多年免耕轮作对内蒙古黄土高原旱作土壤质量的影响机制
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摘要
本研究针对内蒙古黄土高原旱作区地表裸露,水土流失严重及土壤质量退化等问题,通过8年免耕留高茬覆盖(NHS)、免耕留低茬覆盖(NLS)、免耕留高茬(NH)、免耕留低茬(NL)和常规耕作(T)5种耕作方式在3种轮作序列(燕麦-大豆-玉米、大豆-玉米-燕麦和玉米-燕麦-大豆)下的田间试验,运用定性与定量、理论与实证相结合的研究方法,系统分析了2个免耕轮作周期土壤物理质量、化学质量、生物学质量的季节变化、年际变化和空间变异规律；阐明了多年免耕轮作下土壤质量的演变特征、驱动因子及其影响机制；筛选出适宜于黄土高原旱作区侵蚀环境下土壤物理、化学、生物学和土地生产力四个方面的土壤质量代表性指标,结合区域特点并综合前人研究,建立适宜于该区域土壤质量的评价指标体系及模型,采用土壤质量综合指数法对土壤质量进行全面评价；确定该区域适宜的免耕轮作模式和种植技术体系。研究结果如下：
免耕秸秆覆盖改善了土壤生态效益。土壤侵蚀的强弱与地表粗糙度密切相关,增加土壤表面覆盖物,可有效的减弱水蚀。试验结果表明,降雨量、降雨强度、坡度对土壤水蚀程度及水蚀量具有明显的影响。2006年NHS、NLS、NH、NL和T5个处理在坡度为7°4′的地表水年总径流量分别较坡度为4°6′增加了14.14%、14.36%、16.89%、18.18%和19.70%,土壤年总流失量分别增加了17.34%、17.55%、19.00%、20.55%和20.63%。可见采用免耕秸秆覆盖等措施能增加植被覆盖率和地表粗糙度,减少地表径流,降低土壤流失。
多年免耕轮作改善了土壤物理质量。免耕避免了对土壤的人为扰动,同时结合秸秆覆盖及轮作倒茬,更利于土壤结构的改善,增强土壤蓄水纳墒能力。多年免耕轮作对土壤物理性状的改善程度总体以燕麦-大豆-玉米序列结合留茬覆盖处理效果最好,留茬不覆盖次之。免耕轮作显著提高了土壤总孔隙度和团粒结构,促进了土壤水分的入渗,其中轮作1个周期后,免耕轮作各处理0-20cm土层土壤总孔隙度,较T处理增加了9.96%-17.72%；土壤团粒结构增加了18.4%-89.9%；土壤水分稳定入渗率增加了10.85%-14.18%。通过对土壤结构的改善,免耕轮作提高了土壤的贮水性能,其中轮作1个周期后燕麦-大豆-玉米序列下作物苗期NHS、NLS、NH、NL处理0-20cm土层土壤贮水量增加幅度较大,分别较T处理增加了12.00mm、11.87mm、11.03mm、8.38mm。其中以NHS为例,2008年土壤贮水量分别比2007年和2006年增加了14.03mm和28.30mm。免耕轮作改善了土壤温度环境,温度较高时,免耕秸秆覆盖能够起到降温作用,且在生育中期秸秆覆盖处理在5cm、20cm、40cm土层土壤温度较常规耕作分别低3.2-5.3℃、2.7-4.6℃和1.4-3.5℃；温度较低时,免耕秸秆覆盖又能起到保温作用,且夜间秸秆覆盖处理的土壤温度较常规耕作提高2-3℃。第2个轮作周期开始,干旱较严重,影响了免耕轮作对土壤结构的改善效应,各处理间物理质量变化不明显,但仍以燕麦-大豆-玉米序列结合留茬覆盖效果较好。可见实行多年免耕轮作,利于形成良好的土体结构,改善土壤水热条件和渗透性能,提高土壤贮水量和水分利用效率,促进了土壤物理质量的提高。
多年免耕轮作提高了土壤化学质量。免耕轮作通过对土壤物理环境的改善,从而影响土壤养分转化等一系列化学变化过程,提高了土壤养分含量。通过多年免耕轮作试验,结果表明,在不同免耕处理间,均以留茬覆盖2个处理增加较明显,特别是0-20cm土层土壤养分含量较高；而3种轮作序列对土壤各养分含量的提高程度各异。其中3种轮作序列结合免耕秸秆覆盖处理,轮作1个周期后耕层土壤有机质含量提高了11.79%-15.73%；轮作2个周期提高了14.68%-16.50%。耕层土壤碱解氮、速效磷、速效钾含量在轮作1个周期分别提高了13.74%-16.97%、12.50%-15.63%、11.40%-19.20%；轮作2个周期分别提高了17.90%-24.08%、20.07%-25.78%、15.22%-27.59%。耕层土壤全氮、全磷、全钾含量在轮作1个周期分别提高了8.57%-13.92%、7.41%-16.13%、1.87%-2.87%；轮作2个周期分别提高了12.82%-20.25%、10.34%-22.58%、3.25%-5.13%。耕层土壤pH值在轮作1个周期降低了9.76%-11.53%；轮作2个周期降低了4.54%-11.25%。因此,在内蒙古黄土高原雨养农作系统中,配施N、P肥的同时,尽可能采用免耕秸秆覆盖和作物轮作,对促进和维持土壤养分平衡,提高土壤化学质量具有重要意义。
多年免耕轮作提高了土壤生物学质量。试验结果表明,多年免耕覆盖结合轮作效应提高了土壤酶活性,增加了土壤微生物生物量碳、氮、磷含量。在不同免耕轮作序列中,土壤生物学指标的活性大部分以燕麦-大豆-玉米序列结合留茬覆盖两个处理最高。同时随着秸秆腐解程度的逐年增加,土壤生物学活性呈增加趋势。第1个轮作周期内,免耕覆盖处理的土壤水热环境较好,生物活性相对较高,呈逐年增加的变化趋势,到2008年土壤生物活性达到最大。其中3种轮作序列结合免耕各处理使土壤过氧化氢酶活性、土壤蔗糖酶活性、土壤脲酶活性和土壤碱性磷酸酶活性轮作1个周期后分别提高了6.57%-13.04%、8.02%-14.00%、21.84%-35.79%、2.92%-4.19%；土壤微生物生物量碳、氮、磷含量分别提高了20.20%-37.63%、10.49%-19.03%、6.40%-16.55%。第2个轮作周期中,由于2009年作物整个生育期内降雨为150mm左右,干旱非常严重,导致土壤生物活动大幅度减弱,土壤酶活性和微生物生物量降低。其中3种轮作序列结合免耕各处理土壤过氧化氢酶活性、土壤蔗糖酶活性、土壤脲酶活性和土壤碱性磷酸酶活性较第1年分别提高了5.47%-9.42%、5.02%-11.72%、9.20%-28.42%、0.71%-2.21%；土壤微生物生物量碳、氮、磷含量分别提高了8.35%-29.90%、3.69%-13.62%、3.06%-14.20%。
多年免耕轮作提高了土壤综合质量。通过对土壤各质量指标的无量纲化处理和权重的计算,确定了土壤质量的评价指标指数,以及土壤的综合质量指数,建立了土壤质量的评价指标体系及评价模型。结果表明,多年免耕轮作条件下土壤生物学质量指数和土壤物理质量指数均较高,对土壤综合质量的影响程度较大。土壤物理、化学、生物学及综合质量指数在不同免耕处理间均表现为NHS>NLS>NH>NL>T;3种轮作序列问,土壤各质量指数的差异不明显,以燕麦-大豆-玉米序列略高于其他2个轮作序列。通过免耕方式、轮作及二者的互作效应分析可知,耕作和互作效应对土壤物理、化学和生物学质量的影响较大,均达到了显著(p<0.05)或极显著(p<0.01)水平,而轮作对土壤质量的影响略低于前两者。
多年免耕轮作提高了土地生产力。试验结果表明,多年免耕轮作通过改善土壤质量,增加了作物产量,提高了农田产投比和经济效益。旱作区作物产量高低与降雨量的变化趋势一致。3种轮作序列结合免耕各处理对作物产量的提高程度各异,其中以免耕方式结合燕麦-大豆-玉米序列效果最佳。在1个轮作周期内,3种轮作序列结合免耕各处理作物产量、经济效益增幅分别为10.01%-27.69%、20.21%-38.57%；轮作2个周期内增幅分别为10.55%-24.74%、31.41%-51.89%。可见在内蒙古黄土高原旱作区,通过实施多年免耕轮作可实现作物的增产增收,从而提高该区域农业土地生产力,实现农业可持续发展。
According to some problems such as exposed surface, serious soil loss and soil quality degradation in dry farming area on Loess Plateau of Inner Mongolia, through eight years'field experiment of five tillage treatments including no-tillage with high stubble mulching(NHS), no-tillage with low stubble mulching(NLS), no-tillage with high stubble(NH), no-tillage with low stubble and conventional tillage(T) under three rotations (oat-soybean-corn,soybean-corn-oat and corn-oat-soybean) and using the research methods of qualitative and quantitative, theory and demonstration, a system analysis of the seasonal, annual and spatial variation regulation of soil physical, chemical and biological quality under two no-tillage rotation cycles were done. And the evolution characteristics, driving factors and effect mechanisms of soil quality under long-term no-tillage rotation were described. The soil quality representative indexes of soil physical, fetility, health and land productivity which were suitable to the eroxion environment in dry farming area of Loess Plateau were selected, combined with regional characters and previous researchs, the suitable soil quality evaluation index system and model were builded. At the same time, using soil quality comprehensive index methods to evaluate soil quality completely. And also the suitable no-tillage rotation pattern and planting technology system were determined. The research results were as follows:
No-tillage with stubble mulching can improve soil ecological benefit. The soil erosion intensity had close relationship with land surface roughness, and with the increasing of soil surface covers, the water erosion is obviously weakened. The results showed that, rainfall, rainfall intensity and slope gradient had obvious effects on soil water erosion and water erosion amounts. In2006, the annual total surface runoff amounts of NHS, NLS, NH, NL and T under7°4' slope gradient increased by14.14%,14.36%,16.89%,18.18%and19.70%than that under4°6' slope gradient, the annual total soil loss amouts increased by17.34%,17.55%,19.00%,20.55%and20.63%. So using some measures such as no-tillage with stubble mulching can increase vegetation coverage and land surface roughness, decrease surface runoff and soil loss.
Many years'no-tillage with rotation can improve soil physical quality. No-tillage can avoid the disturbance on soil, and combined with stubble mulching and rotation had a more important effects on improving soil structure and increasing the ability of storing and conserving moisture in soils. The oat-soybean-corn with stubble mulching had the biggest effects on improving soil physical quality. No-tillage with rotation increased soil aggregate and soil porosity, improved soil infiltration. And after one rotation cycle, soil porosity of no-tillage in0-20cm soil layer increased9.96%-17.72%than that of T, soil aggregate increased18.4%-89.9%, soil stale infiltration increased10.85%-14.18%. Through the improvement of soil structure, no-tillage with rotation improve soil water storage characteristics. After one rotation cycle, the soil water storage in0-20cm of no-tillage treatments increased most, and compared with T, the soil water content of NHS, NLS, NH, NL increased12.00mm,11.87mm,11.03mm,8.38mm in the seeding stage. Take NHS as example, soil water content of2008increased14.03mm and28.30mm than that of2006and2007. No-tillage with rotation improved soil temperature environment, and when the temperature was high, no-tillage with stubble mulching had the cooling effect, it showed in middle growth period that the soil temperature decreased3.2-5.3℃,2.7-4.6℃and1.4-3.5℃than T in5cm,20cm,40cm soil layers, but when the temperature was low, no-tillage with stubble mulching had the insulation effect, it showed no-tillage with stubble mulching can increase soil temperature by2-3℃. In the second rotation cycle drought was serious, the improving effects of soil structure were weakened and the differences among treatments were not obvious. But the oat-soybean-corn with stubble mulching had the better effects.So carring out no-tillage with rotation for many years can benefit to forming good soil structure, improve soil hydrothermal condition and its permeability, increase soil water storage and water use efficiency, promote the improving of soil physical quality.
Many years'no-tillage with rotation increased soil chemical quality.Through improving of soil physical environment, no-tillage with rotation had effects on a series of chemical change processes such as soil nutrient transformation, and than increased soil nutrients content. Through no-tillage with rotation for many years, the results showed that, among different no-tillage treatments no-tillage with stubble mulching had the most obvious effects, especially the soil nutrient in0-20cm soil layers. The three rotations had different effects on improving soil nutrient content. Under three rotations combined with no-tillage with stubble mulching, the soil organic matter content in arable layer increased11.79%-15.73%after one rotation cycle,14.68%-16.50%after two rotation cycles; the available N, P, K in arable layer increased13.74%-16.97%,12.50%-15.63%,11.40%-19.20%after one rotation cycle,17.90%-24.08%,20.07%-25.78%,15.22%-27.59%after two rotation cycles; the total N, P, K in arable layer increased8.57%-13.92%,7.41%-16.13%,1.87%-2.87%after one rotaton cycle,12.82%-20.25%,10.34%-22.58%,3.25%-5.13%after two rotation cycles; the pH value decreased 9.76%-11.53%after one rotation cycle,4.54%-11.25%after two rotation cycles. So in the rain-fed farming system of Loess Plateau in Inner Mongolia,when the combined application of N, P fertilizer was used, using no-tillage with stubble mulching and crop rotation had important effects on promoting and maintaining soil nutrient balance and increasing soil chemical quality.
Many years'no-tillage with rotation increased soil biological quality. Results showed, no-tillage with stubble mulching combined with rotation for many years increased soil enzyme activities and soil microbial biomass C, N, P contents. Among different no-tillage rotations, the soil biological idexes activity most showed oat-soybean-corn combined with no-tillage with stubble mulching was best. And with the increasing of the straw decomposition, soil biological activity showed a increased trend. In the first rotation cycle, the soil hydro thermal environment of no-tillage with stubble mulching was better, and the biological activities were higher, showed a increased trend with the increasing of years and it reached the biggest at2008. Under three rotations combined with no-tillage treatments, the soil catalase, invertase, urease and alkaline phosphatase activities increased6.57%-13.04%,8.02%-14.00%,21.84%-35.79%,2.92%-4.19%; soil microbial biomass C, N, P contents increased20.20%-37.63%,10.49%-19.03%,6.40%-16.55%after one rotation cycle.In the second rotation cycle, drougt was serious and the rainfall of2009is less than150mm during the whole growth period, this leading to the decrease of soil biologic activity, soil enzyme activity and soil microbial biomass content.And compared with the first year, under three rotations combined with no-tillage treatments, the soil catalase, invertase, urease and alkaline phosphatase activities increased5.47%-9.42%,5.02%-11.72%,9.20%-28.42%,0.71%-2.21%; soil microbial biomass C, N, P contents increased8.35%-29.90%,3.69%-13.62%,3.06%-14.20%.
Many years'no-tillage with rotatin improved soil comprehensive quality. Through making the soil quality indexes being dimensionless and the calculation of weights, the evaluation indexes'index and soil comprehensive quality indexes were determined, the soil quality evaluation index system and routing model were builded. The results showed that, soil biological quality indexes and soil physical quality index were both high under many years'no-tillage with rotation, and it had biggest effects on soil comprehensive quality. The soil physical, chemical, biological and comprehensive quality index among different no-tillage treatments showed NHS>NLS>NH>NL>T. Among three rotation patterns, the differences of soil quality index were not obvious, and oat-soybean-corn showed better than the other two rotations. Trough the analysis effects of no-tillage, rotations and the combined effects of the two, tillage methods and combined effects had big effects on soil physical, chemical and biological quality, they all reached significant(p<0.05) or very significant(p<0.01) level, but the effects of rotation pattern were smaller than the former.
Many years'no-tillage with rotation improved land productivity. The results showed, through improving soil quality, no-tillage with rotation for many years increased crop yield, value to cost ratio of farmland and economic benefit.In dryfarming area the crop yield had the same change trend with rainfall. And three rotations combined with no-tillage had different effects to improve crop yield, oat-soybean-corn had the biggest effects. Under three rotations combined with no-tillage, the crop yield and economic benefit increased10.01%-27.69%,20.21%-38.57%in the first rotation cycle, increased10.55%-24.74%,31.41%-51.89%in the second rotation cycle. So in the dryfarming area of Loess Plateau in Inner Mongolia, carring out no-tillage with rotaion for many years can reach the increasing of crop yield and income, and than increasing farm land productivity of this region, realizing agricultural sustainable development.
免耕秸秆覆盖改善了土壤生态效益。土壤侵蚀的强弱与地表粗糙度密切相关,增加土壤表面覆盖物,可有效的减弱水蚀。试验结果表明,降雨量、降雨强度、坡度对土壤水蚀程度及水蚀量具有明显的影响。2006年NHS、NLS、NH、NL和T5个处理在坡度为7°4′的地表水年总径流量分别较坡度为4°6′增加了14.14%、14.36%、16.89%、18.18%和19.70%,土壤年总流失量分别增加了17.34%、17.55%、19.00%、20.55%和20.63%。可见采用免耕秸秆覆盖等措施能增加植被覆盖率和地表粗糙度,减少地表径流,降低土壤流失。
多年免耕轮作改善了土壤物理质量。免耕避免了对土壤的人为扰动,同时结合秸秆覆盖及轮作倒茬,更利于土壤结构的改善,增强土壤蓄水纳墒能力。多年免耕轮作对土壤物理性状的改善程度总体以燕麦-大豆-玉米序列结合留茬覆盖处理效果最好,留茬不覆盖次之。免耕轮作显著提高了土壤总孔隙度和团粒结构,促进了土壤水分的入渗,其中轮作1个周期后,免耕轮作各处理0-20cm土层土壤总孔隙度,较T处理增加了9.96%-17.72%；土壤团粒结构增加了18.4%-89.9%；土壤水分稳定入渗率增加了10.85%-14.18%。通过对土壤结构的改善,免耕轮作提高了土壤的贮水性能,其中轮作1个周期后燕麦-大豆-玉米序列下作物苗期NHS、NLS、NH、NL处理0-20cm土层土壤贮水量增加幅度较大,分别较T处理增加了12.00mm、11.87mm、11.03mm、8.38mm。其中以NHS为例,2008年土壤贮水量分别比2007年和2006年增加了14.03mm和28.30mm。免耕轮作改善了土壤温度环境,温度较高时,免耕秸秆覆盖能够起到降温作用,且在生育中期秸秆覆盖处理在5cm、20cm、40cm土层土壤温度较常规耕作分别低3.2-5.3℃、2.7-4.6℃和1.4-3.5℃；温度较低时,免耕秸秆覆盖又能起到保温作用,且夜间秸秆覆盖处理的土壤温度较常规耕作提高2-3℃。第2个轮作周期开始,干旱较严重,影响了免耕轮作对土壤结构的改善效应,各处理间物理质量变化不明显,但仍以燕麦-大豆-玉米序列结合留茬覆盖效果较好。可见实行多年免耕轮作,利于形成良好的土体结构,改善土壤水热条件和渗透性能,提高土壤贮水量和水分利用效率,促进了土壤物理质量的提高。
多年免耕轮作提高了土壤化学质量。免耕轮作通过对土壤物理环境的改善,从而影响土壤养分转化等一系列化学变化过程,提高了土壤养分含量。通过多年免耕轮作试验,结果表明,在不同免耕处理间,均以留茬覆盖2个处理增加较明显,特别是0-20cm土层土壤养分含量较高；而3种轮作序列对土壤各养分含量的提高程度各异。其中3种轮作序列结合免耕秸秆覆盖处理,轮作1个周期后耕层土壤有机质含量提高了11.79%-15.73%；轮作2个周期提高了14.68%-16.50%。耕层土壤碱解氮、速效磷、速效钾含量在轮作1个周期分别提高了13.74%-16.97%、12.50%-15.63%、11.40%-19.20%；轮作2个周期分别提高了17.90%-24.08%、20.07%-25.78%、15.22%-27.59%。耕层土壤全氮、全磷、全钾含量在轮作1个周期分别提高了8.57%-13.92%、7.41%-16.13%、1.87%-2.87%；轮作2个周期分别提高了12.82%-20.25%、10.34%-22.58%、3.25%-5.13%。耕层土壤pH值在轮作1个周期降低了9.76%-11.53%；轮作2个周期降低了4.54%-11.25%。因此,在内蒙古黄土高原雨养农作系统中,配施N、P肥的同时,尽可能采用免耕秸秆覆盖和作物轮作,对促进和维持土壤养分平衡,提高土壤化学质量具有重要意义。
多年免耕轮作提高了土壤生物学质量。试验结果表明,多年免耕覆盖结合轮作效应提高了土壤酶活性,增加了土壤微生物生物量碳、氮、磷含量。在不同免耕轮作序列中,土壤生物学指标的活性大部分以燕麦-大豆-玉米序列结合留茬覆盖两个处理最高。同时随着秸秆腐解程度的逐年增加,土壤生物学活性呈增加趋势。第1个轮作周期内,免耕覆盖处理的土壤水热环境较好,生物活性相对较高,呈逐年增加的变化趋势,到2008年土壤生物活性达到最大。其中3种轮作序列结合免耕各处理使土壤过氧化氢酶活性、土壤蔗糖酶活性、土壤脲酶活性和土壤碱性磷酸酶活性轮作1个周期后分别提高了6.57%-13.04%、8.02%-14.00%、21.84%-35.79%、2.92%-4.19%；土壤微生物生物量碳、氮、磷含量分别提高了20.20%-37.63%、10.49%-19.03%、6.40%-16.55%。第2个轮作周期中,由于2009年作物整个生育期内降雨为150mm左右,干旱非常严重,导致土壤生物活动大幅度减弱,土壤酶活性和微生物生物量降低。其中3种轮作序列结合免耕各处理土壤过氧化氢酶活性、土壤蔗糖酶活性、土壤脲酶活性和土壤碱性磷酸酶活性较第1年分别提高了5.47%-9.42%、5.02%-11.72%、9.20%-28.42%、0.71%-2.21%；土壤微生物生物量碳、氮、磷含量分别提高了8.35%-29.90%、3.69%-13.62%、3.06%-14.20%。
多年免耕轮作提高了土壤综合质量。通过对土壤各质量指标的无量纲化处理和权重的计算,确定了土壤质量的评价指标指数,以及土壤的综合质量指数,建立了土壤质量的评价指标体系及评价模型。结果表明,多年免耕轮作条件下土壤生物学质量指数和土壤物理质量指数均较高,对土壤综合质量的影响程度较大。土壤物理、化学、生物学及综合质量指数在不同免耕处理间均表现为NHS>NLS>NH>NL>T;3种轮作序列问,土壤各质量指数的差异不明显,以燕麦-大豆-玉米序列略高于其他2个轮作序列。通过免耕方式、轮作及二者的互作效应分析可知,耕作和互作效应对土壤物理、化学和生物学质量的影响较大,均达到了显著(p<0.05)或极显著(p<0.01)水平,而轮作对土壤质量的影响略低于前两者。
多年免耕轮作提高了土地生产力。试验结果表明,多年免耕轮作通过改善土壤质量,增加了作物产量,提高了农田产投比和经济效益。旱作区作物产量高低与降雨量的变化趋势一致。3种轮作序列结合免耕各处理对作物产量的提高程度各异,其中以免耕方式结合燕麦-大豆-玉米序列效果最佳。在1个轮作周期内,3种轮作序列结合免耕各处理作物产量、经济效益增幅分别为10.01%-27.69%、20.21%-38.57%；轮作2个周期内增幅分别为10.55%-24.74%、31.41%-51.89%。可见在内蒙古黄土高原旱作区,通过实施多年免耕轮作可实现作物的增产增收,从而提高该区域农业土地生产力,实现农业可持续发展。
According to some problems such as exposed surface, serious soil loss and soil quality degradation in dry farming area on Loess Plateau of Inner Mongolia, through eight years'field experiment of five tillage treatments including no-tillage with high stubble mulching(NHS), no-tillage with low stubble mulching(NLS), no-tillage with high stubble(NH), no-tillage with low stubble and conventional tillage(T) under three rotations (oat-soybean-corn,soybean-corn-oat and corn-oat-soybean) and using the research methods of qualitative and quantitative, theory and demonstration, a system analysis of the seasonal, annual and spatial variation regulation of soil physical, chemical and biological quality under two no-tillage rotation cycles were done. And the evolution characteristics, driving factors and effect mechanisms of soil quality under long-term no-tillage rotation were described. The soil quality representative indexes of soil physical, fetility, health and land productivity which were suitable to the eroxion environment in dry farming area of Loess Plateau were selected, combined with regional characters and previous researchs, the suitable soil quality evaluation index system and model were builded. At the same time, using soil quality comprehensive index methods to evaluate soil quality completely. And also the suitable no-tillage rotation pattern and planting technology system were determined. The research results were as follows:
No-tillage with stubble mulching can improve soil ecological benefit. The soil erosion intensity had close relationship with land surface roughness, and with the increasing of soil surface covers, the water erosion is obviously weakened. The results showed that, rainfall, rainfall intensity and slope gradient had obvious effects on soil water erosion and water erosion amounts. In2006, the annual total surface runoff amounts of NHS, NLS, NH, NL and T under7°4' slope gradient increased by14.14%,14.36%,16.89%,18.18%and19.70%than that under4°6' slope gradient, the annual total soil loss amouts increased by17.34%,17.55%,19.00%,20.55%and20.63%. So using some measures such as no-tillage with stubble mulching can increase vegetation coverage and land surface roughness, decrease surface runoff and soil loss.
Many years'no-tillage with rotation can improve soil physical quality. No-tillage can avoid the disturbance on soil, and combined with stubble mulching and rotation had a more important effects on improving soil structure and increasing the ability of storing and conserving moisture in soils. The oat-soybean-corn with stubble mulching had the biggest effects on improving soil physical quality. No-tillage with rotation increased soil aggregate and soil porosity, improved soil infiltration. And after one rotation cycle, soil porosity of no-tillage in0-20cm soil layer increased9.96%-17.72%than that of T, soil aggregate increased18.4%-89.9%, soil stale infiltration increased10.85%-14.18%. Through the improvement of soil structure, no-tillage with rotation improve soil water storage characteristics. After one rotation cycle, the soil water storage in0-20cm of no-tillage treatments increased most, and compared with T, the soil water content of NHS, NLS, NH, NL increased12.00mm,11.87mm,11.03mm,8.38mm in the seeding stage. Take NHS as example, soil water content of2008increased14.03mm and28.30mm than that of2006and2007. No-tillage with rotation improved soil temperature environment, and when the temperature was high, no-tillage with stubble mulching had the cooling effect, it showed in middle growth period that the soil temperature decreased3.2-5.3℃,2.7-4.6℃and1.4-3.5℃than T in5cm,20cm,40cm soil layers, but when the temperature was low, no-tillage with stubble mulching had the insulation effect, it showed no-tillage with stubble mulching can increase soil temperature by2-3℃. In the second rotation cycle drought was serious, the improving effects of soil structure were weakened and the differences among treatments were not obvious. But the oat-soybean-corn with stubble mulching had the better effects.So carring out no-tillage with rotation for many years can benefit to forming good soil structure, improve soil hydrothermal condition and its permeability, increase soil water storage and water use efficiency, promote the improving of soil physical quality.
Many years'no-tillage with rotation increased soil chemical quality.Through improving of soil physical environment, no-tillage with rotation had effects on a series of chemical change processes such as soil nutrient transformation, and than increased soil nutrients content. Through no-tillage with rotation for many years, the results showed that, among different no-tillage treatments no-tillage with stubble mulching had the most obvious effects, especially the soil nutrient in0-20cm soil layers. The three rotations had different effects on improving soil nutrient content. Under three rotations combined with no-tillage with stubble mulching, the soil organic matter content in arable layer increased11.79%-15.73%after one rotation cycle,14.68%-16.50%after two rotation cycles; the available N, P, K in arable layer increased13.74%-16.97%,12.50%-15.63%,11.40%-19.20%after one rotation cycle,17.90%-24.08%,20.07%-25.78%,15.22%-27.59%after two rotation cycles; the total N, P, K in arable layer increased8.57%-13.92%,7.41%-16.13%,1.87%-2.87%after one rotaton cycle,12.82%-20.25%,10.34%-22.58%,3.25%-5.13%after two rotation cycles; the pH value decreased 9.76%-11.53%after one rotation cycle,4.54%-11.25%after two rotation cycles. So in the rain-fed farming system of Loess Plateau in Inner Mongolia,when the combined application of N, P fertilizer was used, using no-tillage with stubble mulching and crop rotation had important effects on promoting and maintaining soil nutrient balance and increasing soil chemical quality.
Many years'no-tillage with rotation increased soil biological quality. Results showed, no-tillage with stubble mulching combined with rotation for many years increased soil enzyme activities and soil microbial biomass C, N, P contents. Among different no-tillage rotations, the soil biological idexes activity most showed oat-soybean-corn combined with no-tillage with stubble mulching was best. And with the increasing of the straw decomposition, soil biological activity showed a increased trend. In the first rotation cycle, the soil hydro thermal environment of no-tillage with stubble mulching was better, and the biological activities were higher, showed a increased trend with the increasing of years and it reached the biggest at2008. Under three rotations combined with no-tillage treatments, the soil catalase, invertase, urease and alkaline phosphatase activities increased6.57%-13.04%,8.02%-14.00%,21.84%-35.79%,2.92%-4.19%; soil microbial biomass C, N, P contents increased20.20%-37.63%,10.49%-19.03%,6.40%-16.55%after one rotation cycle.In the second rotation cycle, drougt was serious and the rainfall of2009is less than150mm during the whole growth period, this leading to the decrease of soil biologic activity, soil enzyme activity and soil microbial biomass content.And compared with the first year, under three rotations combined with no-tillage treatments, the soil catalase, invertase, urease and alkaline phosphatase activities increased5.47%-9.42%,5.02%-11.72%,9.20%-28.42%,0.71%-2.21%; soil microbial biomass C, N, P contents increased8.35%-29.90%,3.69%-13.62%,3.06%-14.20%.
Many years'no-tillage with rotatin improved soil comprehensive quality. Through making the soil quality indexes being dimensionless and the calculation of weights, the evaluation indexes'index and soil comprehensive quality indexes were determined, the soil quality evaluation index system and routing model were builded. The results showed that, soil biological quality indexes and soil physical quality index were both high under many years'no-tillage with rotation, and it had biggest effects on soil comprehensive quality. The soil physical, chemical, biological and comprehensive quality index among different no-tillage treatments showed NHS>NLS>NH>NL>T. Among three rotation patterns, the differences of soil quality index were not obvious, and oat-soybean-corn showed better than the other two rotations. Trough the analysis effects of no-tillage, rotations and the combined effects of the two, tillage methods and combined effects had big effects on soil physical, chemical and biological quality, they all reached significant(p<0.05) or very significant(p<0.01) level, but the effects of rotation pattern were smaller than the former.
Many years'no-tillage with rotation improved land productivity. The results showed, through improving soil quality, no-tillage with rotation for many years increased crop yield, value to cost ratio of farmland and economic benefit.In dryfarming area the crop yield had the same change trend with rainfall. And three rotations combined with no-tillage had different effects to improve crop yield, oat-soybean-corn had the biggest effects. Under three rotations combined with no-tillage, the crop yield and economic benefit increased10.01%-27.69%,20.21%-38.57%in the first rotation cycle, increased10.55%-24.74%,31.41%-51.89%in the second rotation cycle. So in the dryfarming area of Loess Plateau in Inner Mongolia, carring out no-tillage with rotaion for many years can reach the increasing of crop yield and income, and than increasing farm land productivity of this region, realizing agricultural sustainable development.
引文
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