非视距光通信信号处理研究与基带系统设计
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摘要
无线光通信是异于光纤通信的一种光通信方式,它利用大气作为传输媒介。无线光通信有视距通信和非视距通信二种方式。非视距紫外光通信(简称紫外光通信)是利用大气中的粒子、气凝胶、灰尘等微粒对日盲波段紫外光的散射作用进行信息传输的一种新型的通信模式。由于其保密性强、抗干扰能力强及可实现非视距传输等优点,可用于多种近距离抗干扰通信环境,近几年来受到军事强国的广泛关注,紫外光通信研究是世界前沿课题。
目前对非视距紫外光通信的研究还不深入,主要研究方向是调制技术,紫外光大气传输特性和系统建模仿真等。非视距紫外光通信的显著特点是严重的码间干扰和多径衰落,误码率高,带宽窄。基于紫外光通信的特点,为了提高通信性能,研究了紫外光通信信道响应特点,以及紫外光通信中的均衡,信号检测,MIMO技术等算法。同时基于理论研究,设计实现了该通信系统的物理层基带系统部分。这些研究结果都是第一次被提出。具体的内容包括下面几个部分:
研究了非视距紫外光通信信道特征,对紫外光通信信道的研究,现阶段主要还局限于能量衰减模型的探讨。本论文首次推导了紫外无线通信信道的脉冲响应近似解析表达式。得出了信道记忆长度,码间干扰和信道误码率与收发机光学几何结构,数据速率的关系,同时得到了信道容量与衰减系数,通信距离的关系。相关结论对收发机光学结构的设计与定量分析紫外通信系统的性能起到一定的指导作用。
非视距紫外光通信最大的特点之一是由于强烈散射所引起的码间干扰,本文第一次探讨了紫外光通信中的均衡器设计。首先研究了紫外光通信均衡器设计的基础问题,然后研究LMS类和CMA(常模)均衡器在紫外通信中的应用。LMS均衡算法在紫外信道中收敛很慢,滤波器阶数与均衡器输出误码率关系不明显,但是迭代步长存在一个最优的值。同时还得到了二种变步长LMS均衡算法中的参数和均衡器输出误码率的关系。还证明了紫外信道是最小相位系统,可以进行盲均衡,结果指出,只要迭代次数足够,CMA盲均衡器输出误码率与滤波器阶数,迭代步长关系不是很明显。同时表明LMS均衡器性能优于CMA盲均衡器。
研究了非视距紫外光通信中的最大后验概率(MAP)均衡器和最大似然序列估计(MLSE)二种最优均衡器算法。研究发现,二者性质相同,只是性能上略有差异,MLSE均衡器性能要略好些,但是MAP复杂度要稍微低一些,同时MAP更适用于迭代译码系统中,可以与纠错码结合使用。在短距离通信时,大气衰减系数与信道带宽变化不影响均衡器性能。在接收信噪比不变时的较长距离通信,大气衰减系数与信道带宽变化对均衡器性能影响明显。也发现信道记忆长度和信息速率对均衡器性能影响显著,输出误码率可以变化几个数量级。同时指出紫外通信中自适应功率控制对降低误码率十分显著。同时指出信道先验观察噪声对均衡器性能影响明显,指出MLSE均衡器前端滤波器设计的重要性。同时发现均衡器输出误码率对调制方式不敏感。最后还得到了均衡中最优的训练序列长度和信息帧的长度与信道长度的关系。
在大气湍流和噪声影响下,研究了无线光通信中的自适应信号检测器的设计问题。在高斯和泊松模式下,提出了几种自适应信号检测器算法。还提出了一种衰落模型选择算法,信号检测器能根据不同的湍流情况,自适应的选择衰落模型,可以简化工程设计。研究表明,提出的算法能明显改善系统性能。
为了对抗衰落和增加信道容量,研究了紫外光通信中的MIMO技术与空时编码。研究发现,重复编码与空时分组码都能提供满分集,但是重复编码的性能更好。同时发现,在紫外光通信中,接收机采用等增益合并与最优比合并的性能几乎是一样的。因此有一个大口径光学天线的接收机与有若干个小口径光学天线的接收机性能也几乎一样。为了非视距通信,紫外光通信系统的接收端光学口径较大,所以该结论表明接收机采用一个接收天线就足够了。为了降低误码率,同时又提高数据传输率,提出了一种新的结合重复编码和分层空时码(V-BLAST)的混合空时编码结构。研究发现,重复编码结合V-BLAST的混合编码不但比V-BLAST编码的误码率低,而且比常见的空时分组码(STBC)结合V-BLAST的混合编码性能更优,误码率更低,而且系统设计复杂度大大降低。同时发现,该混合空时编码系统中,多天线分集增益由接收天线数决定,而重复编码提供编码增益,从而导致误码率显著下降。编码增益随重复编码使用的发射天线数增加而显著增加。系统带宽随V-BLAST所占用的天线分组数线性增加。该编码为紫外光通信系统进行信息高速传输或视频传输提供了一种解决方案。
还提出了一种新的基于DDS的时钟同步算法。该同步器具有自适应功能,能够根据相位差的大小自适应的改变每一次的相位调整量。它还具有参数可编程特性,能够根据需要,方便的预设同步器的频率分辨率,跟踪步长,精度等。分析表明,该同步器具有精度高,同步建立时间短,捕捉范围宽,以及良好的时钟抖动和自适应跟踪性能。同时还非常适合于FPGA全数字电路实现。
博士论文需要独到的见解和创新性的研究,不涉及一般工程实现。所以本论文涉及到的工程设计,一般只给出设计思路,总体设计或者关键模块的设计,不对详细的工程实现过程进行描述。基于FPGA设计实现了非视距紫外光通信系统物理层数字基带系统,包括各种滤波器,AGC,自适应信号检测器,自适应判决反馈分数间隔均衡器,RS(255,239)信道编解码,时钟与帧同步等。
Wireless optical communication is a different communication mode with optical fibre communication, using atmosphere as transmission medium. It has two communication modes, including line-of-sight and non-line-of-sight communication. Solar blind non-line-of-sight communication ultraviolet (UV) communication is a new kind of wireless optical communication, which can provide non-line-of-sight links by exploiting atmospheric scattering of light. Solar blind ultraviolet communication can be used for a variety of close anti-jamming communications environment, due to its excellent performances of safety, anti-interference and non-line-of-sight. In recent years, UV communication has been concerned by the military power and is a front field of the wireless communication.
The thorough studies for UV communication had not been carried out and only modulation, UV atmosphere characteristic path loss model and so on are studied at present. The serious inter-symbol interference and multiplexing fading, narrow bandwidth and high bit-error-rate (BER) are markedly characteristics for UV communication. In order to improve communication performance, characteristics of UV channel, channel equalization, signal detection and multip input multip output (MIMO) are studied for the UV communication. The paper contains theoretical research and prototype design. Base on the theoretical research, the digital base band system of UV communication is designed and realized. The research conclusions are got for the first time. The main results are summarized as follows:
Characteristics of UV channel are studied in this paper. Path loss model has mainly been studied at present, and the analytic expression of the channel impulse response is derived at first in this paper. The relationships between channel length, inter-symbol interference and BER and bit rate and system geometry configuration are got. The results indicate that the channel bandwidth mainly rest on the attenuation coefficient and channel capability is affected by the communication range and attenuation coefficient. The derivation results will give important guidances on the designs of the wireless ultraviolet communication system.
The equalizer fot the UV communication is investigated for the first time, reducing the inter-symbol interference. The some base problemes of the equalizer design are analyzed for the UV communication, and then LMS class and CMA equalizeres are studied. The convergence rate is very slow for LMS equalizer on UV channel, BER are nearly not affected by equalizer tap numbers and step size has an optimal value. The relations between parameters of two variable step size LMS algorithms and BER are studied at the same time. It is proved UV channel is a minimum phase system and blind equalizer can be used. BER is not sensitive to variation of step size and tap number for CMA blind equalizer and LMS equalizer has better performance than CMA blind equalizer.
For acquiring the best equalization performance, we had studied a maximum likelihood sequence estimation (MLSE) and maximum a posteriori (MAP) equalizer for the UV communication, which have the same properties and little different capabilities. The MLSE equalizer has little better performance than the MAP equalizer, and the MAP equalizer has lower design complexities. At the same time, the MAP equalizer is suitable with iteration-decoding system and can be used with turbo channel coding. The results indicate performance of equalizer is nearly not affected by the attenuation coefficient and channel bandwidth for the short range communication, but is sensitive to variation of attenuation coefficient for the long range communication with the same receiver signal-noise-rate(SNR).The performance of equalizer is also sensitive to variation of channel length and bit rate. The BER can vary greatly with the variation of channel length and bit rate and can be reduced significantly when the adaptive power control is used. It is discovered that the noise observed has great effect on the equalizer and modulation schemes have not. At last, the optimal lengths of the training sequence and frame are derived.
Adaptive signal detectors are designed in wireless optical communication based on atmosphere turbulence and Gauss noise. In this paper, we present several adaptive methods to detect the signals in the Poisson and Gauss regime, when the light fluctuations exit in ultraviolet and infrared communication, and an adaptive method to select the different simple turbulence model based on the scintillation index in different turbulence conditions, which can simplify engineering design. It is proved that the methods can significatively improve system performance. MIMO techniques and space-time coding are investigated for the UV
communication, in order to reduce fading and increase channel capability. The results indicate that space-time block code and repetition code can provide full diversity, but repetition code outperforms orthogonal space-time block codes. The findings indicate also that the BER of equal gain combining receiver is very similar with that of the optimal receiver, so receive aperture with a large optical collecting area can have nearly the same performance with receive aperture with several smaller optical collecting area. The ultraviolet communication system has large receive aperture, so a receiver aperture is only needed. To improve the error rate performance and the channel capacity, a new hybrid space-time coding approach is proposed by combining V-BLAST and repetition code. The results indicate that the new code combining V-BLAST and repetition code has better performance than V-BLAST and even outperforms the code combining V-BLAST and orthogonal space-time block code (OSTBC). The system has low BER and design can be simple. The findings indicate also that multiple antenna diversity gain is decided by number of the receive antenna and repetition code provide code gain for the hybrid code system on the channel of the ultraviolet communication. Code gain obviously increases with increment of number of transfer antenna used by repetition code and system bandwidth increases with number of transfer antenna used by V-BLAST. The hybrid code provides a method for video and high rate transmission in ultraviolet communication.
A new adaptive bit synchronizer based on DDS is brought forward. The synchronizer has adaptive characteristic, so the modified quantities of phase can be self adjustment based on difference of the phase. It has also programmable characteristic, so frequency resolution, trace step size and phase accuracy can be set previously for the need. The analysis results show that the bit synchronizer has high phase accuracy, wide acquisition range, short latch-down time and good adaptation and timing-jitter performance. It can be implemented easily based on FPGA.
Original viewpoint or innovative theoretical research is need in doctor paper, and ecumenic project implement is not nearly treated. So design viewpoint, top design or key modules design are only described in this paper. The digital base band system of physical layer is designed and implemented based on FPGA, including many kinds of filteres, AGC, adaptive signal detector, adaptive decision-feedback and fraction-interval equalizer, RS(255,239) channel coding and decoding, clock and frame synchronization and so on.
目前对非视距紫外光通信的研究还不深入,主要研究方向是调制技术,紫外光大气传输特性和系统建模仿真等。非视距紫外光通信的显著特点是严重的码间干扰和多径衰落,误码率高,带宽窄。基于紫外光通信的特点,为了提高通信性能,研究了紫外光通信信道响应特点,以及紫外光通信中的均衡,信号检测,MIMO技术等算法。同时基于理论研究,设计实现了该通信系统的物理层基带系统部分。这些研究结果都是第一次被提出。具体的内容包括下面几个部分:
研究了非视距紫外光通信信道特征,对紫外光通信信道的研究,现阶段主要还局限于能量衰减模型的探讨。本论文首次推导了紫外无线通信信道的脉冲响应近似解析表达式。得出了信道记忆长度,码间干扰和信道误码率与收发机光学几何结构,数据速率的关系,同时得到了信道容量与衰减系数,通信距离的关系。相关结论对收发机光学结构的设计与定量分析紫外通信系统的性能起到一定的指导作用。
非视距紫外光通信最大的特点之一是由于强烈散射所引起的码间干扰,本文第一次探讨了紫外光通信中的均衡器设计。首先研究了紫外光通信均衡器设计的基础问题,然后研究LMS类和CMA(常模)均衡器在紫外通信中的应用。LMS均衡算法在紫外信道中收敛很慢,滤波器阶数与均衡器输出误码率关系不明显,但是迭代步长存在一个最优的值。同时还得到了二种变步长LMS均衡算法中的参数和均衡器输出误码率的关系。还证明了紫外信道是最小相位系统,可以进行盲均衡,结果指出,只要迭代次数足够,CMA盲均衡器输出误码率与滤波器阶数,迭代步长关系不是很明显。同时表明LMS均衡器性能优于CMA盲均衡器。
研究了非视距紫外光通信中的最大后验概率(MAP)均衡器和最大似然序列估计(MLSE)二种最优均衡器算法。研究发现,二者性质相同,只是性能上略有差异,MLSE均衡器性能要略好些,但是MAP复杂度要稍微低一些,同时MAP更适用于迭代译码系统中,可以与纠错码结合使用。在短距离通信时,大气衰减系数与信道带宽变化不影响均衡器性能。在接收信噪比不变时的较长距离通信,大气衰减系数与信道带宽变化对均衡器性能影响明显。也发现信道记忆长度和信息速率对均衡器性能影响显著,输出误码率可以变化几个数量级。同时指出紫外通信中自适应功率控制对降低误码率十分显著。同时指出信道先验观察噪声对均衡器性能影响明显,指出MLSE均衡器前端滤波器设计的重要性。同时发现均衡器输出误码率对调制方式不敏感。最后还得到了均衡中最优的训练序列长度和信息帧的长度与信道长度的关系。
在大气湍流和噪声影响下,研究了无线光通信中的自适应信号检测器的设计问题。在高斯和泊松模式下,提出了几种自适应信号检测器算法。还提出了一种衰落模型选择算法,信号检测器能根据不同的湍流情况,自适应的选择衰落模型,可以简化工程设计。研究表明,提出的算法能明显改善系统性能。
为了对抗衰落和增加信道容量,研究了紫外光通信中的MIMO技术与空时编码。研究发现,重复编码与空时分组码都能提供满分集,但是重复编码的性能更好。同时发现,在紫外光通信中,接收机采用等增益合并与最优比合并的性能几乎是一样的。因此有一个大口径光学天线的接收机与有若干个小口径光学天线的接收机性能也几乎一样。为了非视距通信,紫外光通信系统的接收端光学口径较大,所以该结论表明接收机采用一个接收天线就足够了。为了降低误码率,同时又提高数据传输率,提出了一种新的结合重复编码和分层空时码(V-BLAST)的混合空时编码结构。研究发现,重复编码结合V-BLAST的混合编码不但比V-BLAST编码的误码率低,而且比常见的空时分组码(STBC)结合V-BLAST的混合编码性能更优,误码率更低,而且系统设计复杂度大大降低。同时发现,该混合空时编码系统中,多天线分集增益由接收天线数决定,而重复编码提供编码增益,从而导致误码率显著下降。编码增益随重复编码使用的发射天线数增加而显著增加。系统带宽随V-BLAST所占用的天线分组数线性增加。该编码为紫外光通信系统进行信息高速传输或视频传输提供了一种解决方案。
还提出了一种新的基于DDS的时钟同步算法。该同步器具有自适应功能,能够根据相位差的大小自适应的改变每一次的相位调整量。它还具有参数可编程特性,能够根据需要,方便的预设同步器的频率分辨率,跟踪步长,精度等。分析表明,该同步器具有精度高,同步建立时间短,捕捉范围宽,以及良好的时钟抖动和自适应跟踪性能。同时还非常适合于FPGA全数字电路实现。
博士论文需要独到的见解和创新性的研究,不涉及一般工程实现。所以本论文涉及到的工程设计,一般只给出设计思路,总体设计或者关键模块的设计,不对详细的工程实现过程进行描述。基于FPGA设计实现了非视距紫外光通信系统物理层数字基带系统,包括各种滤波器,AGC,自适应信号检测器,自适应判决反馈分数间隔均衡器,RS(255,239)信道编解码,时钟与帧同步等。
Wireless optical communication is a different communication mode with optical fibre communication, using atmosphere as transmission medium. It has two communication modes, including line-of-sight and non-line-of-sight communication. Solar blind non-line-of-sight communication ultraviolet (UV) communication is a new kind of wireless optical communication, which can provide non-line-of-sight links by exploiting atmospheric scattering of light. Solar blind ultraviolet communication can be used for a variety of close anti-jamming communications environment, due to its excellent performances of safety, anti-interference and non-line-of-sight. In recent years, UV communication has been concerned by the military power and is a front field of the wireless communication.
The thorough studies for UV communication had not been carried out and only modulation, UV atmosphere characteristic path loss model and so on are studied at present. The serious inter-symbol interference and multiplexing fading, narrow bandwidth and high bit-error-rate (BER) are markedly characteristics for UV communication. In order to improve communication performance, characteristics of UV channel, channel equalization, signal detection and multip input multip output (MIMO) are studied for the UV communication. The paper contains theoretical research and prototype design. Base on the theoretical research, the digital base band system of UV communication is designed and realized. The research conclusions are got for the first time. The main results are summarized as follows:
Characteristics of UV channel are studied in this paper. Path loss model has mainly been studied at present, and the analytic expression of the channel impulse response is derived at first in this paper. The relationships between channel length, inter-symbol interference and BER and bit rate and system geometry configuration are got. The results indicate that the channel bandwidth mainly rest on the attenuation coefficient and channel capability is affected by the communication range and attenuation coefficient. The derivation results will give important guidances on the designs of the wireless ultraviolet communication system.
The equalizer fot the UV communication is investigated for the first time, reducing the inter-symbol interference. The some base problemes of the equalizer design are analyzed for the UV communication, and then LMS class and CMA equalizeres are studied. The convergence rate is very slow for LMS equalizer on UV channel, BER are nearly not affected by equalizer tap numbers and step size has an optimal value. The relations between parameters of two variable step size LMS algorithms and BER are studied at the same time. It is proved UV channel is a minimum phase system and blind equalizer can be used. BER is not sensitive to variation of step size and tap number for CMA blind equalizer and LMS equalizer has better performance than CMA blind equalizer.
For acquiring the best equalization performance, we had studied a maximum likelihood sequence estimation (MLSE) and maximum a posteriori (MAP) equalizer for the UV communication, which have the same properties and little different capabilities. The MLSE equalizer has little better performance than the MAP equalizer, and the MAP equalizer has lower design complexities. At the same time, the MAP equalizer is suitable with iteration-decoding system and can be used with turbo channel coding. The results indicate performance of equalizer is nearly not affected by the attenuation coefficient and channel bandwidth for the short range communication, but is sensitive to variation of attenuation coefficient for the long range communication with the same receiver signal-noise-rate(SNR).The performance of equalizer is also sensitive to variation of channel length and bit rate. The BER can vary greatly with the variation of channel length and bit rate and can be reduced significantly when the adaptive power control is used. It is discovered that the noise observed has great effect on the equalizer and modulation schemes have not. At last, the optimal lengths of the training sequence and frame are derived.
Adaptive signal detectors are designed in wireless optical communication based on atmosphere turbulence and Gauss noise. In this paper, we present several adaptive methods to detect the signals in the Poisson and Gauss regime, when the light fluctuations exit in ultraviolet and infrared communication, and an adaptive method to select the different simple turbulence model based on the scintillation index in different turbulence conditions, which can simplify engineering design. It is proved that the methods can significatively improve system performance. MIMO techniques and space-time coding are investigated for the UV
communication, in order to reduce fading and increase channel capability. The results indicate that space-time block code and repetition code can provide full diversity, but repetition code outperforms orthogonal space-time block codes. The findings indicate also that the BER of equal gain combining receiver is very similar with that of the optimal receiver, so receive aperture with a large optical collecting area can have nearly the same performance with receive aperture with several smaller optical collecting area. The ultraviolet communication system has large receive aperture, so a receiver aperture is only needed. To improve the error rate performance and the channel capacity, a new hybrid space-time coding approach is proposed by combining V-BLAST and repetition code. The results indicate that the new code combining V-BLAST and repetition code has better performance than V-BLAST and even outperforms the code combining V-BLAST and orthogonal space-time block code (OSTBC). The system has low BER and design can be simple. The findings indicate also that multiple antenna diversity gain is decided by number of the receive antenna and repetition code provide code gain for the hybrid code system on the channel of the ultraviolet communication. Code gain obviously increases with increment of number of transfer antenna used by repetition code and system bandwidth increases with number of transfer antenna used by V-BLAST. The hybrid code provides a method for video and high rate transmission in ultraviolet communication.
A new adaptive bit synchronizer based on DDS is brought forward. The synchronizer has adaptive characteristic, so the modified quantities of phase can be self adjustment based on difference of the phase. It has also programmable characteristic, so frequency resolution, trace step size and phase accuracy can be set previously for the need. The analysis results show that the bit synchronizer has high phase accuracy, wide acquisition range, short latch-down time and good adaptation and timing-jitter performance. It can be implemented easily based on FPGA.
Original viewpoint or innovative theoretical research is need in doctor paper, and ecumenic project implement is not nearly treated. So design viewpoint, top design or key modules design are only described in this paper. The digital base band system of physical layer is designed and implemented based on FPGA, including many kinds of filteres, AGC, adaptive signal detector, adaptive decision-feedback and fraction-interval equalizer, RS(255,239) channel coding and decoding, clock and frame synchronization and so on.
引文
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