夏玉米免耕精播限制因素及其关键调控技术研究
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摘要
玉米机械化免耕精密播种是深受农民欢迎的播种方式,但由于在我国该项技术应用时间短,技术尚不十分完善,其应用效果还不很理想,尤其在我国小麦玉米两熟制地区的黄淮海夏玉米区。由于玉米采用免耕覆盖播种,播种条件较差,加上播种季节土壤水分缺乏,气温高,严重影响播种质量,导致玉米产量下降。为此,本试验就影响夏玉米免耕精密播种的限制因素、调控关键技术及其增产机理展开研究。试验在2005-2009年研究的基础上,于2011-2012年在河南省现代农业研发基地、河南省水利科学院郑州毛庄试验站、河南省新乡市桥北区刘庵村、河南平安种业有限公司试验基地,采用室内试验和大田试验,研究了种子质量、水分、土体构型、农艺措施等对夏玉米免耕精密播种的影响及调控措施,其目的在于为夏玉米的高质量播种提供理论与技术依据。
1.种子质量显著影响夏玉米免耕精密播种的质量。普通种子与国内精播种子的平均单粒重、标准差、变异系数间的差异均未达到显著水平,发芽率基本相同。国内精播种子与先玉335种子相比,前者比后者的平均单粒重增加,发芽势和发芽率减少。精播种子之间、郑单958普通种子和精播种子之间的田间出苗率差异不显著。先玉335精播种子的出苗速率和国内其他品种之间差异显著。精播种子之间的出苗整齐度和株高整齐度差异不显著,但和郑单958普通种子相比差异显著。所有参试品种株高和叶面积差异不显著。精播种子与郑单958普通种子的产量差异不显著,9个国内精播种子之间产量的差异也不显著,而郑单958精播种子和郑单958普通种子差异达显著水平。
对照典型精播品种先玉335的种子质量标准,我国普通种子和精播种子的差距在于种子加工质量和种子发芽势、发芽指数、活力指数和发芽速率等方面。玉米精播种子单粒重的标准差和变异系数在0.0426和15.98左右、发芽势和发芽率在90%和95%以上、发芽指数在70%等可以作为我国精播玉米品种的质量参考标准。
马齿、半马齿、硬粒等3种类型品种的发芽势和发芽率的趋势相同,2级最高,3级最小。同品种的子粒越大,苗干重越大。不同类型出苗率、出苗速率、出苗整齐度和株高整齐度趋势相同。实现夏玉米免耕机械化精密播种的种子建议选用Ⅰ级、2级的单粒播种的种子。
2.水分、播后镇压覆盖、保水剂等影响夏玉米免耕精密播种的播种质量。播种后镇压覆盖能够提高土壤含水量、平衡土壤温度,从而提高夏玉米出苗率,增强幼苗素质,提高苗期田间株高整齐度,根际细菌、放线菌、真菌数量及脲酶、蛋白酶活性也得到了提高,有利于培育齐苗壮苗,在土壤水分不太充足时效果更为明显。因此,应对夏玉米播种前有轻度旱情的地块,可以利用镇压及麦秸覆盖等农艺措施来提高土壤抗旱能力,保证夏玉米出苗质量,同时要保证黄淮海夏玉米区的出苗质量,播种时的土壤最低持水量应保持在60%左右。有条件的地方可以再结合增加保水剂的应用。
3.不同的土体构型对夏玉米免耕精密播种影响有差异。上壤下粘处理的夏玉米的株高、叶面积、单株干重、叶片光合速率、SPAD值在不同生育时期都最好,土壤的细菌、放线菌、真菌数量、蛋白酶和脲酶活性在拔节期及以后都最大,产量和千粒重也最高。夏玉米收获后该处理土壤中残余的各样养分含量最多。
4.种肥影响夏玉米免耕精密播种的效果。合理施用NPK在幼苗素质、根干重、根体积、根条数都表现的最好,叶片SPAD值和Pn最高,千粒重和产量最高,增产效果大于NP、NK和PK施用组合。
5.麦茬处理方式(平茬、立茬、除茬)对夏玉米精密播种的影响有差异。平茬有利于提高土壤含水量,平衡和改善耕层土壤温度状况,3展叶时,玉米叶面积、干物质重等指标都以除茬处理最好；6展叶时,平茬处理玉米的株高、单株干重、叶面积、光合速率均表现最优,产量也最高。所以平茬处理对机播夏玉米的生长提供了较好的生态条件,有利于夏玉米的生长发育和产量的提高。
6.夏玉米免耕精密播种单项处理和集成处理对其影响有差异。集成处理JC综合了精密播种种子、镇压、平茬覆盖、种肥等4项技术,在土壤含水量、苗期质量、苗期SPAD值、Pn、产量及效益都最高,与单项处理和对照差异显著。
Mechanized no-tillage precision sowing on summer maize is widely used and welcomed by farmers. But because the technology application time in our country is short, technology is not very perfect and its application effect is not very ideal, especially in Huanghuaihai plain (wheat-summer maize area). Sowing quality of summer maize has been serious influenced because of no-tilling straw mulching and soil water deficiency and high temperatures in planting season.And it causes summer maize yield to fall. This study of limiting factors analysis of no-tillage and precision sowing, its key controlling technologies and production mechanism in summer maize was made in Modern Agricultural Research and Development Base in Henan Province(YFJD), Mao Zhuang Test Station in ZhengZhou of Water Conservancy Academy in Henan Province, Liuan Village in Bridge North District of Henan Province(LAC), Henan Pingan Testing Ground Seed Industry Co., LTD (PAZY) by indoor test and field test in2011-2012on the basis of study in2005-2009. The study examined seed quality, soil water, tidal soil body configurations, agronomic measures and water-retaining agent and its key controlling technologies in summer maize. The aim was to analyze limiting factors of no-tillage and precision sowing to seek key controlling technologies for improving the sowing quality of mechanized planting summer maize in Huanghuaihai plain and finally provide theoretical basis for high and stable yield of summer maize research. Main results were as follows:
1. Seed quality influence planting effect of no-tillage and precision sowing in summer maize. The difference of average single grain weight, standard deviation, coefficient of variation between common seeds with domestic precision sowing seeds did not reach significant level, and the germination rate was basically the same. Compared with Xianyu335, seeds of domestic varieties are bigger. The domestic precision sowing seeds compared with Xianyu335, averagely, the difference of single grain weight of the former increased than the latter, the emergence force and emergence percentage decreased, while the difference of germination rate was not significant.The difference of field emergence rate was not significant among precision sowing seeds, between precision sowing seeds and Zhengdan958. The difference of germination rate between Xianyu335and other varieties was significant.The difference of emergence uniformity and plant height uniformity among precision sowing seeds was not significant, while comparing with common Zhengdan958, the difference was significant. The difference of plant height, leaf area among all testing varieties was not significant, while the single plant dry matter was different. The difference of yield between precision sowing seeds and common cultivar Zhengdan958, among nine precision sowing seeds was not significant, while the difference between precision sowing cultivar Zhengdan958and common cultivar Zhengdan958was not significant.
Compared with the seed quality standard of Xianyu335, the gap of maize ordinary seed and precision seeds in our country lies in the seed processing quality, seed emergence force, emergence percentage, emergence index, vigor index, and so on. The standard deviation and coefficient of single seed weight are at about0.0426and15.98, seed emergence force and emergence percentage are over90%and95%, and emergence index is at70%or so. The above indicators can be adviced as the quality reference standards of no-tillage and precision sowing maize in our county.
The trend of emergence force and emergence percentage of different grading was the same among three types of maize varieties (horse tooth, half horse tooth and hard grains), the second level was highest and the third level was lowest. The bigger with the same cultivar of seed, the better with the single plant dry weight. The trend of germination ratio, germination rate, germination uniformity and plant height uniformity was the same. The seeds realizing the mechanized no-tilling precision sowing of summer maize must be the seeds single sowed with gradel-2.
2. Water, agronomic measures and water-retaining agent influenced the sowing quality of no-tillage precision planting in summer maize. The compaction after sowing combined wheat straw mulching was not only propitious for increasing soil moisture content, but also benefit for balancing and improving the status of soil temperature through the function of heat preservation. The seedlings were tidy and sturdy because the seedling growth conditions were improved. The numbers of soil rhizosphere microbe bacterium, actinomycete, fungi and the activities of soil urease enzymes, invertase also improved. The agronomic technology integration could be utilized to increase the ability to resistance of soil drought stress and ensure high seedling quality. For ensuring high quality summer maize seedlings in Huanghuaihai Plain, the soil water should be higher than60%of field moisture capacity at sowing time. And water-retaining agent should be added to use in the conditioned place.
3. There were differences of the effects of the mechanized sowing summer maize and seedling stage corn growth situation among different types of the tidal soil body configuration. The plant height, leaf area, single plant dry weight, leaf Pn, SPAD of ULDC all were best in different growth stage. The numbers of soil rhizosphere microbe bacterium, actinomycete, fungi and the activities of soil urease enzymes, soil invertase enzymes were also higher at jointing stage and later growth period. The yield and1000-weight of this kind of tidal soil body configuration was highest. The nutrient contents of residues soil nutrient after summer maize harvesting was in the same way.
4. Seed manure affect seeding effect of no-tilling precision sowing in summer maize. Reasonable application of N, P, K seed manure on the seedling quality, root dry weight, root volume and root number were the best among all these treatments. The leaf SPAD, leaf Pn, yield and1000-weight of N, P, K treatment was highest and the yield-increasing effect was greater than the NP, NK, PK fertilizer combination.
5. Different treatments of winter wheat residues including returning straw(RS), high stubble with mulched(HS) and Zero stubble(ZS) had difference of no-tilling precision sowing in summer maize. Returning straw was advantageous to enhance the soil moisture content, balanced and improves top soil temperature condition. The leaf area, single dry weight of ZS and were best than other treatments at3th full expansion leaves, while the plant height, single dry weight, leaf area, leaf Pn were highest and its yield at6th full expansion leaves was the same trend. Returning straw provided good ecological conditions to the mechanized sowing summer maize and benefit for growth and yield.
6. There was significant difference between single technology processing and integration technology processing of no-tilling precision sowing in summer maize. The treatment of JC combined precision seed, compaction, returning straw, and seed manure, and its soil moisture content, seedling quality, SPAD, leaf Pn, yield and benefit were highest among all these treatments. The difference among the treatment of JC, single technology processingand CK was significant.
1.种子质量显著影响夏玉米免耕精密播种的质量。普通种子与国内精播种子的平均单粒重、标准差、变异系数间的差异均未达到显著水平,发芽率基本相同。国内精播种子与先玉335种子相比,前者比后者的平均单粒重增加,发芽势和发芽率减少。精播种子之间、郑单958普通种子和精播种子之间的田间出苗率差异不显著。先玉335精播种子的出苗速率和国内其他品种之间差异显著。精播种子之间的出苗整齐度和株高整齐度差异不显著,但和郑单958普通种子相比差异显著。所有参试品种株高和叶面积差异不显著。精播种子与郑单958普通种子的产量差异不显著,9个国内精播种子之间产量的差异也不显著,而郑单958精播种子和郑单958普通种子差异达显著水平。
对照典型精播品种先玉335的种子质量标准,我国普通种子和精播种子的差距在于种子加工质量和种子发芽势、发芽指数、活力指数和发芽速率等方面。玉米精播种子单粒重的标准差和变异系数在0.0426和15.98左右、发芽势和发芽率在90%和95%以上、发芽指数在70%等可以作为我国精播玉米品种的质量参考标准。
马齿、半马齿、硬粒等3种类型品种的发芽势和发芽率的趋势相同,2级最高,3级最小。同品种的子粒越大,苗干重越大。不同类型出苗率、出苗速率、出苗整齐度和株高整齐度趋势相同。实现夏玉米免耕机械化精密播种的种子建议选用Ⅰ级、2级的单粒播种的种子。
2.水分、播后镇压覆盖、保水剂等影响夏玉米免耕精密播种的播种质量。播种后镇压覆盖能够提高土壤含水量、平衡土壤温度,从而提高夏玉米出苗率,增强幼苗素质,提高苗期田间株高整齐度,根际细菌、放线菌、真菌数量及脲酶、蛋白酶活性也得到了提高,有利于培育齐苗壮苗,在土壤水分不太充足时效果更为明显。因此,应对夏玉米播种前有轻度旱情的地块,可以利用镇压及麦秸覆盖等农艺措施来提高土壤抗旱能力,保证夏玉米出苗质量,同时要保证黄淮海夏玉米区的出苗质量,播种时的土壤最低持水量应保持在60%左右。有条件的地方可以再结合增加保水剂的应用。
3.不同的土体构型对夏玉米免耕精密播种影响有差异。上壤下粘处理的夏玉米的株高、叶面积、单株干重、叶片光合速率、SPAD值在不同生育时期都最好,土壤的细菌、放线菌、真菌数量、蛋白酶和脲酶活性在拔节期及以后都最大,产量和千粒重也最高。夏玉米收获后该处理土壤中残余的各样养分含量最多。
4.种肥影响夏玉米免耕精密播种的效果。合理施用NPK在幼苗素质、根干重、根体积、根条数都表现的最好,叶片SPAD值和Pn最高,千粒重和产量最高,增产效果大于NP、NK和PK施用组合。
5.麦茬处理方式(平茬、立茬、除茬)对夏玉米精密播种的影响有差异。平茬有利于提高土壤含水量,平衡和改善耕层土壤温度状况,3展叶时,玉米叶面积、干物质重等指标都以除茬处理最好；6展叶时,平茬处理玉米的株高、单株干重、叶面积、光合速率均表现最优,产量也最高。所以平茬处理对机播夏玉米的生长提供了较好的生态条件,有利于夏玉米的生长发育和产量的提高。
6.夏玉米免耕精密播种单项处理和集成处理对其影响有差异。集成处理JC综合了精密播种种子、镇压、平茬覆盖、种肥等4项技术,在土壤含水量、苗期质量、苗期SPAD值、Pn、产量及效益都最高,与单项处理和对照差异显著。
Mechanized no-tillage precision sowing on summer maize is widely used and welcomed by farmers. But because the technology application time in our country is short, technology is not very perfect and its application effect is not very ideal, especially in Huanghuaihai plain (wheat-summer maize area). Sowing quality of summer maize has been serious influenced because of no-tilling straw mulching and soil water deficiency and high temperatures in planting season.And it causes summer maize yield to fall. This study of limiting factors analysis of no-tillage and precision sowing, its key controlling technologies and production mechanism in summer maize was made in Modern Agricultural Research and Development Base in Henan Province(YFJD), Mao Zhuang Test Station in ZhengZhou of Water Conservancy Academy in Henan Province, Liuan Village in Bridge North District of Henan Province(LAC), Henan Pingan Testing Ground Seed Industry Co., LTD (PAZY) by indoor test and field test in2011-2012on the basis of study in2005-2009. The study examined seed quality, soil water, tidal soil body configurations, agronomic measures and water-retaining agent and its key controlling technologies in summer maize. The aim was to analyze limiting factors of no-tillage and precision sowing to seek key controlling technologies for improving the sowing quality of mechanized planting summer maize in Huanghuaihai plain and finally provide theoretical basis for high and stable yield of summer maize research. Main results were as follows:
1. Seed quality influence planting effect of no-tillage and precision sowing in summer maize. The difference of average single grain weight, standard deviation, coefficient of variation between common seeds with domestic precision sowing seeds did not reach significant level, and the germination rate was basically the same. Compared with Xianyu335, seeds of domestic varieties are bigger. The domestic precision sowing seeds compared with Xianyu335, averagely, the difference of single grain weight of the former increased than the latter, the emergence force and emergence percentage decreased, while the difference of germination rate was not significant.The difference of field emergence rate was not significant among precision sowing seeds, between precision sowing seeds and Zhengdan958. The difference of germination rate between Xianyu335and other varieties was significant.The difference of emergence uniformity and plant height uniformity among precision sowing seeds was not significant, while comparing with common Zhengdan958, the difference was significant. The difference of plant height, leaf area among all testing varieties was not significant, while the single plant dry matter was different. The difference of yield between precision sowing seeds and common cultivar Zhengdan958, among nine precision sowing seeds was not significant, while the difference between precision sowing cultivar Zhengdan958and common cultivar Zhengdan958was not significant.
Compared with the seed quality standard of Xianyu335, the gap of maize ordinary seed and precision seeds in our country lies in the seed processing quality, seed emergence force, emergence percentage, emergence index, vigor index, and so on. The standard deviation and coefficient of single seed weight are at about0.0426and15.98, seed emergence force and emergence percentage are over90%and95%, and emergence index is at70%or so. The above indicators can be adviced as the quality reference standards of no-tillage and precision sowing maize in our county.
The trend of emergence force and emergence percentage of different grading was the same among three types of maize varieties (horse tooth, half horse tooth and hard grains), the second level was highest and the third level was lowest. The bigger with the same cultivar of seed, the better with the single plant dry weight. The trend of germination ratio, germination rate, germination uniformity and plant height uniformity was the same. The seeds realizing the mechanized no-tilling precision sowing of summer maize must be the seeds single sowed with gradel-2.
2. Water, agronomic measures and water-retaining agent influenced the sowing quality of no-tillage precision planting in summer maize. The compaction after sowing combined wheat straw mulching was not only propitious for increasing soil moisture content, but also benefit for balancing and improving the status of soil temperature through the function of heat preservation. The seedlings were tidy and sturdy because the seedling growth conditions were improved. The numbers of soil rhizosphere microbe bacterium, actinomycete, fungi and the activities of soil urease enzymes, invertase also improved. The agronomic technology integration could be utilized to increase the ability to resistance of soil drought stress and ensure high seedling quality. For ensuring high quality summer maize seedlings in Huanghuaihai Plain, the soil water should be higher than60%of field moisture capacity at sowing time. And water-retaining agent should be added to use in the conditioned place.
3. There were differences of the effects of the mechanized sowing summer maize and seedling stage corn growth situation among different types of the tidal soil body configuration. The plant height, leaf area, single plant dry weight, leaf Pn, SPAD of ULDC all were best in different growth stage. The numbers of soil rhizosphere microbe bacterium, actinomycete, fungi and the activities of soil urease enzymes, soil invertase enzymes were also higher at jointing stage and later growth period. The yield and1000-weight of this kind of tidal soil body configuration was highest. The nutrient contents of residues soil nutrient after summer maize harvesting was in the same way.
4. Seed manure affect seeding effect of no-tilling precision sowing in summer maize. Reasonable application of N, P, K seed manure on the seedling quality, root dry weight, root volume and root number were the best among all these treatments. The leaf SPAD, leaf Pn, yield and1000-weight of N, P, K treatment was highest and the yield-increasing effect was greater than the NP, NK, PK fertilizer combination.
5. Different treatments of winter wheat residues including returning straw(RS), high stubble with mulched(HS) and Zero stubble(ZS) had difference of no-tilling precision sowing in summer maize. Returning straw was advantageous to enhance the soil moisture content, balanced and improves top soil temperature condition. The leaf area, single dry weight of ZS and were best than other treatments at3th full expansion leaves, while the plant height, single dry weight, leaf area, leaf Pn were highest and its yield at6th full expansion leaves was the same trend. Returning straw provided good ecological conditions to the mechanized sowing summer maize and benefit for growth and yield.
6. There was significant difference between single technology processing and integration technology processing of no-tilling precision sowing in summer maize. The treatment of JC combined precision seed, compaction, returning straw, and seed manure, and its soil moisture content, seedling quality, SPAD, leaf Pn, yield and benefit were highest among all these treatments. The difference among the treatment of JC, single technology processingand CK was significant.
引文
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