.
[80]王凯荣.Cd对不同基因型水稻生长毒害影响的比较研究[J].农业生态环境.1996,12(3):18-23.
[81]王凯荣.我国农田镉污染现状及其治理利用对策[J].农业环境保护.1997,16(6):274-278.
[82]王叔淳.食品卫生检验技术手册[M].3版.北京:化学工业出版社.2002:200.
[83]王叔淳主编.食品卫生检验技术手册[M].3版.北京:化学工业出版社.2002:253-255.
[84]魏丹,杨谦,迟凤琴,等.叶面喷施Se肥对水稻含Se量及产量的影响[J].土壤肥料,2005(1):39-41.
[85]闻剑,李海,戴昌芳,等.广东省食品中镉的危险性评估[J].华南预防医学.2008,34(1):63-64.
[86]吴启堂,陈卢,王广寿.水稻不同品种对Cd吸收累积的差异和机理研究[J].生态学报.1999,19(1):104-107.
[87]吴思英.镉污染对居民健康状况的影响[D].福建:福建医科大学.2003.
[88]肖时运,刘如清,谭周镦,等.硒在水稻上的应用研究Ⅲ湖南省部分水稻土硒含量及硒对水稻产量的影响[J].湖南农业科学.1996,2:25-26.
[89]徐晟徽,郭书海,胡筱敏,等.沈阳张士灌区重金属污染再评价及镉的形态分析[J].应用生态学报.2007,18(9):2144-2148.
[90]徐晓燕,王岗,关超.水稻植株中锌镉吸收积累相互作用的研究[J].山西农业科学.1998,26(11):56-58.
[91]杨惠芬,邹宗福,金传玉,等.六省市食品中镉含量的调查[J].中华预防医学杂志.1994,28(1):6-8.
[92]杨居荣,查燕,刘虹.污染稻、麦籽实中Cd、Cu、Pb的分布及其存在形态初探[J].中国环境科学.1999:500-504.
[93]翟凤英,杨晓光.2002.膳食与营养素摄入状况:中国居民营养与健康状况调查报告之二[M].人民卫生出版社.2006.
[94]翟菌苗.环境镉暴露对人群健康损伤的研究进展[J].卫生研究.2007,36(2):255-257.
[95]张超英.青岛市区市售食物重金属污染现况调查[J].青岛大学医学院学报.2002,38(1):68-69.
[96]张桃英,赵连佳.2006年北京市海淀区食品中重金属监测结果分析[J].现代预防医学.2007,34(21):4184-4185.
[97]郑云雁.食品中污染物的中国国家标准及国际法典标准对比[J].中国食品卫生杂志.2002,14(1):47-53.
[98]周崇松,刘文宏,范必威,等.川稻中铜铁锌锰四种微量元素的研究[J].广东微量元素科学.2003,10(10):56-59
[2]Chang A C,Pan G X,Page A L,et al.Developing Human Health-related Chemical Guidelines for Reclaimed Water and Sewage Sludge Applications in Agriculture[OL].http://www.Envisci.ucr.edu/downloads/chang/WHO_report.pdf.2002.
[3]Codex Alimentarius Commission 2005 Report of the 37th Session of the Codex Commitee on Food Additives and Contaminants[OL].Netherlands,7April.Http://Europa.Eu.Int/comm./food/fs/ifsi/eupositions/ccfac/ccfac.-2005-22-10-en.pdf.
[4]Codex Alimentation Commission 2002 Report of the 34th Sessionof the Codex Committee on Food Additives and Contaminants[R].Rotterdam.2002-03:11-15.
[5]Cuadrado C,Kumpulainen J,Carbajal A,et al.Cereals contribution to the total dietary intake of heavy metals in Madrid,Spain[J].Journal of Food Composition and Analysis.2000.13:495-503.
[6]Dudka S,Miller W P.Accumulation of potentially toxic elements in plants and their transfer to human chain[J].J Environ Sci and Health.1999B,84(4):681-708.
[7]Gupta U C.Gupta MD SC.Selenium in soils and crops,its deficiencies in livestock and humans:implication for management[J].Comm Soil Sci Plant Anal.2000,31(11-14):1791-1807.
[8]Horiguchi H,Oguma E,Sasaki S,et al.Dietary exposure to cadmium at close to the current provisional tolerable weekly intake does not afect renal function among female Japanese farmers[J].Environment Research.2004,95:20-31.
[9]Kaori M,Etsuko K,Yasushi O,et al.Total cadmium intake and mortality among residents in the Jinzu River Basin,Japan[J].Arch Environ Health.2003,58(4):218-222.
[10]KarA B,Frcc Natl.Inst Sci India Part B[J].Biol Sci.1960,26:40-50.
[11]Kukier U,Chaney R L.Growing rice grain with controlled cadmium concentratons[J].Journal of Plant Nutrition.2002,25(8):1793-1820.
[12]Merja E,Ekholm P.Effect of selenium fertilization on the Se content of cereal grains,flour,and bread produced in Finland[J].Cereal Chem.1990,67(4):334-337.
[13]Morgana J E,Morgan A J.The accumulation of metals(Cd,Cu,Pb,Zn and Ca) by two ecologically contrasting earthworm species(Lumbricus rubellus and Aporrectodea liginosa):implications for ecotoxicological testing[J].Applied Soil Ecology.1999,13:9-20.
[14]Nan Z R,Li J J,Zhang J M,et al.Cadmium and zinc interactions and their transfer in soil—crop system under actual field conditions[J].The Science of the Total Environment.2002,285:187-195.
[15]Reeves P G,Chancy R L.Marginal nutritional status of zinc,lron,and calcium increases cadmium retention in the duodenum and other organs of rats fed rice—based diets[J].Environmental Research.2004,96:311-322
[16]Reeves P G,Nielsen E J,O,Brien—Nimens C,et al.Cadmium bioavailability from edible sun flower kernels:a long-term study with men and women volunteers[J].Environmental Research Section A87.2001:81-91.
[17]Sharma R P,Kjellstrom T,Mckenzie J M.Cadmium in blood and urine among smokers and non-smokers with high cadmium intake via food[J].Toxicology.1983,29:163-171.
[18]Simmons R W,Pongsakul P,Chancy R L,et al.The relative exclnsion of zinc and iron from rice grain in relation to rice grain cadmium as compared to soybean:Implications for human health[J].Plant and Soil.2003,257:163-170.
[19]Tripathi R M,Raghunath R,Krishnamurthy T M.Dietary intake of heavy metals in Bombay city,India[J].The Science of the Total Environment.1997,208:149-159.
[20]U S Environment Protection Agency.DrinkingWater Standards and Health Advisories[Z].EPA 822-B-00-001,Summer 2000.
[21]Umesh C,Winter K.Selenium content of barley as influenced by selenite and selenate enriched fertilizers[J].Commun Soil Sci Plant Anal.1993,24:1165-1170.
[22]WHO Water,Sanitation and Health.Guidelines for Drinking Water Quality 2~(nd) ed.Vol 2 Health Criteria and Other Supporting Information Geneva:http://www.who.int/water-sanitation-health/GDWQ/Summary-tables/Sumtab.htm 1999,281-283.
[23]WHO.Cadmium Environmental health criteria 134.Geneva:WHO,1992:131-198.
[24]蔡德华.扬中县土壤背景值及其与恶性肿瘤死亡率关系[J].农村生态环境.1993,2:42-46.
[25]曹仁林,贾晓葵,张建顺.镉污染水稻土防治研究[J].天津农林科技.1999,12(6):12-17.
[26]查燕,杨居荣,刘虹,等.污染谷物中重金属的分布及加工过程的影响[J].环境科学.2002,21(3):52-55.
[27]陈光华,陆凌霞.马坝地区镉污染对人体健康的影响[J].卫生研究.1983,3(1):42-52.
[28]陈建青.锌对镉毒性的拮抗作用[J].国外医学卫生学分册.1990,5:279-282.
[29]陈历程,杨方美,胡秋辉,等.南京市主要食物含硒量分析及居民硒营养水平评价[J].食品科学,2000,21(10):57-58.
[30]陈历程,杨方美,张艳玲,等.我国部分大米含硒量分析及生物硒肥对籽粒硒水平的影响[J].中国水稻科学.2002,16(4):341-345.
[31]陈瑞英,黄为红,王小梅.2005～2006年泰州地区部分食品中铅、镉污染情况分析[J].卫生研究.2007,37(1):28-29.
[32]崔绍棠.锌对人体健康的影响[J].世界元素医学.2007,14(4):20-23.
[33]邓凯杰,蒋立新,刘霞,等.深圳市福田区2006年农产品重金属污染情况调查[J].海峡预防医学杂志.2007,05:61.
[34]杜树发,吕冰,王志宏,等.中国居民膳食的变迁[J].卫生研究.2001,30(4):221-225.
[35]冯兆良,韩宗寿,郭慕陈,等.张士灌区镉污染对居民健康现状及长期影响的调查研究[J].中国医科大学学报.1985,14(4):287-291.
[36]高希宝,史丽,玄永庆,等.锌、硒对镉致大鼠听力损伤影响的研究[J].山东大学学报.2005,43(5):442-444.
[37]葛可佑.中国营养科学全书[M].北京:人民卫生出版社,2004:1254-1256.
[38]龚朋飞,袁慧.硒拮抗镉毒性的研究[J].兽药与饲料添加剂.2003,6(8):19-22.
[39]龚伟群,潘根兴.中国水稻生产中Cd吸收及其健康风险的有关问题[J].科技导报.2006,24(5):43-48.
[40]龚伟群,李恋卿,潘根兴.杂交水稻对Cd的吸收与籽粒积累:土壤和品种的交互影响[J].环境科学,2006,27(8):1647-1653.
[41]郭翠花,王爱英.太原市耕作土壤和作物中Cd的污染分析[J].农业环境保护.2000,19(1):41-42,55
[42]国务院办公厅.中国食物与营养发展纲要(2001-2010年)[EB/OL].(2001-11-03)[2006-06-08].http://www.cas.ac.cn/html/Dir/2001/11/03/5901.htm.
[43]贺小平.大米中镉含量的调查[J].中国卫生检验杂志.2002,12(5):590.
[44]胡秋辉,朱建春,潘根兴.硒的土壤生态环境、生物地球化学与食物链的研究现状[J].农村生态环境.2000,16(4):54-57.
[45]黄永源,周秀达,柯世超,等.多种金属污染环境对健康的影响[J].环境与健康杂志.1987,4(2):14-16.
[46]江川,王金英,谢冬容.硒对人体的重要性及水稻硒营养研究[J].福建稻麦科技.2005,23(1):36-38.
[47]蒋冬梅,阿丽娅,王定勇,等.三峡库区居民膳食结构与重金属摄入水平研究[J].生态毒理学报.2007,2(1):83-87.
[48]金亮,李恋卿,潘根兴,等.苏北地区土壤.水稻系统重金属分布及其食物安全风险评价[J].生态与农村环境学报.2007,23(1):33-39.
[49]金亮.苏北部分地区土壤—水稻系统中重金属分配与食物安全风险分析与模拟[D].南京:南京农业大学,2007.
[50]荆旭慧,李恋卿,潘根兴.不同环境下土壤作物系统中重金属元素迁移分配特点[J].生态环境.2007,16(3):812-817.
[51]李慧,黄薇,黄海雄,等.深圳市2004年部分食品中镉污染情况分析[J].现代预防医学.2005,32(6):609-610.
[52]李红军,白忠贞,王桂敏,等.锌、硒单独与联合作用对镉毒性拮抗作用的研究[J].职业医学.199724(3):9-11.
[53]李继强,陈锡永,唐意佳,等.环境镉污染及其对人群健康影响的研究[J].中国公共卫生.2001,17(3):196-198.
[54]李少旦,刘韧,李华茜,等不周种类食品中镉含量水平及污染评价[J].中国卫生检验杂志.2007,17(9):1690-1691.
[55]李艳慧.江苏宜兴地区土壤中硒含量及其农产品对硒的吸收与分配[D].南京农业大学,2006,06.
[56]李永涛,刘科学,张池,等.广东大宝山地区重金属污染水天土壤的Cu Pb Zn Cd全量与DTPA 浸提态含量的相互关系研究[J].农业环境科学学报.2004,23(6):1110-1114.
[57]李正文,张艳玲,潘根兴,等.不同水稻品种籽粒Cd、Cu和Se的含量差异及其人类膳食摄取风险[J].环境科学.2003,24(3):112-115.
[58]李志博,骆永明,宋静,等.基于稻米摄入风险的稻田土壤镉临界值研究:个案研究[J].土壤学报.2008,45(1):76-81.
[59]廖琳,胡晓荣,李晖,等.生态环境中镐对生物体毒性作用机理及硒对该毒性拮抗作用的研究进展[J].四川环境.2002,21(2):21-24.
[60]廖启林,黄顺生,范迪富,等.微量元素在湖积物、土壤的垂向分布与稻谷中的分配[J].第四纪研究.2005.25(3):331-339.
[61]刘洪莲,李艳慧,李恋卿,等.太湖地区某地农田土壤及农产品中重金属污染及风险评价[J].安全与环境学报.2006,6(5):60-63.
[62]柳春红,宋海波.美国食用动物中化学残留物的监控[J].国外医学社会医学分册.2001,18(4):170-172.
[63]鲁如坤主编.土壤农业化学分析方法[M].北京:科学出版社.2000,205-226.
[64]陆屺.2003年上海市部分食品中铅、镉污染情况分析[J].上海预防医学杂志.2004,16(10):486-487.
[65]米建萍.北海市食品污染物中铅、镉的监测与调查分析报告[J].大众科技.2007,9(97):175-176.
[66]南开.中国人的膳食结构[J].中国食物与营养.2006,6:55-57.
[67]宁鸿珍,唐咏梅,刘辉,等.唐山市城市居民1990-2004年膳食结构变化分析[J].中国自然医学杂志.2007,9(1):42-44.
[68]潘根兴,Andrew C.Chang,Albert L.Page.土壤-作物污染物迁移分配与食物安全的评价模型及其应用.应用生态学报.2002,13(7):854-858.
[69]庞金华.上海粮食中元素的含量及土壤的安全值[J].长江流域资源与环境.1997,6(2):149-154.
[70]情闻.环境怪病源于吃了污染[J].医药保健杂志.2007(11s):34-35.
[71]任香梅,蔡云清,莫宝庆,等.南京市区老年人膳食结构的调查分析[J].南京医科大学学报.2004,24(6):682-685.
[72]尚琪,蔡诗文.污染区人群镉摄入量与肾损害的关系[J].环境与健康杂志.1993,10(5):193-196.
[73]史德浩.亚硒酸钠与镉中毒预防和治疗的研究[J].江苏农学院学报.1995,16(1):57-61.
[74]史静,李正文,龚伟群,等.2种常规水稻Cd、Zn吸收与器官分配的生育期变化:品种、土壤和Cd处理的影响[J].生态毒理学报.2007,2(1):32-40.
[75]覃志英,唐振柱,吴祖军,等.广西主要农产品铅、镉污染状况分析.中国公共卫生,2006,22(10):1261.
[76]汪再娟,孔庆瑚,金峰,等.镉污染区居民食用米镉含量与尿镉水平跟踪调查[J].中国公共卫生.1997,13(3):149.
[77]王芳,杨文英,王宝旺.2004—2006年北京市通州区部分农产品中铅和镉污染状况调查[J].环境与健康杂志.2007,24(7):556.
[78]王朝旭,王志云,朱静,等.1995～2004年黑龙江省居民食物消费与膳食结构[J].卫生研究.2007,36(1):103-104.
[79]王华,潘平涛,吴方,等.海宁市农村居民膳食结构与营养素摄入情况分析[J].浙江预防医学.2007,19(2):10-12.
[80]王凯荣.Cd对不同基因型水稻生长毒害影响的比较研究[J].农业生态环境.1996,12(3):18-23.
[81]王凯荣.我国农田镉污染现状及其治理利用对策[J].农业环境保护.1997,16(6):274-278.
[82]王叔淳.食品卫生检验技术手册[M].3版.北京:化学工业出版社.2002:200.
[83]王叔淳主编.食品卫生检验技术手册[M].3版.北京:化学工业出版社.2002:253-255.
[84]魏丹,杨谦,迟凤琴,等.叶面喷施Se肥对水稻含Se量及产量的影响[J].土壤肥料,2005(1):39-41.
[85]闻剑,李海,戴昌芳,等.广东省食品中镉的危险性评估[J].华南预防医学.2008,34(1):63-64.
[86]吴启堂,陈卢,王广寿.水稻不同品种对Cd吸收累积的差异和机理研究[J].生态学报.1999,19(1):104-107.
[87]吴思英.镉污染对居民健康状况的影响[D].福建:福建医科大学.2003.
[88]肖时运,刘如清,谭周镦,等.硒在水稻上的应用研究Ⅲ湖南省部分水稻土硒含量及硒对水稻产量的影响[J].湖南农业科学.1996,2:25-26.
[89]徐晟徽,郭书海,胡筱敏,等.沈阳张士灌区重金属污染再评价及镉的形态分析[J].应用生态学报.2007,18(9):2144-2148.
[90]徐晓燕,王岗,关超.水稻植株中锌镉吸收积累相互作用的研究[J].山西农业科学.1998,26(11):56-58.
[91]杨惠芬,邹宗福,金传玉,等.六省市食品中镉含量的调查[J].中华预防医学杂志.1994,28(1):6-8.
[92]杨居荣,查燕,刘虹.污染稻、麦籽实中Cd、Cu、Pb的分布及其存在形态初探[J].中国环境科学.1999:500-504.
[93]翟凤英,杨晓光.2002.膳食与营养素摄入状况:中国居民营养与健康状况调查报告之二[M].人民卫生出版社.2006.
[94]翟菌苗.环境镉暴露对人群健康损伤的研究进展[J].卫生研究.2007,36(2):255-257.
[95]张超英.青岛市区市售食物重金属污染现况调查[J].青岛大学医学院学报.2002,38(1):68-69.
[96]张桃英,赵连佳.2006年北京市海淀区食品中重金属监测结果分析[J].现代预防医学.2007,34(21):4184-4185.
[97]郑云雁.食品中污染物的中国国家标准及国际法典标准对比[J].中国食品卫生杂志.2002,14(1):47-53.
[98]周崇松,刘文宏,范必威,等.川稻中铜铁锌锰四种微量元素的研究[J].广东微量元素科学.2003,10(10):56-59