三维编织碳纤维/环氧树脂基复合材料的湿热残余应力研究
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摘要
三维编织碳纤维环氧树脂基复合材料(C3D/EP)由复杂空间几何结构的增强体和基体结合而成,克服了传统层合复合材料沿厚度方向力学性能差、层间剪切强度低、易分层等缺点,其材料整体强度和刚度得到了提高。因此,在航空、航天等领域得到了越来越广泛的应用。但该复合材料在自然环境服役时不可避免地要受到湿热环境因素的作用。其中,由于碳纤维与树脂基体之间存在湿膨胀性的差异、不同的溶胀量导致的湿热残余应力是主要的影响因素之一。针对于此,本文采用微Raman光谱技术测试分析了C3D/EP复合材料的湿热残余应力场,同时,通过建立复合材料的整体模型并采用有限元分析软件ABAQUS对其湿热残余应力场进行了模拟分析,为复合材料在服役过程的强度评价及估寿提供参考。研究时,首先分别在37℃和80℃下对三维编织碳纤维环氧树脂复合材料进行吸湿试验,吸湿实验过程中采用微Raman光谱技术对C3D/EP复合材料的湿热残余应力进行测试表征。测试结果表明,随着C3D/EP复合材料吸湿过程的进行,其材料中碳纤维沿轴向所受残余应力由吸湿前的热残余压应力逐渐转变为湿热拉应力,且长期吸湿导致的残余应力可以达到较高的水平;测试结果也表明,C3D/EP复合材料中不同方向上碳纤维沿轴向的应力变化差异较大。温度对材料的湿致应力场也有明显的影响,表现为试样80℃高温条件下湿热残余应力大小和变化速率与37℃时不同。
本文还采用了卡尔曼滤波理论(Kalman filter theory)来估算C3D/EP复合材料在T=37℃,RH=100%条件下的两个重要吸湿参数:平衡吸湿量、水分扩散系数。所得估算值为:平衡吸湿量C*=0.93%,扩散系数D= mm2/s,为验证该估算方法的准确性,本研究采用有限元方法(FEA)对复合材料在所获参数下的吸湿过程进行了模拟分析,结果表明模拟所获吸湿增重曲线与实测曲线吻合较好,这说明卡尔曼滤波理论对C3D/EP复合材料的吸湿参数进行估计具有一定的准确性。
最后,本研究采用ABAQUS有限元分析软件对C3D/EP复合材料的三维吸湿应力场进行了分析。计算结果表明,通过模拟水分扩散过程获得的吸湿动力学曲线和实验结果吻合度较好。计算结果也表明,随着吸湿时间的延长,复合材料内应力增加,碳纤维轴向应力也增大,当吸湿达到饱和时,其应力值为45.5 MPa左右。
Because the three-dimensional braided carbon fiber reinforced epoxy resin matrix composites is formed by the reinforcement which have the complicated geometric structure and matrix, so it could overcome the problems of conventional laminated composites, such as low strength in the thickness direction、low interlaminar shear strength and are prone to interlaminar delamination, so, greatly improve it strength and stiffness. As a result, it will certainly be widely applied in many fields, including aviation and spaceflight. However, Composites are susceptible to heat and moisture during the storage and long-term service. due to the significant mismatch in the moisture induced volumetric expansion between the matrix and the fibers, and thus leads to the evolution of localized stress fields in the composite, thereby forcing the mechanical properties of composite to change. In this paper, the stress value of C3D/EP composite was measured by using Micro-Raman Spectroscopy technique. The whole model of composite was established and ABAQUS was used to simulate and analyze the stress field induced by moisture.
Firstly,Moisture stress field of different fiber directions in the composite were characterized by Microscopic Raman Spectrometer. The result shows that during the long-term moisture absorption process,the axial residual stresses within the fibers transform from thermal resiual compressive stresses before absorption into hygrothermal tensile stresses after absorption. This fact suggests that tensile residual stress was generated during moisture absorption process. And residual stress caused by long-term moisture can reach a higher level . Moreover, the evolution process of stress fields for carbon fiber measured in different directions are different to some extent. The temperature has apparent impact on stress fields due to moisture induced expansions, which was illuminated by the fact that the stress level of the specimens at the exposure duration was higher for T=80℃than that observed for T=37℃.
Furthermore, A new approach-Kalman filter was adopted to determine critical moisture diffusion parameters such as: maximum moisture content, and the diffusivity for C3D/EP composite exposed to the humidity of RH=100%, temperature at 37℃. The conclusive result are: maximum moisture content C*=0.93%, diffusivity D= mm2/s. Using these best estimates obtained from the kalman filter as inputs, the moisture diffusion process was simulated by finite element program ABAQUS and the close match between the simulated results and the experimental observations supports the accuracy of the estimated diffusion parameters determined from the kalman filter.
At last, ABAQUS was used to analyze the stress field of carbon fiber epoxy composite materials during moisture absorption process with the three-dimensional model. The analyzed results show that the calculated results and experimental results of moisture absorption curve are consistent. The results of three-dimensional model show that the value of stress was increased with the moisture absorption time, so as to the axial stress of carbon fiber which was about 45.5 MPa when moisture saturation.
本文还采用了卡尔曼滤波理论(Kalman filter theory)来估算C3D/EP复合材料在T=37℃,RH=100%条件下的两个重要吸湿参数:平衡吸湿量、水分扩散系数。所得估算值为:平衡吸湿量C*=0.93%,扩散系数D= mm2/s,为验证该估算方法的准确性,本研究采用有限元方法(FEA)对复合材料在所获参数下的吸湿过程进行了模拟分析,结果表明模拟所获吸湿增重曲线与实测曲线吻合较好,这说明卡尔曼滤波理论对C3D/EP复合材料的吸湿参数进行估计具有一定的准确性。
最后,本研究采用ABAQUS有限元分析软件对C3D/EP复合材料的三维吸湿应力场进行了分析。计算结果表明,通过模拟水分扩散过程获得的吸湿动力学曲线和实验结果吻合度较好。计算结果也表明,随着吸湿时间的延长,复合材料内应力增加,碳纤维轴向应力也增大,当吸湿达到饱和时,其应力值为45.5 MPa左右。
Because the three-dimensional braided carbon fiber reinforced epoxy resin matrix composites is formed by the reinforcement which have the complicated geometric structure and matrix, so it could overcome the problems of conventional laminated composites, such as low strength in the thickness direction、low interlaminar shear strength and are prone to interlaminar delamination, so, greatly improve it strength and stiffness. As a result, it will certainly be widely applied in many fields, including aviation and spaceflight. However, Composites are susceptible to heat and moisture during the storage and long-term service. due to the significant mismatch in the moisture induced volumetric expansion between the matrix and the fibers, and thus leads to the evolution of localized stress fields in the composite, thereby forcing the mechanical properties of composite to change. In this paper, the stress value of C3D/EP composite was measured by using Micro-Raman Spectroscopy technique. The whole model of composite was established and ABAQUS was used to simulate and analyze the stress field induced by moisture.
Firstly,Moisture stress field of different fiber directions in the composite were characterized by Microscopic Raman Spectrometer. The result shows that during the long-term moisture absorption process,the axial residual stresses within the fibers transform from thermal resiual compressive stresses before absorption into hygrothermal tensile stresses after absorption. This fact suggests that tensile residual stress was generated during moisture absorption process. And residual stress caused by long-term moisture can reach a higher level . Moreover, the evolution process of stress fields for carbon fiber measured in different directions are different to some extent. The temperature has apparent impact on stress fields due to moisture induced expansions, which was illuminated by the fact that the stress level of the specimens at the exposure duration was higher for T=80℃than that observed for T=37℃.
Furthermore, A new approach-Kalman filter was adopted to determine critical moisture diffusion parameters such as: maximum moisture content, and the diffusivity for C3D/EP composite exposed to the humidity of RH=100%, temperature at 37℃. The conclusive result are: maximum moisture content C*=0.93%, diffusivity D= mm2/s. Using these best estimates obtained from the kalman filter as inputs, the moisture diffusion process was simulated by finite element program ABAQUS and the close match between the simulated results and the experimental observations supports the accuracy of the estimated diffusion parameters determined from the kalman filter.
At last, ABAQUS was used to analyze the stress field of carbon fiber epoxy composite materials during moisture absorption process with the three-dimensional model. The analyzed results show that the calculated results and experimental results of moisture absorption curve are consistent. The results of three-dimensional model show that the value of stress was increased with the moisture absorption time, so as to the axial stress of carbon fiber which was about 45.5 MPa when moisture saturation.
引文
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