道路交通事故损害赔偿与救济法律制度述评
摘要
本文通过与外国法进行比较研究,提出我国道路交通事故损害赔偿的责任主体应该采用“保有者”的概念,强调核心支配力与用受权,使法官在具体的情形下,根据这一抽象的概念来确定赔偿责任主体,从而更充分的保障受害人的利益。在赔偿范围方面,在包括人身损害所支出的各项积极费用及所失利益的同时,还要赔偿当事人的精神损害。从我国的现行法律规定来看,在道路交通事故领域是适用过失相抵的,但是在法律的具体规定上还要明确其应该适用的基本原则——优者危险负担原则和优先通行权规则。本文重点阐述了机动车强制责任保险法律制度和道路交通事故社会救助基金制度,通过对我国机动车强制责任保险制度和道路交通社会救助基金制度的立法现状进行研究,指出目前我国在机动车强制责任保险制度上仍存在的一些缺点和不足,并提出了具体的建议。同时针对社会救助基金至今仍未建立,相关的配套办法还未出台的现状,笔者提出了几点立法建议,以期能完善我国道路交通事故损害赔偿方面的救济法律制度,更好的保护机动车所有者和交通事故受害人的利益。
The key theme of this thesis is to research the compensation for the damage of traffic accident and the remedy law system.With the rapid development of the economy and the increase demand of automobiles, China is entering to an era of tremendous traffic accidents which attract the attention of society seriously. A right and reasonable choice of indemnity liability principle can realize social justice, secure victims as well as reduce social conflict. Act of Traffic Security of the People’s Republic of China, which adopted on May 1st 2004, stipulates indemnity liability principle to Regulation of Handle of Traffic, and implements compulsory insurance definitely as well as establishes road traffic social salvation funds. which implemented in 2006 has make a more specific stipulation on insure, compensation, supervise and management of compulsory insurance of triffic accident responsibility. But these are only some principled legal rules, there still exist some questions disputed, and some specific rules are not established. So this study focus on the theoretical discussion on the questions exist in the field of chinese traffic accident, integrate the status quo of the legislation situation of china and overseas and advance some own opinion.
This study mainly focus on the questions in legislation of traffic accident compensation as followed: the subject and range of compensation, offset of fault and guaranty system of traffic accident compensation, compulsory insurance policy of motor vehicl and social relief fund policy. Concretely, the main body of this thesis contains five parts:
Part I Research on the subject of liability of traffic accident compensation. By comparison and analysis of the subject of traffic accident compensation in Germany, Japan and France and check on the reality in China, the author proposes adoption of the concept of saver to end the chaos. Currently, to comfirm the liability attribution of traffic accident damage compensation, our country’s law and judicial interpretation mainly based on the operational control and benefit of motor vehicle
Part II Research on range of liability of traffic accident compensation. By introduction and analysis both domestic and abroad the thesis discusses the compensability of moral remedy in traffic accident compensation. The author insists the principle of packaged compensation that is to say the remedy should include moral compensation of victims. On the range of traffic accidents compensation in our country, the range of victim’s compensation should contains belongings damage and personal damage, the belongings damage contains property damage and expected benefit damage, the compensation of personal damage contains besides general property damage, but also include mental damage. We should pay attention to two points when comfirm a mental damage: one, we should comfirm the serious degree of damage according to the forensic medicine and the psychiatry principle, and divide into several parts in order to make law-officer in charge of the case more conveniently. The other one is to affirm the conciliation function of mental damage compensation, under the conditions of strict responsibility, the mental damage compensation per se also need a limitation.
Part III Research on the contributory negligence of traffic accident compensation. By introduction and analysis both domestic and abroad, the thesis considers the feasibility of application of contributory negligence in traffic accident compensation. After affirm the principle of contributory negligence, we could abate or release the inflicter’s compensation responsibility based on victim’s fault degree. From the relevant statute of our country’s law, contributory negligence also suitable to the legal system of damage compensation of traffic accident, but some principled stipulation still very general, lack of specific content and need to state more on detail. The author consider that when using contributory negligence in the traffic accident damage compensation field, there must be persist on superior danger and rule of superior right of way and make partition of victims, establish the ratio form of contributory negligence so as to the contributory negligence regulation become more scientific and normative.
Part IV Research on guaranty system of liability of traffic accident compensation. The author give a definition about the compulsory insurance of motor vehicle firstly, then introduce the application status quo of the compulsory insurance of motor vehicle. Combined with the cases used by abroad, the author point out the problems existed in the legal systems about compulsory insurance of motor vehicle, such as lack of the regulation on victim direct compensation request; victim coundn’t ask for compensation to insurance company directly; the compensation scope is too limited; without think about the motor vehicle owner’s damage; authorize main body of concern make relevant implement detailed rules and higher-level law violate lower-level Law etc. To the question, the author advanced some specific advises: firstly, identify the scope of policy-holder is needed, for the compensation schedule, compensation amount and the path of disputed solution, need to give more specific regulation, enlarge the protect object of traffic accident compulsory insurance, divide responsibility limitation and insurance premium ratio into difference level so as to let policy-holder can choose it freely, furthermore, cancel the items which don’t accord with and .
Part V research on the social relief fund policy of traffic accident damage compensation. Compulsory insurance of motor vehicle provide powerful basic guaranty to the victim of traffic accident, but under the Circumstance as below: the driver escape and can’t find out trouble vehicle, insur car or the insurant of trouble vehicle lack of compensation ability, the victim still can’t get protect from the insurance. In order to make up the insufficiency of the compulsory insurance of motor vehicle, various countries have found up social relief fund policy. For our country, though we have prescribed set up social relief fund in and , but because there still didn’t establish specific methods, this policy can’t be used effectly indeed. Under the circumstance, the author suggest that set up the application method of social relief fund of traffic accident, so as to the benefical policy can work well and protect victim’s behalf indeed.
The key theme of this thesis is to research the compensation for the damage of traffic accident and the remedy law system.With the rapid development of the economy and the increase demand of automobiles, China is entering to an era of tremendous traffic accidents which attract the attention of society seriously. A right and reasonable choice of indemnity liability principle can realize social justice, secure victims as well as reduce social conflict. Act of Traffic Security of the People’s Republic of China, which adopted on May 1st 2004, stipulates indemnity liability principle to Regulation of Handle of Traffic, and implements compulsory insurance definitely as well as establishes road traffic social salvation funds.
This study mainly focus on the questions in legislation of traffic accident compensation as followed: the subject and range of compensation, offset of fault and guaranty system of traffic accident compensation, compulsory insurance policy of motor vehicl and social relief fund policy. Concretely, the main body of this thesis contains five parts:
Part I Research on the subject of liability of traffic accident compensation. By comparison and analysis of the subject of traffic accident compensation in Germany, Japan and France and check on the reality in China, the author proposes adoption of the concept of saver to end the chaos. Currently, to comfirm the liability attribution of traffic accident damage compensation, our country’s law and judicial interpretation mainly based on the operational control and benefit of motor vehicle
Part II Research on range of liability of traffic accident compensation. By introduction and analysis both domestic and abroad the thesis discusses the compensability of moral remedy in traffic accident compensation. The author insists the principle of packaged compensation that is to say the remedy should include moral compensation of victims. On the range of traffic accidents compensation in our country, the range of victim’s compensation should contains belongings damage and personal damage, the belongings damage contains property damage and expected benefit damage, the compensation of personal damage contains besides general property damage, but also include mental damage. We should pay attention to two points when comfirm a mental damage: one, we should comfirm the serious degree of damage according to the forensic medicine and the psychiatry principle, and divide into several parts in order to make law-officer in charge of the case more conveniently. The other one is to affirm the conciliation function of mental damage compensation, under the conditions of strict responsibility, the mental damage compensation per se also need a limitation.
Part III Research on the contributory negligence of traffic accident compensation. By introduction and analysis both domestic and abroad, the thesis considers the feasibility of application of contributory negligence in traffic accident compensation. After affirm the principle of contributory negligence, we could abate or release the inflicter’s compensation responsibility based on victim’s fault degree. From the relevant statute of our country’s law, contributory negligence also suitable to the legal system of damage compensation of traffic accident, but some principled stipulation still very general, lack of specific content and need to state more on detail. The author consider that when using contributory negligence in the traffic accident damage compensation field, there must be persist on superior danger and rule of superior right of way and make partition of victims, establish the ratio form of contributory negligence so as to the contributory negligence regulation become more scientific and normative.
Part IV Research on guaranty system of liability of traffic accident compensation. The author give a definition about the compulsory insurance of motor vehicle firstly, then introduce the application status quo of the compulsory insurance of motor vehicle. Combined with the cases used by abroad, the author point out the problems existed in the legal systems about compulsory insurance of motor vehicle, such as lack of the regulation on victim direct compensation request; victim coundn’t ask for compensation to insurance company directly; the compensation scope is too limited; without think about the motor vehicle owner’s damage; authorize main body of concern make relevant implement detailed rules and higher-level law violate lower-level Law etc. To the question, the author advanced some specific advises: firstly, identify the scope of policy-holder is needed, for the compensation schedule, compensation amount and the path of disputed solution, need to give more specific regulation, enlarge the protect object of traffic accident compulsory insurance, divide responsibility limitation and insurance premium ratio into difference level so as to let policy-holder can choose it freely, furthermore, cancel the items which don’t accord with
Part V research on the social relief fund policy of traffic accident damage compensation. Compulsory insurance of motor vehicle provide powerful basic guaranty to the victim of traffic accident, but under the Circumstance as below: the driver escape and can’t find out trouble vehicle, insur car or the insurant of trouble vehicle lack of compensation ability, the victim still can’t get protect from the insurance. In order to make up the insufficiency of the compulsory insurance of motor vehicle, various countries have found up social relief fund policy. For our country, though we have prescribed set up social relief fund in
引文
1. 张民安:《因交通事故而产生的侵权责任——法国 1985 年 Badinter法研究》,载《民商法论丛》总第 21 卷,第 509 页。
2. 李薇:《日本机动车损害赔偿保障法上的运行供用者责任》,法律出版社,第 364 页。
3. [德]克雷斯蒂安·冯·巴尔:《欧洲比较侵权行为法》(下),法律出版社,第 407 页。
4. [德]克雷斯蒂安·冯·巴尔:《欧洲比较侵权行为法》(下),法律出版社,450 页。
5. 史尚宽:《债法总论》,荣泰印书馆股份有限公司,292 页。
6. 邹海林:《责任保险论》,法律出版社,第 89-90 页。
7. 《日本民法典》,王书江译,中国法制出版社 2000 年。
8. 梁宇贤:《保险法新论》,中国人民大学出版社 2004 年,附录。
9. 孙积禄主编:《保险法论》,中国法制出版社 1997 年,第 198 页。
10. 张民安:《现代法国侵权责任研究》,法律出版社 2003 年,第 243 页。
11. 赵明昕:《机动车第三者责任强制保险与利益衡平问题研究》,《现代法学》2005 年第 4 期,第 22 页。
1. 范愉:《关于<道路交通安全法>争议的若干思考》,《法学家》2005年第 1 期,第 12 页。
2. 耿德忠:《道路交通损害赔偿问题研究》,《昌吉学院学报》2003 年第 4 期,第 8 页。
3. 郭卫华、王莹:《“行人违章,撞了白撞”之民法分析》,《政治与法律》2002 年第 2 期,第 40 页。
4. 练资秀:《机动车交通事故损害赔偿的归则原则》,《中国保险管理干部学院学报》2004 年第 6 期,第 10 页。
5. 林嘉:《社会保险对侵权救济的影响及其发展》,《中国法学》2005年第 3 期,第 15 页。
6. 王增勤、石金平:《道路交通事故精神损害赔偿的探讨》,《侵权法评论》,人民法院出版社 2003 年第一辑,第 45 页。
7. 王之卓:《强制责任保险的立法模式》,《上海市政法管理干部学报》2000 年 11 月,第 13 页。
8. 徐明玉:《精神损害赔偿的理论与司法实践》,《云南大学学报》2001年 9 月,第 24 页。
9. 杨立新:《论对机动车交通事故无过错责任的必要司法补救——机动车致害非机动车驾驶人或行人无过错责任中的过失相抵》,《侵权司法对策》,人民法院出版社 2005 年第 1-2 辑,26-30 页。
10. 于恩忠:《论道路交通事故损害赔偿归则原则》,《政法论丛》2004年第 2 期,第 38 页。
11. 于敏:《论机动车损害赔偿责任及其立法应然状态——兼评道路交通法第 760 条》,《法律硕士评论》2005 年第 1 期,第 15 页。
12. 余凌云:《争议何在?出路何在?》,《法学家》2005 年第 1 期,第35 页。
13. 张新宝、明俊:《道路交通安全法中的侵权责任解读》,《人民法院报》2003 年 11 月 7 日。
14. 张新宝:《道路交通事故中的第三者责任强制保险》,《法学家》2005年第 1 期,第 48 页。
15. 赵明昕:《机动车第三者责任强制保险与利益衡平问题研究》,《现代法学》2005 年 7 月,第 32 页。
1. [美]斯蒂文·萨维尔: 《事故法的经济分析》, 翟继光译,北京大学出版社 2004 年版。
2. 胡平:《精神损害赔偿制度研究》,中国法制出版社 2004 年版。
3. 李亚虹:《美国侵权法》,法律出版社 2003 年版。
4. 梁宇贤:《保险法新论》,中国人民大学出版社 2004 年版。
5. 刘得宽:《民法诸问题与新展望》,中国政法大学出版社 2002 年版。
6. 刘士国:《现代侵权损害赔偿研究》,法律出版社 1998 年版。
7. [美]罗伯特·D·考特、托马斯·S·尤伦:《法和经济学》,施少华、姜建强等译,上海财经大学出版社 2002 年版。
8. 沙银华:《日本经典判例评析》,法律出版社 2002 年版。
9. 史尚宽:《债法总论》,荣泰印书馆股份有限公司 1954 年版。
10. 孙积禄主编:《保险法论》,中国法制出版社 1997 年版。
11. 王泽鉴:《民法学说与判例研究》第二册,中国政法大学出版社 1997年版。
12. 徐爱国:《英美侵权行为法学》,北京大学出版社 2004 年版。
13. 曾世雄:《损害赔偿法原理》,中国政法大学出版社 2001 年版。
14. 张民安:《现代法国侵权责任研究》,法律出版社 2003 年版。
15. 张新宝:《侵权行为法原理》,中国人民大学出版社 2005 年版。
16. 邹海林:《责任保险论》,法律出版社 1999 年版。
2. 李薇:《日本机动车损害赔偿保障法上的运行供用者责任》,法律出版社,第 364 页。
3. [德]克雷斯蒂安·冯·巴尔:《欧洲比较侵权行为法》(下),法律出版社,第 407 页。
4. [德]克雷斯蒂安·冯·巴尔:《欧洲比较侵权行为法》(下),法律出版社,450 页。
5. 史尚宽:《债法总论》,荣泰印书馆股份有限公司,292 页。
6. 邹海林:《责任保险论》,法律出版社,第 89-90 页。
7. 《日本民法典》,王书江译,中国法制出版社 2000 年。
8. 梁宇贤:《保险法新论》,中国人民大学出版社 2004 年,附录。
9. 孙积禄主编:《保险法论》,中国法制出版社 1997 年,第 198 页。
10. 张民安:《现代法国侵权责任研究》,法律出版社 2003 年,第 243 页。
11. 赵明昕:《机动车第三者责任强制保险与利益衡平问题研究》,《现代法学》2005 年第 4 期,第 22 页。
1. 范愉:《关于<道路交通安全法>争议的若干思考》,《法学家》2005年第 1 期,第 12 页。
2. 耿德忠:《道路交通损害赔偿问题研究》,《昌吉学院学报》2003 年第 4 期,第 8 页。
3. 郭卫华、王莹:《“行人违章,撞了白撞”之民法分析》,《政治与法律》2002 年第 2 期,第 40 页。
4. 练资秀:《机动车交通事故损害赔偿的归则原则》,《中国保险管理干部学院学报》2004 年第 6 期,第 10 页。
5. 林嘉:《社会保险对侵权救济的影响及其发展》,《中国法学》2005年第 3 期,第 15 页。
6. 王增勤、石金平:《道路交通事故精神损害赔偿的探讨》,《侵权法评论》,人民法院出版社 2003 年第一辑,第 45 页。
7. 王之卓:《强制责任保险的立法模式》,《上海市政法管理干部学报》2000 年 11 月,第 13 页。
8. 徐明玉:《精神损害赔偿的理论与司法实践》,《云南大学学报》2001年 9 月,第 24 页。
9. 杨立新:《论对机动车交通事故无过错责任的必要司法补救——机动车致害非机动车驾驶人或行人无过错责任中的过失相抵》,《侵权司法对策》,人民法院出版社 2005 年第 1-2 辑,26-30 页。
10. 于恩忠:《论道路交通事故损害赔偿归则原则》,《政法论丛》2004年第 2 期,第 38 页。
11. 于敏:《论机动车损害赔偿责任及其立法应然状态——兼评道路交通法第 760 条》,《法律硕士评论》2005 年第 1 期,第 15 页。
12. 余凌云:《争议何在?出路何在?》,《法学家》2005 年第 1 期,第35 页。
13. 张新宝、明俊:《道路交通安全法中的侵权责任解读》,《人民法院报》2003 年 11 月 7 日。
14. 张新宝:《道路交通事故中的第三者责任强制保险》,《法学家》2005年第 1 期,第 48 页。
15. 赵明昕:《机动车第三者责任强制保险与利益衡平问题研究》,《现代法学》2005 年 7 月,第 32 页。
1. [美]斯蒂文·萨维尔: 《事故法的经济分析》, 翟继光译,北京大学出版社 2004 年版。
2. 胡平:《精神损害赔偿制度研究》,中国法制出版社 2004 年版。
3. 李亚虹:《美国侵权法》,法律出版社 2003 年版。
4. 梁宇贤:《保险法新论》,中国人民大学出版社 2004 年版。
5. 刘得宽:《民法诸问题与新展望》,中国政法大学出版社 2002 年版。
6. 刘士国:《现代侵权损害赔偿研究》,法律出版社 1998 年版。
7. [美]罗伯特·D·考特、托马斯·S·尤伦:《法和经济学》,施少华、姜建强等译,上海财经大学出版社 2002 年版。
8. 沙银华:《日本经典判例评析》,法律出版社 2002 年版。
9. 史尚宽:《债法总论》,荣泰印书馆股份有限公司 1954 年版。
10. 孙积禄主编:《保险法论》,中国法制出版社 1997 年版。
11. 王泽鉴:《民法学说与判例研究》第二册,中国政法大学出版社 1997年版。
12. 徐爱国:《英美侵权行为法学》,北京大学出版社 2004 年版。
13. 曾世雄:《损害赔偿法原理》,中国政法大学出版社 2001 年版。
14. 张民安:《现代法国侵权责任研究》,法律出版社 2003 年版。
15. 张新宝:《侵权行为法原理》,中国人民大学出版社 2005 年版。
16. 邹海林:《责任保险论》,法律出版社 1999 年版。