城乡交错带景观格局的梯度变化研究
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摘要
本论文利用1998年8月16日的TM卫星数据的一部分，设置从黑龙江省哈尔滨市到帽儿山天然次生林区，长90km，宽16km的生态研究样带。通过用ERDAS对卫星数据的校正、图像增强等处理，结合GPS野外实地调查数据，进行有监督分类。共分为7种类型：居民点、旱田、水田、河流、灌丛、阔叶林、针叶林，并建立了卫星影像分类解译标志。同时借助于GIS软件Arcview对研究样带进行人为等距离(18km)划分为5个梯度区。选用景观多样性、景观密度、聚集度等6个景观参数，用Fragstats景观指数计算软件进行计算分析，结果表明：景观多样性指数和均匀度指数都是沿梯度区呈增大的趋势。优势度指数呈相反的变化趋势。在接近城市的梯度区内一般是景观要素以大面积相对集中的分布格局，景观斑块密度与边缘密度较小，景观异质性较低。越接近天然次生林区，景观异质程度越大。景观聚集度指数是随着梯度区呈下降的变化趋势，表明斑块之间的镶嵌联系的程度与受到的干扰程度有极为重要的关系。从景观平均形状指数和景观平均分维数的变化，可看出综合干扰(自然干扰、人为活动、植被的内源演替或种群的动态变化)是呈增强的发展趋势。大、中、小斑块的数量比例在各梯度区之间都是小斑块数量比＞中斑块数量比＞大斑块数量比。沿城区到天然次生林区方向，中小斑块的面积百分比逐渐增大，而大斑块则呈明显的下降趋势。通过计算的景观指数随着粒度和幅度的变化，可知，在同一空间幅度范围内粒度越细，其景观异质性就会相对较大；在粒度不变时景观异质性的格局会随着幅度的变化而变化。这更能体现出对景观格局的研究需要界定一定的空间尺度。
The paper establishes a ecological transect ,with a length of 90 km and width of 16 km, utilizing the part of Tm data on 16th August 1998, from Harbin to the natural secondary forests in Maoershan, Heilongjiang Province.with supervised classification, the TM data which had been corrected and enhanced via ERDAS , combining the data of GPS in the field, was classified by seven types including: residential area, glebe, paddy field. river. shrub. broad-leaved forests. coniferous forests, at the same time, the transect was divided 5 gradient (18 km/per) using ESRI's Arcview 3.2. To capture some of the synoptic features of the landscape, several landscape pattern metrics (i.e. landscape diversity index, landscape density index, and congregation index et al) was calculated using the raster version of FRAGSTATS. The result showed that landscape diversity index and evenness index increase along the gradient, whilst dominant index decrease along the gradient zones.in general, landscape elements present concentrative d
istributing patterns for great size, with landscape patch density and edged density smaller and landscape heterogeneity lower than others within closing to gradient of the city. The higher landscape heterogeneity, the closer to nature secondary forest.along the gradient, landscape congregation index exhibits descendent tendency, showing a significant relationship between the extent of patch mosaic and the extent of disturbance, according to changes of landscape mean shape index(LMSI)and landscape mean Fractal dimension index, integrated disturbance(nature disturbance, human activities, vegetational inner succession or population dynamics) tend to enhance. The proportions of large, middle and small patches were small patch>middle patch>large patch in all gradient zones.from suburbs to secondary forests, the area ratio of middle and small patches was increased, but that of large patches was significantly decreased. According to the changes of landscape index with grain and extent, the finer the grain is, the l
arger the landscape heterogeneity in the same spatial scope and the changes of landscape heterogeneity with the extent when gram is fixed. Therefore, the research of landscape pattern is performed in a specific spatial scale.
The paper establishes a ecological transect ,with a length of 90 km and width of 16 km, utilizing the part of Tm data on 16th August 1998, from Harbin to the natural secondary forests in Maoershan, Heilongjiang Province.with supervised classification, the TM data which had been corrected and enhanced via ERDAS , combining the data of GPS in the field, was classified by seven types including: residential area, glebe, paddy field. river. shrub. broad-leaved forests. coniferous forests, at the same time, the transect was divided 5 gradient (18 km/per) using ESRI's Arcview 3.2. To capture some of the synoptic features of the landscape, several landscape pattern metrics (i.e. landscape diversity index, landscape density index, and congregation index et al) was calculated using the raster version of FRAGSTATS. The result showed that landscape diversity index and evenness index increase along the gradient, whilst dominant index decrease along the gradient zones.in general, landscape elements present concentrative d
istributing patterns for great size, with landscape patch density and edged density smaller and landscape heterogeneity lower than others within closing to gradient of the city. The higher landscape heterogeneity, the closer to nature secondary forest.along the gradient, landscape congregation index exhibits descendent tendency, showing a significant relationship between the extent of patch mosaic and the extent of disturbance, according to changes of landscape mean shape index(LMSI)and landscape mean Fractal dimension index, integrated disturbance(nature disturbance, human activities, vegetational inner succession or population dynamics) tend to enhance. The proportions of large, middle and small patches were small patch>middle patch>large patch in all gradient zones.from suburbs to secondary forests, the area ratio of middle and small patches was increased, but that of large patches was significantly decreased. According to the changes of landscape index with grain and extent, the finer the grain is, the l
arger the landscape heterogeneity in the same spatial scope and the changes of landscape heterogeneity with the extent when gram is fixed. Therefore, the research of landscape pattern is performed in a specific spatial scale.
引文
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2．邬建国．景观生态学．高等教育出版社．2000．
3．楚道文．景观生态学概念起源与发展．山东师大学报(自然科学版)．2002(1)：54-57
4．陈大珂，周晓峰，祝宁．天然次生林．东北林业大学出版社．1994：165～166
5．周成虎，骆剑承等．遥感影像地学理解与分析．科学出版社．2001：45～46
6．颜长珍，王一谋，冯毓荪，吴薇．应用遥感与地理信息系统技术对宁夏林地资源的宏观研究．资源科学．2001，23(2)：81～84
7．陈利顶，傅伯杰．干扰的类型、特征及其生态学意义．生态学报．2000，20(4)：581～586
8．宋树龙，李贞．广州城市植被景观多样性分析．热带地理．2000，20(6)：121～124
9．何念鹏，吴泠，周道玮。人类活动对村级景观的影响．干旱区资源与环境．2001，15(4)：25～29
10．郑淑颖，管东生，马灵芳，胡月玲．广州城市绿地斑块的破碎化分析．中山大学学报．2000，39(2)：100～13
11．郭晋平．森林景观生态研究．北京大学出版社．2001；
12．何念鹏，周道玮，吴泠，张玉芬．人为干扰强度对村级景观破碎度的影响．应用生态学报．2001，12(6)：897～899
13．何念鹏，周道玮，孙刚，吴泠．人为干扰强度对村级景观结构特征的影响．农村生态环境．2001，17(2)：9～12
14．江源，高清竹，何立环，王家骥．基于Landset-TM数据的农牧交错带景观结构研究——以内蒙古自治区兴各县为例．应用生态学报．2002，13(4)：403～408
15．张芸香，郭晋平森林景观斑块密度及边缘密度动态研究——以关帝山林区为例．生态杂志．2001，21(1)：18～21
16．肖寒，欧阳志云，赵景柱，王效科，苗鸿．海南岛景观空间结构分析．生态学报．2001，21(1)：20～26
17．刘学录．盐化草地景观中的斑块形状指数及其生态学意义．草业科学，2000(2)：50-56
18．蒋文伟，姜志林，刘安兴，俞益武、王云珠．浙江安吉山区森林景观空间格局动态分析．福建林学院学报．2002，22(2)：150～153
19．傅伯杰．景观多样性分析及其制图研究[J]．生态学报，1995，15(4)：345～350
20．傅伯杰，陈利顶．景观多样性的类型及其生态意义[J]．地理学报，1996，(5)：454～462．
21．马克明，傅伯杰，周华峰．景观多样性测度：格局多样性的亲和度分析[J]．生态学报，1998，18(1)：76～81
22．管东生，钟晓燕，郑淑颖．广州地区森林景观多样性分析．生态学杂志．2001，20(4)：9～12
23．李占宏．人类在景观发育中的作用．阴山学刊．2001．5：23～25
24. Garrabou J, Riera J and Zabala M.. 1998. Landscape pattern indices applied to Mediterranean subtidal rocky benthic communities. Landscape Ecol, 13: 225～247
25. Xiao D-N(肖笃宁).1991. The Theeories, Methodes and Application of Landscpe Ecology. Beijing: china Foresry Press. 92～99,.186～196(in chinese)
26. Wang G-Xa(王根绪) and Cheng G-D(程国栋) . 1999. The spatial pattern analysis of landscape in arid inland river basin- A case study of the middle reaches of Heihe River. J Lanzhou Univ(Natural Sciences)(兰州大学学报(自然科学版)), 35(1): 211～217 (in chinese)
27. Wang Y-L(王爷麟), Zhao Y-B(赵一斌), Han D(韩荡).1999. The spatial structure of landsape ecosystems: Concept, indices and case studies. Adv Earth Sci (地球科学进展), 14(3)234～241 (in chinese)
28. Cushman SA and David O.2000.Rates and patterns of landscape change in the Central Sikhote-alin Mountains, Russian Far East. Landscape Ecol, 15: 643～659
29. Pan DY, DomonG, de Blois S,et al.1999.Temporal(1958～1993) and spatial patterns of land use changes in Haut-Saint-Laurent (Quebec,Canada) and their relation to landscape physical attributes. Landscape Ecol, 14:35～52
30．曾辉，孔宁宁，李书娟．卧龙自然保护区人为活动对景观结构的影响．生态学报．2001，21(12)：1994～2001
31. Forman R T T. Land mosaics the ecology of landscape and region. New York. Cambridge University Press. 1995.
32．车生泉，城乡一体化过程中的景观生态格局分析．农业现代化研究[J]．1992，20(3)：140-143
33．管东生，钟晓燕，郑淑颖．广州地区森林景观多样性分析．生态学杂志[J]．2001，20(4)：9～12
34．王宪礼，布仁仓，胡远满，等．辽河三角洲湿地的景观破碎度分析．应用生态学报[J]．1996，7(3)：299-304
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