太湖地区稻田氮磷养分径流流失及控制技术研究
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摘要
据研究,湖泊、河流富营养化的氮磷养分分别有50%和60%来源于农田地表径流水,其中稻田随地表径流发生的氮磷养分流失占有较大的比例。在稻田面积所占比例较大的太湖地区,由于水稻主要生育期的降雨多以暴雨形式出现,这使得稻田土壤氮素、磷素流失量增加,成为太湖地区农业面源污染的重要来源。因此,明确太湖地区稻田氮磷养分径流流失特点和流失风险,研究能够控制或减少稻田氮磷养分径流流失的措施和技术已成为当前急需解决的问题。
为明确太湖地区稻田氮磷养分的径流流失特征,寻求适宜的田间管理措施,本文通过问卷调查、资料收集、模拟试验、田间控制试验及大田监测试验等方式,研究了该地区稻田肥料投入及养分平衡情况和稻田田面水氮磷养分浓度动态变化特征,以及不同耕作方式及秸秆还田下稻田氮磷养分径流流失特点,并以溧阳市为例,评估了不同耕作方式和秸秆还田下该地区稻田氮磷养分径流流失风险；另外,为减少或控制稻田排放水体对外河水体的污染,本文还研究了水葫芦对不同氮磷养分浓度的稻田排放水体的净化效果,通过构建稻田—水塘水循环系统,研究了该系统对稻田氮磷等养分径流流失的控制作用,从而为控制太湖地区稻田氮磷养分径流流失,减轻太湖水体富营养化提供技术支撑。主要结论如下：
1)被调查的太湖地区的溧阳市、宜兴市与苏州市吴中区稻麦、稻油两种种植模式下周年氮肥平均投入量分别达到了558.5和493.3kg/hm2,盈余率分别为100.2%和62.5%,稻季氮肥平均投入量为298.0kg/hm2,明显高于麦季的229.1kg/hm2和油菜季的218.9kg/hm2；两种种植模式下的周年磷肥投入量分别为117.6和116.7kg/hm2,盈余率较低,仅为9.0%和-7.4%；周年钾肥投入量最少,分别为107.3kg/hm2和105.3kg/hm2,且都存在超过50%的亏缺。两种稻田种植模式下,氮肥投入量显著高于磷肥与钾肥,导致大量氮素盈余,磷肥投入较为合理,养分基本达到平衡状态,投入量最少的钾肥则存在严重的养分亏缺。
2)稻田田面水氮磷养分大田动态监测试验表明,太湖地区溧阳和宜兴两试验点基肥及追肥后田面水总氮浓度都是在施肥后当日即达到峰值,随后随着时间推移逐渐下降,并在一定时间后达到稳定水平。其中,基肥施用后田面水总氮浓度基本在7~8天后达到稳定,追肥施用后5天左右达到稳定；不论是基肥,还是追肥,两试验点基肥及追肥施用后稻田田面水总氮浓度y和时间t均可用一级反应方程(y=Co×e-kt)进行拟合,且拟合结果均达极显著水平。在磷素动态特征方面,两试验点稻田田面水总磷浓度均在施肥后迅速增加,并在第1天达到最高峰,且随时间的推移田面水总磷浓度呈逐渐下降趋势,8-9天后基本达到稳定,但是10天后至稻田落干前的很长一段时间内却出现了多次微小的波动。
3)不论秸秆还田还是不还田,不同耕作方式下的稻田径流水量均为翻耕小于旋耕,旋耕小于免耕,但径流水中的氮磷养分浓度则和此正好相反；相同耕作方式下,秸秆不还田的径流量高于秸秆还田,但径流水中的氮磷养分浓度却低于秸秆还田。无秸秆还田时,翻耕、旋耕、免耕总氮径流流失量分别为6.78、8.50和11.09kg/hm2,秸秆还田时,分别为4.82、6.44和8.87kg/hm2；无秸秆还田时,翻耕、旋耕、免耕径流过程总磷流失量为0.50、0.63和0.78kg/hm2,秸秆还田时,则分别为0.39、0.51和0.70kg/hm2。各处理中翻耕加秸秆还田稻季氮磷养分径流流失总量均为最低。从控制氮磷养分径流流失的角度看,秸秆还田与翻耕结合更能有效地减少氮磷养分径流浓度和径流流失量,对农田有着显著的保肥作用。
4)利用PRNSM模型,依据太湖地区溧阳市20年降雨数据,对不同耕作方式及秸秆还田下稻季氮磷养分径流流失评估结果表明：所有处理下,20年平均氮素径流流失率在1.66-2.15%之间,20年中,最大氮素径流流失率在2.87-3.76%之间,最小氮素径流流失率在0.75-1.06%之间；20年平均磷素径流流失率在0.59-0.82%之间,最大磷素径流流失率在1.45-1.90%之间,最小磷素径流流失率在0.10-0.14%之间。无论是秸秆还田还是秸秆不还田,免耕条件下的氮磷养分径流流失量要稍高于旋耕,旋耕又要高于翻耕；相同耕作方式下,秸秆还田的氮磷养分径流流失量明显要低于秸秆不还田。某一处理下氮磷养分径流流失量较多的年份,其他处理的流失量也较多,流失量较少的年份,其他处理下的流失量也较小。一般情况下,降雨量越大,氮磷养分径流流失量也越大,但有时会产生一定的偏差。
5)水葫芦对3种不同浓度的稻田排放水总氮的去除率分别为62.04%,76.75%,88.46%；对总磷的去除率分别为93.52%,88.46%,78.57%,其对水体中氮磷养分的净化效果与水体中氮磷养分浓度具有显著的相关性,对氮的去除率是随着水体氮素浓度的升高而降低,但对磷的去除率则随着水体中总磷浓度的升高而不断上升。构建的水塘-水田水循环系统,在整个水稻生育期内,水田产生了2592.42m3/hm2的田面水径流,由于水塘的调蓄作用,水田-水塘系统对系统外径流排放量为0；水稻生育期内稻田灌溉总量为6750.55m3/hm2,从系统外部向水田一水塘系统加入水量为3594.32m3/hm2,减少了从外部输入水量3156.23m3/hm2；系统在整个水稻季共拦蓄雨水5228.44m3/hm2,拦截雨水中氮磷的能力分别达1.49kg/hm2和0.03kg/hm2。
It is reported that there are50%nitrogen and60%phosphorus runoff from cropland into rivers and lakes resulted in eutrophication, and most of them are from paddy fields. In Tai Lake region, the paddy fields which accounts a large proportion of total cropland has become an important source of agricultural non-point pollution because of the large amount of rainfall in rice growth season, resulting in increased nitrogen and phosphorus runoff loss. As consequence, recognizing the characteristic and risk of nutrient runoff loss from the paddy fields in Tai Lake region, and find out good technologies and measures to control or reduce the nutrient runoff loss from paddy fields is an urgent problem to solve at present.
In order to clarify the characteristic and risk of nitrogen and phosphorus runoff loss from the paddy fields in Tai Lake region, and find proper agricultural management practices, the fertilization and nutrient balance in Tai Lake region were analyzed, and the characteristic of the dynamic changes of nitrogen and phosphorus in the surface water and runoff loss under different farming practices with straw return in paddy fields were studied through questionnaire survey, data collection> simulation experiment, field control experiment and field monitoring experiment. Taking Liyang city as an example, we assessed the risk of nitrogen and phosphorus runoff loss from paddy under different farming practices with straw return in the region. In addition, in order to control and reduce the pollution runoff from paddy fields to external water, the purification effect of water hyacinth on removal ability of nitrogen and phosphorus from differently concentration paddy discharge water were comparatively studied. Based on the paddy-pond system with water cycling constructed, we studied the effects of the system on controlling the nitrogen and phosphorus runoff loss, so as to provide the technical supports relieve the eutrophication of Tai Lake for. The main conclusions are as follows:
1. The annual average application of nitrogen in two cropping patterns in Taihu Lake region including Liyang, Yixing and Suzhou Wuzhong are556.2and488.0493.3kg/hm2respectively, and the surplus rates are100.2%and62.5%. In addition, the average application of nitrogen of rice in two cropping patterns is298.0kg/hm2, which is higher than wheat at229.1kg/hm2and rape at218. kg/hm2.Furthermore, the deficit rate of phosphorus in wheat-rice cropping pattern is9.0%, and it is-7.4%in rape-rice cropping pattern, with annual application being117.6and116.7kg/hm2, respectively. Meanwhile, there is more than50.0%deficit of potassium in both two cropping patterns, and the least annual application of potassium is107.3and105.3kg/hm2. In the two rice cropping patterns, the application of nitrogen had largest surplus resulting in eutrophication, however, the least application of potassium contributed to critical nutrient deficit, while the phosphorus was reasonable for nutrient balance.
2. The dynamics of TN and TP concentrations of surface water in paddy field was monitored after fertilizing on the experiment plots in Liyang and Yixing in Taihu Region. Concerning on the TN concentrations in surface water, they both reached its highest level at the first day after fertilizer application. Then they descended after a few days, and then maintained at a constant level. It took7-8days to be constant after base fertilizer application, and took about5days after tilling fertilizer application. Either after base or tilling fertilizer application, it could be observed that Y (TN concentration of surface water of paddy field) and t (time after fertilizing) could be fitting by the linear equation (y=CO×e-kt) in both two experiment plots, and the fitting were highly significant. Concerning on the TP concentrations in surface water, they both raised rapidly after fertilizer applied in the two experiment plots. They reached the peak on the first day and then descended gradually to a constant level within8-9days. While there were a few tiny drifts in the following days until the paddy got out of drowning.
3. Whether straw return or not, the runoff volume from different tillage mothods were sequenced as plough treatment 4. The nitrogen and phosphorus runoff loss in rice season were evaluated under different tillage methods and straw return, based on the precipitation data(1991-2010) in Liyang in Tai lake region through model. The results show that during last two decades, the average rate of nitrogen runoff loss under different treatments are from1.66%to2.15%, while the largest rate are from2.87%to3.76%, and the least rate are from0.75%to1.06%. The average rate of phosphorus runoff loss which is lower than nitrogen are from0.59%to0.82%, and the largest rate are from1.45%to1.90%, while the least rate are from0.10%to0.14%. Whether straw returns or not, the nitrogen and phosphorus loss rates are higher under no-tillage than those under rotary tillage and rotary are higher than plowing. The nitrogen and phosphorus runoff loss are significantly lower with straw return compared to those without it under the same tillage method. The nitrogen and phosphorus runoffloss are high or low under one treatment in certain year is similar to those under other treatments obviously. In addition, higher precipitation results in higher nutrient loss, however, mistakes could exist to sometimes.
5. The removal rates of TN by water hyacinth from different concentration paddy discharge water were62.04%,76.75%and88.46%, respectively, while the removal rates of TP were93.52%,88.46%and78.57%. There was a significant correlation between the concentration of nitrogen and phosphorus in the paddy water and purification by water hyacinth. The average removal rate of TN by water hyacinth dropped with the increase of initial concentration of TN, while the average removal rate of TP increased with the increase of initial concentration of TP. In the paddy-pond circulation system, there was2592.42m3/hm2paddy runoff during the rice growth period, however, outward runoff emissions was0because of storage by pond; the irrigation in the system was6750.55m3/hm2, the added irrigation water from outside was3594.32m3/hm2, and reduced the water from outside was3156.23m3/hm2; Rainwater impounded by pond was5228.44m3/hm2during the whole growth season, which contained TN and TP of1.49and0.03kg/hm2, respectively.
为明确太湖地区稻田氮磷养分的径流流失特征,寻求适宜的田间管理措施,本文通过问卷调查、资料收集、模拟试验、田间控制试验及大田监测试验等方式,研究了该地区稻田肥料投入及养分平衡情况和稻田田面水氮磷养分浓度动态变化特征,以及不同耕作方式及秸秆还田下稻田氮磷养分径流流失特点,并以溧阳市为例,评估了不同耕作方式和秸秆还田下该地区稻田氮磷养分径流流失风险；另外,为减少或控制稻田排放水体对外河水体的污染,本文还研究了水葫芦对不同氮磷养分浓度的稻田排放水体的净化效果,通过构建稻田—水塘水循环系统,研究了该系统对稻田氮磷等养分径流流失的控制作用,从而为控制太湖地区稻田氮磷养分径流流失,减轻太湖水体富营养化提供技术支撑。主要结论如下：
1)被调查的太湖地区的溧阳市、宜兴市与苏州市吴中区稻麦、稻油两种种植模式下周年氮肥平均投入量分别达到了558.5和493.3kg/hm2,盈余率分别为100.2%和62.5%,稻季氮肥平均投入量为298.0kg/hm2,明显高于麦季的229.1kg/hm2和油菜季的218.9kg/hm2；两种种植模式下的周年磷肥投入量分别为117.6和116.7kg/hm2,盈余率较低,仅为9.0%和-7.4%；周年钾肥投入量最少,分别为107.3kg/hm2和105.3kg/hm2,且都存在超过50%的亏缺。两种稻田种植模式下,氮肥投入量显著高于磷肥与钾肥,导致大量氮素盈余,磷肥投入较为合理,养分基本达到平衡状态,投入量最少的钾肥则存在严重的养分亏缺。
2)稻田田面水氮磷养分大田动态监测试验表明,太湖地区溧阳和宜兴两试验点基肥及追肥后田面水总氮浓度都是在施肥后当日即达到峰值,随后随着时间推移逐渐下降,并在一定时间后达到稳定水平。其中,基肥施用后田面水总氮浓度基本在7~8天后达到稳定,追肥施用后5天左右达到稳定；不论是基肥,还是追肥,两试验点基肥及追肥施用后稻田田面水总氮浓度y和时间t均可用一级反应方程(y=Co×e-kt)进行拟合,且拟合结果均达极显著水平。在磷素动态特征方面,两试验点稻田田面水总磷浓度均在施肥后迅速增加,并在第1天达到最高峰,且随时间的推移田面水总磷浓度呈逐渐下降趋势,8-9天后基本达到稳定,但是10天后至稻田落干前的很长一段时间内却出现了多次微小的波动。
3)不论秸秆还田还是不还田,不同耕作方式下的稻田径流水量均为翻耕小于旋耕,旋耕小于免耕,但径流水中的氮磷养分浓度则和此正好相反；相同耕作方式下,秸秆不还田的径流量高于秸秆还田,但径流水中的氮磷养分浓度却低于秸秆还田。无秸秆还田时,翻耕、旋耕、免耕总氮径流流失量分别为6.78、8.50和11.09kg/hm2,秸秆还田时,分别为4.82、6.44和8.87kg/hm2；无秸秆还田时,翻耕、旋耕、免耕径流过程总磷流失量为0.50、0.63和0.78kg/hm2,秸秆还田时,则分别为0.39、0.51和0.70kg/hm2。各处理中翻耕加秸秆还田稻季氮磷养分径流流失总量均为最低。从控制氮磷养分径流流失的角度看,秸秆还田与翻耕结合更能有效地减少氮磷养分径流浓度和径流流失量,对农田有着显著的保肥作用。
4)利用PRNSM模型,依据太湖地区溧阳市20年降雨数据,对不同耕作方式及秸秆还田下稻季氮磷养分径流流失评估结果表明：所有处理下,20年平均氮素径流流失率在1.66-2.15%之间,20年中,最大氮素径流流失率在2.87-3.76%之间,最小氮素径流流失率在0.75-1.06%之间；20年平均磷素径流流失率在0.59-0.82%之间,最大磷素径流流失率在1.45-1.90%之间,最小磷素径流流失率在0.10-0.14%之间。无论是秸秆还田还是秸秆不还田,免耕条件下的氮磷养分径流流失量要稍高于旋耕,旋耕又要高于翻耕；相同耕作方式下,秸秆还田的氮磷养分径流流失量明显要低于秸秆不还田。某一处理下氮磷养分径流流失量较多的年份,其他处理的流失量也较多,流失量较少的年份,其他处理下的流失量也较小。一般情况下,降雨量越大,氮磷养分径流流失量也越大,但有时会产生一定的偏差。
5)水葫芦对3种不同浓度的稻田排放水总氮的去除率分别为62.04%,76.75%,88.46%；对总磷的去除率分别为93.52%,88.46%,78.57%,其对水体中氮磷养分的净化效果与水体中氮磷养分浓度具有显著的相关性,对氮的去除率是随着水体氮素浓度的升高而降低,但对磷的去除率则随着水体中总磷浓度的升高而不断上升。构建的水塘-水田水循环系统,在整个水稻生育期内,水田产生了2592.42m3/hm2的田面水径流,由于水塘的调蓄作用,水田-水塘系统对系统外径流排放量为0；水稻生育期内稻田灌溉总量为6750.55m3/hm2,从系统外部向水田一水塘系统加入水量为3594.32m3/hm2,减少了从外部输入水量3156.23m3/hm2；系统在整个水稻季共拦蓄雨水5228.44m3/hm2,拦截雨水中氮磷的能力分别达1.49kg/hm2和0.03kg/hm2。
It is reported that there are50%nitrogen and60%phosphorus runoff from cropland into rivers and lakes resulted in eutrophication, and most of them are from paddy fields. In Tai Lake region, the paddy fields which accounts a large proportion of total cropland has become an important source of agricultural non-point pollution because of the large amount of rainfall in rice growth season, resulting in increased nitrogen and phosphorus runoff loss. As consequence, recognizing the characteristic and risk of nutrient runoff loss from the paddy fields in Tai Lake region, and find out good technologies and measures to control or reduce the nutrient runoff loss from paddy fields is an urgent problem to solve at present.
In order to clarify the characteristic and risk of nitrogen and phosphorus runoff loss from the paddy fields in Tai Lake region, and find proper agricultural management practices, the fertilization and nutrient balance in Tai Lake region were analyzed, and the characteristic of the dynamic changes of nitrogen and phosphorus in the surface water and runoff loss under different farming practices with straw return in paddy fields were studied through questionnaire survey, data collection> simulation experiment, field control experiment and field monitoring experiment. Taking Liyang city as an example, we assessed the risk of nitrogen and phosphorus runoff loss from paddy under different farming practices with straw return in the region. In addition, in order to control and reduce the pollution runoff from paddy fields to external water, the purification effect of water hyacinth on removal ability of nitrogen and phosphorus from differently concentration paddy discharge water were comparatively studied. Based on the paddy-pond system with water cycling constructed, we studied the effects of the system on controlling the nitrogen and phosphorus runoff loss, so as to provide the technical supports relieve the eutrophication of Tai Lake for. The main conclusions are as follows:
1. The annual average application of nitrogen in two cropping patterns in Taihu Lake region including Liyang, Yixing and Suzhou Wuzhong are556.2and488.0493.3kg/hm2respectively, and the surplus rates are100.2%and62.5%. In addition, the average application of nitrogen of rice in two cropping patterns is298.0kg/hm2, which is higher than wheat at229.1kg/hm2and rape at218. kg/hm2.Furthermore, the deficit rate of phosphorus in wheat-rice cropping pattern is9.0%, and it is-7.4%in rape-rice cropping pattern, with annual application being117.6and116.7kg/hm2, respectively. Meanwhile, there is more than50.0%deficit of potassium in both two cropping patterns, and the least annual application of potassium is107.3and105.3kg/hm2. In the two rice cropping patterns, the application of nitrogen had largest surplus resulting in eutrophication, however, the least application of potassium contributed to critical nutrient deficit, while the phosphorus was reasonable for nutrient balance.
2. The dynamics of TN and TP concentrations of surface water in paddy field was monitored after fertilizing on the experiment plots in Liyang and Yixing in Taihu Region. Concerning on the TN concentrations in surface water, they both reached its highest level at the first day after fertilizer application. Then they descended after a few days, and then maintained at a constant level. It took7-8days to be constant after base fertilizer application, and took about5days after tilling fertilizer application. Either after base or tilling fertilizer application, it could be observed that Y (TN concentration of surface water of paddy field) and t (time after fertilizing) could be fitting by the linear equation (y=CO×e-kt) in both two experiment plots, and the fitting were highly significant. Concerning on the TP concentrations in surface water, they both raised rapidly after fertilizer applied in the two experiment plots. They reached the peak on the first day and then descended gradually to a constant level within8-9days. While there were a few tiny drifts in the following days until the paddy got out of drowning.
3. Whether straw return or not, the runoff volume from different tillage mothods were sequenced as plough treatment
5. The removal rates of TN by water hyacinth from different concentration paddy discharge water were62.04%,76.75%and88.46%, respectively, while the removal rates of TP were93.52%,88.46%and78.57%. There was a significant correlation between the concentration of nitrogen and phosphorus in the paddy water and purification by water hyacinth. The average removal rate of TN by water hyacinth dropped with the increase of initial concentration of TN, while the average removal rate of TP increased with the increase of initial concentration of TP. In the paddy-pond circulation system, there was2592.42m3/hm2paddy runoff during the rice growth period, however, outward runoff emissions was0because of storage by pond; the irrigation in the system was6750.55m3/hm2, the added irrigation water from outside was3594.32m3/hm2, and reduced the water from outside was3156.23m3/hm2; Rainwater impounded by pond was5228.44m3/hm2during the whole growth season, which contained TN and TP of1.49and0.03kg/hm2, respectively.
引文
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