光子晶体应用理论研究
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摘要
本课题以光子晶体功能器件原理结构设计为切入点开展光子晶体应用理论研究,研究内容包括如下相关的四个方面:
(1)仿真平台建立。光子晶体是一个复杂的多组元结构,难以求出其严格解析解,通常只能应用近似的处理方法或数值模拟。为了对光子晶体功能器件进行深入理论分析,首先需要建立完整的光子晶体设计和仿真平台。
(2)功能器件原理结构设计。本课题主要从类比、优化改进、提出等三个途径开展光子晶体功能器件原理结构设计:由传统介质波导波分复用器类比设计光子晶体波分复用器;优化Y.H.Lee研究小组提出的电激励光子晶体激光腔结构;研究新的光子晶体波导腔原理和新型光子晶体光开关原理;研究光子晶体环形腔的转动效应。
(3)耦合技术研究。基于光子晶体的功能器件特征尺度为光波长,比传统的光学器件体积小得多。因此,对于未来的集成光学系统来说,光子晶体功能器件和传统光学器件之间的高效耦合是光子晶体器件应用的一个关键技术。
(4)制备误差分析。在光子晶体功能器件的制备过程中,由于工艺水平、实验设备等条件的限制,制作出来的光子晶体结构并不能满足严格的空间周期性,绝大多数情况下会与理想光子晶体有一定的随机误差。这种误差对光子晶体功能器件的性能有着怎样的影响也是本课题研究的内容。
本课题的主要研究结果如下:
(1)用FDTD和VC++开发了能够仿真包含非线性、金属以及各种缺陷的二维光子晶体软件。软件有良好的用户界面,能够交互地、直观地、简洁地建立各种复杂结构的二维光子晶体模型。构建了用于高性能并行计算的微机机群环境,用MPI+FORTRAN设计了一个基于此机群环境的三维并行FDTD程序。光子晶体二维、三维完整仿真平台的建立为本文及以后的光子晶体理论研究打下了基础。该研究结果已正式发表于光学学报、光子学报等杂志。
(2)由传统介质波导波分复用器类比提出了基于光子晶体定向耦合和多模干涉效应的粗波分复用器结构。该研究结果已正式发表于光学学报、光学技术等杂志。
(3)提出了一种基于驻波不同位置处非线性效应不同的光控光原理。利用这种原理设计的光子晶体结构能够宽带宽和高对比度的实现光控光开关功能和光的与运算。该研究结果已正式发表于Optics Express杂志。
(4)优化了Y.H.Lee研究小组提出的电激励光子晶体单缺陷激光腔结构,将工作模式的Q值和Purcell因子分别提高7倍和6.8倍。该研究结果已正式发表于Journal of the Optical Society of America B杂志。
(5)提出了一种基于模式控制的光子晶体波导腔原理,即用两个仅支持0阶模的单模窄波导来约束多模波导中的1阶模。该研究结果待发表。
(6)探讨性地将时域有限差分方法用于转动坐标系下光子晶体理论研究,导出了转动坐标系下的差分方程和PML边界条件,研究了光子晶体环形腔的转动特性。该研究结果已正式发表于光学学报杂志。
(7)提出了用级联缓变波导解决传统介质波导和光子晶体波导之间耦合问题的思路,缓变部分由波导两边半径按线性方式逐渐增大的空气孔组成。该研究结果待发表。
(8)提出了用耦合腔准直光子晶体波导口出射光的新方法。这种耦合腔结构能宽带宽和小发散角地实现光的准直输出。该研究结果已正式发表于AppliedPhysics B杂志。
(9)讨论了光子晶体制作过程中单元半径和位置随机误差对光子晶体带隙特性和光子晶体功能器件性能的影响。该研究结果已正式发表于Applied Physics B和光学学报等杂志。
总之,本课题在光子晶体应用理论研究方面从建立完整的仿真平台入手,重点对提出的新型光子晶体功能器件及相关耦合系统进行了结构设计和性能仿真,最后研究了实验制作中不可避免的制备误差对光子晶体带隙特性和光子晶体功能器件性能的影响。本课题工作受到国家安全重大基础研究项目“军用光子/声子晶体基础研究”的资助,已于2006年通过结题验收。
In this thesis, we focus on the theoretical research of photonic crystal applications with the cut-in point of fundamental design of photonic crystal function devices. Our research mainly includes the following four correlative contents:
(1) Developing the platform for design and simulation. Photonic crystals are complex structures, which make it difficult to solve the photonic band structure or transmission property by analytical method. In order to deal with the theoretical research, we must develop a comprehensive platform as the numeric tool for photonic crystal design and simulation. However, the computation of 3D model requires very large memories and is time consuming, so high performance parallel computation is necessary.
(2) Fundamental design of functional devices. The research mainly includes these aspects: Design of photonic crystal wavelength demultiplexers by analogy with conventional waveguide wavelength demultiplexers. Optimization for the operation mode in electrically driven single-cell photonic crystal laser cavity demonstrated by Y.H.Lee research group. Presenting a new principle of photonic crystal waveguide cavity. Presenting a new light-by-light photonic crystal switching. Development of FDTD method for analyzing the photonic crystals in the non-inertial frame for photonic crystal ring cavity.
(3) Research of coupling technique. The size of photonic crystal devices is scaled down to the sub-micro-range, which is far smaller than conventional optical devices. For an integrated optical system, the coupling into and out of the photonic crystal devices would be one of key techniques.
(4) Analysis of fabrication errors. In order to fabricate the photonic crystals that operate in the near-infrared or optical-wavelength, the feature size of photonic crystal has to be some hundreds of nanometers. Fabrication of such fine structures inevitably generates random deviations from the perfectly ordered structures. The effects of disorder on the performance of photonic crystal devices are also in the scope of this paper.
The main research results of this paper are as follows.
(1) We developed a two-dimensional photonic crystal simulation software written in Visual C++ based on FDTD method. This software which provides a modern graphical user interface can conveniently build all kinds of complex photonic crystal structures including nonlinearity, metal, dot and line defects. With the high-performance cluster systems consisting of personal computers, we also developed a parallelized three-dimensional photonic crystal FDTD code written in Message Passing Interface (MPI) and Fortran.
(2) We designed two kinds of photonic crystal wavelength demultiplexers based on an analogy of conventional waveguide directional coupling and multimode interference effect.
(3) We presnted a new principle of light-by-light operation based on the nonlinear optical effect difference between different positions of standing waves. We show that such a photonic crystal configuration operating on the principle can demonstrate light-by-light and all-optical AND gate operation with a wide bandwidth and high contrast between the OFF state and the ON state in its transmission.
(4) We optimized the electrically driven single-cell photonic crystal laser cavity demonstrated by Y.H.Lee research group to increase the quality factor and Purcell factor of the operation mode. We show that the quality factor and Purcell factor for the modified cavity are about 7 and 6.8 times higher than that of the unmodified structure, respectively.
(5) We present a new principle of photonic crystal waveguide cavity based on mode control, which utilize two narrow waveguide operating only in the Oth order mode to confine 1st order mode of wide waveguide.
(6) We made tentative research on rotation effect in ring-shaped photonic crystal cavity and developed an FDTD method for simulating the photonic crystals in the non-inertial frame.
(7) We present a new approach for high efficient coupling between conventional dielectric waveguide and photonic crystal waveguide by introducing a cascade tapered waveguide. The tapered waveguide is formed by increasing radii of air holes step by step.
(8) We proposed a novel photonic crystal configuration consisting of coupled cavities and diffraction gratings at the photonic crystal surface to obtain beaming of light and enhanced transmission. We showed that such a configuration can demonstrate beaming of light in a wide bandwidth range and narrow radiation angle.
(9) We study and discuss how do the random errors, including radius and position errors which may arise during fabrication, affect the fundamental properties of photonic crystals and the performance of photonic crystal function devices.
In summary, we begin the research field of photonic crystal applications by developing the platform for design and simulation. Then, we utilize the platform to simulate the function devices based on some new principles and ideas. Finally, we study the effects of random error which inevitably arise during fabrication on the performance of the functional devices.
(1)仿真平台建立。光子晶体是一个复杂的多组元结构,难以求出其严格解析解,通常只能应用近似的处理方法或数值模拟。为了对光子晶体功能器件进行深入理论分析,首先需要建立完整的光子晶体设计和仿真平台。
(2)功能器件原理结构设计。本课题主要从类比、优化改进、提出等三个途径开展光子晶体功能器件原理结构设计:由传统介质波导波分复用器类比设计光子晶体波分复用器;优化Y.H.Lee研究小组提出的电激励光子晶体激光腔结构;研究新的光子晶体波导腔原理和新型光子晶体光开关原理;研究光子晶体环形腔的转动效应。
(3)耦合技术研究。基于光子晶体的功能器件特征尺度为光波长,比传统的光学器件体积小得多。因此,对于未来的集成光学系统来说,光子晶体功能器件和传统光学器件之间的高效耦合是光子晶体器件应用的一个关键技术。
(4)制备误差分析。在光子晶体功能器件的制备过程中,由于工艺水平、实验设备等条件的限制,制作出来的光子晶体结构并不能满足严格的空间周期性,绝大多数情况下会与理想光子晶体有一定的随机误差。这种误差对光子晶体功能器件的性能有着怎样的影响也是本课题研究的内容。
本课题的主要研究结果如下:
(1)用FDTD和VC++开发了能够仿真包含非线性、金属以及各种缺陷的二维光子晶体软件。软件有良好的用户界面,能够交互地、直观地、简洁地建立各种复杂结构的二维光子晶体模型。构建了用于高性能并行计算的微机机群环境,用MPI+FORTRAN设计了一个基于此机群环境的三维并行FDTD程序。光子晶体二维、三维完整仿真平台的建立为本文及以后的光子晶体理论研究打下了基础。该研究结果已正式发表于光学学报、光子学报等杂志。
(2)由传统介质波导波分复用器类比提出了基于光子晶体定向耦合和多模干涉效应的粗波分复用器结构。该研究结果已正式发表于光学学报、光学技术等杂志。
(3)提出了一种基于驻波不同位置处非线性效应不同的光控光原理。利用这种原理设计的光子晶体结构能够宽带宽和高对比度的实现光控光开关功能和光的与运算。该研究结果已正式发表于Optics Express杂志。
(4)优化了Y.H.Lee研究小组提出的电激励光子晶体单缺陷激光腔结构,将工作模式的Q值和Purcell因子分别提高7倍和6.8倍。该研究结果已正式发表于Journal of the Optical Society of America B杂志。
(5)提出了一种基于模式控制的光子晶体波导腔原理,即用两个仅支持0阶模的单模窄波导来约束多模波导中的1阶模。该研究结果待发表。
(6)探讨性地将时域有限差分方法用于转动坐标系下光子晶体理论研究,导出了转动坐标系下的差分方程和PML边界条件,研究了光子晶体环形腔的转动特性。该研究结果已正式发表于光学学报杂志。
(7)提出了用级联缓变波导解决传统介质波导和光子晶体波导之间耦合问题的思路,缓变部分由波导两边半径按线性方式逐渐增大的空气孔组成。该研究结果待发表。
(8)提出了用耦合腔准直光子晶体波导口出射光的新方法。这种耦合腔结构能宽带宽和小发散角地实现光的准直输出。该研究结果已正式发表于AppliedPhysics B杂志。
(9)讨论了光子晶体制作过程中单元半径和位置随机误差对光子晶体带隙特性和光子晶体功能器件性能的影响。该研究结果已正式发表于Applied Physics B和光学学报等杂志。
总之,本课题在光子晶体应用理论研究方面从建立完整的仿真平台入手,重点对提出的新型光子晶体功能器件及相关耦合系统进行了结构设计和性能仿真,最后研究了实验制作中不可避免的制备误差对光子晶体带隙特性和光子晶体功能器件性能的影响。本课题工作受到国家安全重大基础研究项目“军用光子/声子晶体基础研究”的资助,已于2006年通过结题验收。
In this thesis, we focus on the theoretical research of photonic crystal applications with the cut-in point of fundamental design of photonic crystal function devices. Our research mainly includes the following four correlative contents:
(1) Developing the platform for design and simulation. Photonic crystals are complex structures, which make it difficult to solve the photonic band structure or transmission property by analytical method. In order to deal with the theoretical research, we must develop a comprehensive platform as the numeric tool for photonic crystal design and simulation. However, the computation of 3D model requires very large memories and is time consuming, so high performance parallel computation is necessary.
(2) Fundamental design of functional devices. The research mainly includes these aspects: Design of photonic crystal wavelength demultiplexers by analogy with conventional waveguide wavelength demultiplexers. Optimization for the operation mode in electrically driven single-cell photonic crystal laser cavity demonstrated by Y.H.Lee research group. Presenting a new principle of photonic crystal waveguide cavity. Presenting a new light-by-light photonic crystal switching. Development of FDTD method for analyzing the photonic crystals in the non-inertial frame for photonic crystal ring cavity.
(3) Research of coupling technique. The size of photonic crystal devices is scaled down to the sub-micro-range, which is far smaller than conventional optical devices. For an integrated optical system, the coupling into and out of the photonic crystal devices would be one of key techniques.
(4) Analysis of fabrication errors. In order to fabricate the photonic crystals that operate in the near-infrared or optical-wavelength, the feature size of photonic crystal has to be some hundreds of nanometers. Fabrication of such fine structures inevitably generates random deviations from the perfectly ordered structures. The effects of disorder on the performance of photonic crystal devices are also in the scope of this paper.
The main research results of this paper are as follows.
(1) We developed a two-dimensional photonic crystal simulation software written in Visual C++ based on FDTD method. This software which provides a modern graphical user interface can conveniently build all kinds of complex photonic crystal structures including nonlinearity, metal, dot and line defects. With the high-performance cluster systems consisting of personal computers, we also developed a parallelized three-dimensional photonic crystal FDTD code written in Message Passing Interface (MPI) and Fortran.
(2) We designed two kinds of photonic crystal wavelength demultiplexers based on an analogy of conventional waveguide directional coupling and multimode interference effect.
(3) We presnted a new principle of light-by-light operation based on the nonlinear optical effect difference between different positions of standing waves. We show that such a photonic crystal configuration operating on the principle can demonstrate light-by-light and all-optical AND gate operation with a wide bandwidth and high contrast between the OFF state and the ON state in its transmission.
(4) We optimized the electrically driven single-cell photonic crystal laser cavity demonstrated by Y.H.Lee research group to increase the quality factor and Purcell factor of the operation mode. We show that the quality factor and Purcell factor for the modified cavity are about 7 and 6.8 times higher than that of the unmodified structure, respectively.
(5) We present a new principle of photonic crystal waveguide cavity based on mode control, which utilize two narrow waveguide operating only in the Oth order mode to confine 1st order mode of wide waveguide.
(6) We made tentative research on rotation effect in ring-shaped photonic crystal cavity and developed an FDTD method for simulating the photonic crystals in the non-inertial frame.
(7) We present a new approach for high efficient coupling between conventional dielectric waveguide and photonic crystal waveguide by introducing a cascade tapered waveguide. The tapered waveguide is formed by increasing radii of air holes step by step.
(8) We proposed a novel photonic crystal configuration consisting of coupled cavities and diffraction gratings at the photonic crystal surface to obtain beaming of light and enhanced transmission. We showed that such a configuration can demonstrate beaming of light in a wide bandwidth range and narrow radiation angle.
(9) We study and discuss how do the random errors, including radius and position errors which may arise during fabrication, affect the fundamental properties of photonic crystals and the performance of photonic crystal function devices.
In summary, we begin the research field of photonic crystal applications by developing the platform for design and simulation. Then, we utilize the platform to simulate the function devices based on some new principles and ideas. Finally, we study the effects of random error which inevitably arise during fabrication on the performance of the functional devices.
引文
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