干湿交替环境下混凝土的氯离子侵蚀与耐久性防护
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摘要
氯离子侵蚀引起的钢筋锈蚀，是导致海洋环境下混凝土结构耐久性破坏的主要原因。浪溅区、潮汐区的混凝土因遭受干湿交替作用下的氯离子侵蚀，耐久性劣化情况更为严重。首先，针对干湿交替环境下混凝土结构的氯离子侵蚀，对氯离子在混凝土结构中的传输机理进行了系统分析，构建了氯离子的对流—扩散传输模型，并通过干湿交替循环试验进行验证。然后，利用线性极化法进行了钢筋锈蚀状态的检测，测定了干湿交替环境下混凝土结构临界氯离子浓度值。接下来，考虑收缩和荷载作用，深入探讨了损伤混凝土中的氯离子传输规律，建议使用硅烷或工程用水泥基复合材料（ECC）作为混凝土结构表层防护材料。最后，基于可靠度理论提出了满足目标可靠指标的耐久性概率设计方法，为干湿交替环境下混凝土结构耐久性设计提供参考依据。主要研究内容和成果如下：
（1）干湿交替环境下混凝土的氯离子传输机理
氯离子主要通过毛细吸收和扩散等方式对混凝土造成侵蚀。首先，根据干湿交替环境下混凝土的工程实际情况，建立了氯离子的对流—扩散传输模型，并且采用有限差分格式进行了方程求解，进行了氯离子干湿交替侵蚀混凝土的试验。试验中所测定的氯离子含量分布与数值模拟的结果吻合。这表明，对流—扩散传输模型较好反映出了干湿交替环境下混凝土结构的氯离子传输规律。数值模拟和试验结果都说明干燥—润湿时间比是氯离子峰值和渗透深度的关键影响因素，随着干燥—润湿时间比例增加，氯离子峰值呈现出增大的趋势，渗透深度也在变大。
（2）干湿交替环境下的临界氯离子浓度
氯离子临界浓度是影响海洋环境下混凝土结构服役寿命的一个关键参数。制备了四种不同水胶比的混凝土试件，使用5%的NaCl溶液，在60%的相对湿度下，进行了干湿循环试验。试验中，依据钢筋腐蚀电流密度对锈蚀状况进行定时检测，测定了锈蚀发生时混凝土不同深度处的氯离子含量。最后，确定了具有90%保证率的干湿交替环境下不同混凝土的临界氯离子浓度值。考虑碳化程度进行氯离子含量的测定和临界氯离子浓度值的统计分析，使得试验更接近工程实际，提高了试验结果的科学性和适用性，也为进一步进行干湿交替环境下混凝土结构的试验研究提供了参考。
（3）表层防护后混凝土中的氯离子传输
由混凝土的外部荷载、早期收缩而产生的裂缝，为氯离子的渗入提供了便利通道，加速了钢筋锈蚀，降低了混凝土结构的耐久性能。通过混凝土加载和约束收缩条件下的氯离子侵蚀试验，研究了损伤混凝土中的氯离子传输规律。混凝土中氯离子扩散系数随拉应力的增加而增加，70%应力水平后急剧增大；氯离子侵蚀量随混凝土裂缝宽度增加而增加；在同样加载和约束收缩条件下，经硅烷或ECC表面防护的混凝土比普通混凝土具有更好的抗侵蚀性能。
（4）表层防护后混凝土的耐久性设计
依据氯离子对流—扩散传输模型的数值模拟与试验测得的临界氯离子浓度值，基于可靠度理论，考虑荷载和早期收缩产生的损伤因素，提供了具体的概率计算方法，以解决干湿交替环境下混凝土表层防护的耐久性设计问题。对于采用硅烷或ECC作为表面防护材料的混凝土结构，以氯离子扩散系数和保护层厚度作为主要设计参数，对混凝土结构进行了表层防护的耐久性设计，以满足设计使用年限内的目标可靠指标。
Chloride induced corrosion has been the top durability issue of reinforced concretestructures in marine environment, especially the drying–wetting cycles in splash andtidal zones severely deteriorates concrete durability. Aiming at the issue of chlorideingress under drying-wetting cycles, a series of lab experiments, exposing experimentsand cores drilling from concrete after long-time exposing were performed. To beginwith, a convection-diffusion model of chloride transport was established, incombination with the experimental results the mechanism of chloride transport inconcrete was systematically studied. Secondly, the chloride transport in damagedconcrete caused by either load or shrinkage was further explored based on theexperimental study. Thirdly, the chloride threshold value under drying-wetting cyclesstatistically determined after experiments. Lastly, according to the reliability theory, anew probabilistic method of the durability design or redesign was provided for silaneimpregnation concrete and Engineered Cementitious Composites (ECC) concrete underdrying-wetting cycles. The main content and conclusions are listed as follows:
(1) Chloride transport in concrete under drying–wetting cycles. Chlorideingress occurs mostly by means of diffusion and capillary suction. Considering theengineering practice of concrete under the drying-wetting cycles, theconvection-diffusion model of chloride transport was established, and the finitedifference method could be applied to solve this partial differential equation. And thenseveral specimens including common concrete are used respectively to carry out a seriesof experiments on chloride ingress in concrete under the drying-wetting cycles, thenumerical computing results of chloride profile in concrete agreed well withexperiments results, which showed the efficiency of the convection-diffusion model to preferably reflect the mechanism of chloride transport in concrete under drying-wettingcycles. Both numerical results and experimental results indicated that the ratio of dryingtime to wetting time determines the peak value and penetration depth of chloride, withthe increase of the ratio of drying time to wetting time, chloride’s peak value rises, andchloride’s penetration depth presents a trend of increase.
(2) The critical chloride content of concrete under drying–wetting cycles. Thecritical chloride content influences greatly on the service life of concrete structuresexposed to marine environments. In order to obtain the critical chloride content ofconcrete under drying-wetting cycles, the reinforced concrete specimens of threedifferent water-binder ratios, three different mineral admixtures contents, and threedifferent carbonation degree were prepared and were subsequently exposed to NaCl(5.0%) solution with drying–wetting cycles (H.R.=60%). During the experiments,according to the potential and the current density of reinforcement corrosion, once thecorrosions normatively appear, the chloride profiles for each sample would be measured.Then the chloride threshold values for various concretes were statistically determinedwith the probability of90%under drying–wetting cycles. Taking the carbonation intoexperiments is suitable to the engineering practice and will provide a favorablereference for further durability design.
(3) Chloride transport in cover protected concrete. Chloride could easilypenetrate the reinforcement through the cracks induced by mechanical load or shrinkage,which accelerate the initiation of corrosion in concrete and reduce the durability ofconcrete structure. Chloride transport in damaged concrete was discussed throughexperiments conducted respectively under tensile load and restrained shrinkage.Experiments revealed that chloride diffusion coefficient increased along with the tensilestress, characteristic of exponential growth mode. Even simultaneously exposed to saltysolution with the same load or restriction condition, silane impregnation concrete andECC had better performance on the resistance to deterioration than common concrete.
(4) Durability design of cover protected concrete structures. According to theconvection-diffusion transport model mentioned above, and the chloride threshold valuestatically determined above, a new probabilistic method of the durability design forconcrete under drying-wetting cycles was provided based on the theory of reliability.For the concrete protected with silane or ECC, in order to meet the target reliabilityindex within the design working life, both durability design of new concrete anddurability redesign of damaged concrete were provided with chloride diffusivitycoefficient and cover thickness as the main parameters.
（1）干湿交替环境下混凝土的氯离子传输机理
氯离子主要通过毛细吸收和扩散等方式对混凝土造成侵蚀。首先，根据干湿交替环境下混凝土的工程实际情况，建立了氯离子的对流—扩散传输模型，并且采用有限差分格式进行了方程求解，进行了氯离子干湿交替侵蚀混凝土的试验。试验中所测定的氯离子含量分布与数值模拟的结果吻合。这表明，对流—扩散传输模型较好反映出了干湿交替环境下混凝土结构的氯离子传输规律。数值模拟和试验结果都说明干燥—润湿时间比是氯离子峰值和渗透深度的关键影响因素，随着干燥—润湿时间比例增加，氯离子峰值呈现出增大的趋势，渗透深度也在变大。
（2）干湿交替环境下的临界氯离子浓度
氯离子临界浓度是影响海洋环境下混凝土结构服役寿命的一个关键参数。制备了四种不同水胶比的混凝土试件，使用5%的NaCl溶液，在60%的相对湿度下，进行了干湿循环试验。试验中，依据钢筋腐蚀电流密度对锈蚀状况进行定时检测，测定了锈蚀发生时混凝土不同深度处的氯离子含量。最后，确定了具有90%保证率的干湿交替环境下不同混凝土的临界氯离子浓度值。考虑碳化程度进行氯离子含量的测定和临界氯离子浓度值的统计分析，使得试验更接近工程实际，提高了试验结果的科学性和适用性，也为进一步进行干湿交替环境下混凝土结构的试验研究提供了参考。
（3）表层防护后混凝土中的氯离子传输
由混凝土的外部荷载、早期收缩而产生的裂缝，为氯离子的渗入提供了便利通道，加速了钢筋锈蚀，降低了混凝土结构的耐久性能。通过混凝土加载和约束收缩条件下的氯离子侵蚀试验，研究了损伤混凝土中的氯离子传输规律。混凝土中氯离子扩散系数随拉应力的增加而增加，70%应力水平后急剧增大；氯离子侵蚀量随混凝土裂缝宽度增加而增加；在同样加载和约束收缩条件下，经硅烷或ECC表面防护的混凝土比普通混凝土具有更好的抗侵蚀性能。
（4）表层防护后混凝土的耐久性设计
依据氯离子对流—扩散传输模型的数值模拟与试验测得的临界氯离子浓度值，基于可靠度理论，考虑荷载和早期收缩产生的损伤因素，提供了具体的概率计算方法，以解决干湿交替环境下混凝土表层防护的耐久性设计问题。对于采用硅烷或ECC作为表面防护材料的混凝土结构，以氯离子扩散系数和保护层厚度作为主要设计参数，对混凝土结构进行了表层防护的耐久性设计，以满足设计使用年限内的目标可靠指标。
Chloride induced corrosion has been the top durability issue of reinforced concretestructures in marine environment, especially the drying–wetting cycles in splash andtidal zones severely deteriorates concrete durability. Aiming at the issue of chlorideingress under drying-wetting cycles, a series of lab experiments, exposing experimentsand cores drilling from concrete after long-time exposing were performed. To beginwith, a convection-diffusion model of chloride transport was established, incombination with the experimental results the mechanism of chloride transport inconcrete was systematically studied. Secondly, the chloride transport in damagedconcrete caused by either load or shrinkage was further explored based on theexperimental study. Thirdly, the chloride threshold value under drying-wetting cyclesstatistically determined after experiments. Lastly, according to the reliability theory, anew probabilistic method of the durability design or redesign was provided for silaneimpregnation concrete and Engineered Cementitious Composites (ECC) concrete underdrying-wetting cycles. The main content and conclusions are listed as follows:
(1) Chloride transport in concrete under drying–wetting cycles. Chlorideingress occurs mostly by means of diffusion and capillary suction. Considering theengineering practice of concrete under the drying-wetting cycles, theconvection-diffusion model of chloride transport was established, and the finitedifference method could be applied to solve this partial differential equation. And thenseveral specimens including common concrete are used respectively to carry out a seriesof experiments on chloride ingress in concrete under the drying-wetting cycles, thenumerical computing results of chloride profile in concrete agreed well withexperiments results, which showed the efficiency of the convection-diffusion model to preferably reflect the mechanism of chloride transport in concrete under drying-wettingcycles. Both numerical results and experimental results indicated that the ratio of dryingtime to wetting time determines the peak value and penetration depth of chloride, withthe increase of the ratio of drying time to wetting time, chloride’s peak value rises, andchloride’s penetration depth presents a trend of increase.
(2) The critical chloride content of concrete under drying–wetting cycles. Thecritical chloride content influences greatly on the service life of concrete structuresexposed to marine environments. In order to obtain the critical chloride content ofconcrete under drying-wetting cycles, the reinforced concrete specimens of threedifferent water-binder ratios, three different mineral admixtures contents, and threedifferent carbonation degree were prepared and were subsequently exposed to NaCl(5.0%) solution with drying–wetting cycles (H.R.=60%). During the experiments,according to the potential and the current density of reinforcement corrosion, once thecorrosions normatively appear, the chloride profiles for each sample would be measured.Then the chloride threshold values for various concretes were statistically determinedwith the probability of90%under drying–wetting cycles. Taking the carbonation intoexperiments is suitable to the engineering practice and will provide a favorablereference for further durability design.
(3) Chloride transport in cover protected concrete. Chloride could easilypenetrate the reinforcement through the cracks induced by mechanical load or shrinkage,which accelerate the initiation of corrosion in concrete and reduce the durability ofconcrete structure. Chloride transport in damaged concrete was discussed throughexperiments conducted respectively under tensile load and restrained shrinkage.Experiments revealed that chloride diffusion coefficient increased along with the tensilestress, characteristic of exponential growth mode. Even simultaneously exposed to saltysolution with the same load or restriction condition, silane impregnation concrete andECC had better performance on the resistance to deterioration than common concrete.
(4) Durability design of cover protected concrete structures. According to theconvection-diffusion transport model mentioned above, and the chloride threshold valuestatically determined above, a new probabilistic method of the durability design forconcrete under drying-wetting cycles was provided based on the theory of reliability.For the concrete protected with silane or ECC, in order to meet the target reliabilityindex within the design working life, both durability design of new concrete anddurability redesign of damaged concrete were provided with chloride diffusivitycoefficient and cover thickness as the main parameters.
引文
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