基于小波变换和B样条方法的图像水印技术研究
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摘要
随着计算机网络和多媒体技术的快速发展，特别是Internet的普及，信息的安全问题日益突出。如今信息隐藏技术，特别是数字水印技术作为版权保护的重要手段，已得到广泛的研究和应用。
本文首先对信息隐藏技术进行了介绍，并对该技术进行了分类，然后重点分析了数字水印技术的通用模型、基本特征、典型算法及其攻击方法。其次，讨论了DwT域的人眼视觉模型，基于小波变换与人类视觉系统(HVS)的模型相匹配，将人眼视觉特性与图像特征结合起来，提出了一种在小波域中基于B样条模型的自适应数字水印算法。在嵌入的过程中实现了水印信息对于原始图像的自适应，很好地满足了水印的透明性和稳健性要求，并且分析了该算法流程以及数据的提取正确性。最后给出了一组用于验证该算法有效性的实验结果。
With the rapid development of computer network and multimedia technology, especially the popularization of the Internet, information security has been a key and attractive problem. As an effective method for protecting the copyright of multimedia data in digital world (watermarking), information hiding has been widely studied and applied in the past few years.
This thesis discusses information hiding, which emphasizes on digital watermarking for images. Firstly, it introduces general concepts and fundamental principles of information hiding such as the definition, characteristics, classification and application. Secondly, it addresses the processing model, general framework, the typical methods, the attack analysis and the main application of digital watermarking. Then, a novel digital watermarking scheme based on wavelet transform and B-spline is proposed in this thesis. The embedded watermark is invisible to human eyes and adapted to the original image by exploiting human visual system masking characteristics. The experimental results show that the proposed algorithm is effective and robust to common image processing operations and some geometric distortions. Supported by the experiments, the performance analysis of the proposed scheme is also made in this paper. Finally, a conclusion can be made that the proposed technique is practical.
本文首先对信息隐藏技术进行了介绍，并对该技术进行了分类，然后重点分析了数字水印技术的通用模型、基本特征、典型算法及其攻击方法。其次，讨论了DwT域的人眼视觉模型，基于小波变换与人类视觉系统(HVS)的模型相匹配，将人眼视觉特性与图像特征结合起来，提出了一种在小波域中基于B样条模型的自适应数字水印算法。在嵌入的过程中实现了水印信息对于原始图像的自适应，很好地满足了水印的透明性和稳健性要求，并且分析了该算法流程以及数据的提取正确性。最后给出了一组用于验证该算法有效性的实验结果。
With the rapid development of computer network and multimedia technology, especially the popularization of the Internet, information security has been a key and attractive problem. As an effective method for protecting the copyright of multimedia data in digital world (watermarking), information hiding has been widely studied and applied in the past few years.
This thesis discusses information hiding, which emphasizes on digital watermarking for images. Firstly, it introduces general concepts and fundamental principles of information hiding such as the definition, characteristics, classification and application. Secondly, it addresses the processing model, general framework, the typical methods, the attack analysis and the main application of digital watermarking. Then, a novel digital watermarking scheme based on wavelet transform and B-spline is proposed in this thesis. The embedded watermark is invisible to human eyes and adapted to the original image by exploiting human visual system masking characteristics. The experimental results show that the proposed algorithm is effective and robust to common image processing operations and some geometric distortions. Supported by the experiments, the performance analysis of the proposed scheme is also made in this paper. Finally, a conclusion can be made that the proposed technique is practical.
引文
[1] 杨义先，钮心忻，任金强．信息安全新技术[M] ．北京：北京邮电大学出版社，2002．
[2] 汪小帆，戴跃伟，茅耀斌．信息隐藏技术[M] ．北京：电子工业出版社，2001．
[3] Stefan Katzenbeisser, Fabien A. P. Petictcolas 编，吴秋新，钮心忻，杨义先等(译)．信息隐藏技术——隐写术与数字水印[M] ．北京：人民邮电出版社，2001．
[4] 祁明，刘迎．信息隐藏与数字水印技术及其应用[J] ．通信技术，2001，6(117)：16-19．
[5] Chirsitophe De Vleeschouwer, Jean-Francois Delaigle, Benoit Macq. Invisibility and Application in Perceptual Watermarking--An Overview [J] .PROCEEDINGS OF THE IEEE.2002, 1(90):64-77.
[6] 刘振华，尹萍．信息隐藏技术及应用[M] ．北京：科学出版社，2002．
[7] 杨义先，钮心忻，李名选．网络信息安全与保密[M] ．北京：北京邮电大学出版社，2002．
[8] Ingemar J. Cox, Joe Kilian, F. Thomson Leighton, and Talal Shamoon. Secure Spread Spectrum Watermarking for Multimedia [J] .IEEE Transaction on Image 1997, 6(12):1673-1687
[9] Podilchuk C I, Zeng W J. Image-adaptive watermarking using visual models [J] . IEEE Journals on Selected Areas in Communications, 1998, 16(4):525-539.
[10] Ingemar J. Cox, Matthew L. Miller, Jeffrey A. Bloom 等，王颖等译．数字水印[M] ．北京：电子工业出版社，2003．
[11] 黄继武，谭铁牛．图像隐形水印综述[J] ．自动化学报 2000，26(5)：645-655
[12] 刘瑞祯，谭铁牛．数字图像水印研究综述[J] ．通信学报 2000，21(8)：39-48
[13] 易开祥，石教英，孙鑫．数字水印技术研究进展[J] ．中国图象图形学报．2001．6(2)：111-117
[14] 肖亮，吴惠中，韦志辉．用多数字基整数实现多重数字水印嵌入[J] ．计算机辅助设计
与图形学学报，2003，15(2)：200-204．
[15] Ruanaidh, J.J.K., W.J. Dowling, F. M. Boland, "Phase Watermarking of Digital Images,"In Proc [J] . IEEE Int. Conf. on Image Processing, Piscataway: IEEE Press, 1996,3:239-242
[16] Hayes, M. H, "The Reconstruction of a Multidimensional Sequence" [J] . IEEE Transactions on Acoustics Speech and Signal Processing, Apr. 1992, pp. 140-154.
[17] Puate, J., and F.Jordan, "Using Fractal Compression Scheme to Embedded a Digital Signature into an Image," [J] . in proceedings of the SPIE2915, Video Techniques and Software for Full-Service Networks, 1996, pp. 108-118.
[18] Tirkel,A.Z.,G. A. Rankin and R. van schyndel, "Electronic Watermark," [J] in Digital Image Computing, Technology and Applications-DICTA 93,Macquarie University, 1993,pp.666-673.
[19] J.F.Delaigle, C.De Vleeschouwer, B.Macq. Watermarking Algorithm Based on A Human Visual Model [J] .IEEE Transaction on Signal Processing 66 (1998)319-335.
[20] Min-Shiang Hwang, Chin-Chen Chang, Kuo-Feng Hwang. A Watermarking Technique Based on One-way Hash Function [J] . IEEE Transaction on Consumer Electronics, Vol.45, No.2, May 1999:286-294
[21] Srdjan Stankovic, Igor Djurovic, Ioannis Pitas. Watermarking in the Space/Spatial-Frequency Domain Using Two-Dimensional Radon-Wigner Distribution [J] . IEEE Transactions on Image Processing Vol.10, No.4, April 2001: 65O-658
[22] Ping Wah Wong, Nasir Memon. Secret and Public Key Image Watermarking Schemes for Image Authentication and Ownership Verification [J] . IEEE Transaction on Image Processing, Vol. 10, No. 10,October 2001:1593-1601
[23] Jana Dittmann, Petra Wohlmacher, Klara Nahrstedt. Using Cryptography and Watermarking Algorithm [J] IEEE Multimedia No.4 2001:54-65
[24] Xia X G, Boncelet C G, Arce G R. A multiresolution watermark for digital images[J] . Proc. of ICIP'97, Vol. 1, 548-551.
[25] Lewis S, Knowles G. Images compression using the 2-D wavelet transforms [J] . IEEE Trans Image Processing, 1992,1(1):244-250.
[26] Barni M, Bartolini F, Piva A. Improved Wavelet-Based Watermarking Through Pixel-Wise Masking[J] . IEEE Trans. on Image Processing, 2001, 10(5), 783-791.
[27] 刘彤，裘正定．小波域自适应图像水印算法研究[M] ．计算机学报，2002：25(11)，1195-1199．
[28] 姚志强，潘日晶，邹柏贤，朱建忠，林崧[M] ．基于B样条方法的数字水印技术研究．系统工程与电子技术，2003(12)．
[29] 张军，王能超．数字图像的自适应公开水印技术[M] ．计算机学报，2002，25(12)：1371-1377．
[30] Ryutarou Ohbuchi, Hiroshi Masuda, Masaki Aono. A Shape-Preserving Data Embedding Algorithm for NURBS Curves and Surfaces [J] .IEEE.
[31] Hu. Y JK. wong S. Wavelet domain Adaptive Visible Watermarking[J] . Electronics Letters, 2001, 37(20): 1219-1220.
[32] 黄达人，刘九芬，黄继武．小波变换域图像水印嵌入对策和算法[J] ．软件学报，2002，13(7)：68-69．
[33] 杨恒伏，陈孝威．小波域鲁棒自适应公开水印技术[J] ．软件学报，2003，14(9)：1652-1660．
[34] 李黎，潘志庚．一种稳健性好的图象盲水印算法[J] ．中国图象图形学报，2003，8(5)：567-571．
[35] 施法中．计算机辅助几何设计与非均匀有理B样条[M] ．北京：高等教育出版社，2001：211-229．
[36] 朱心雄等．自由曲线曲面造型技术[M] ．北京：科学出版社，2000．
[37] 杨朝霞，逯峰，关履泰．用B样条的尺度关系来实现图像任意精度的放大缩小[J] ．计算机辅助设计与图形学学报，2001，13(9)：824-827．
[38] Sieberg D. Bin Laden exploits technology to suit his needs, CNN Sep.21,2001 Posted: 11: 16 AM EDT(1516 GMT)
[39] 朱建忠，姚志强．一种基于DWT的数字水印分存算法[J] ．福建师范大学学报(自然科学版)，已录用待发表．
[2] 汪小帆，戴跃伟，茅耀斌．信息隐藏技术[M] ．北京：电子工业出版社，2001．
[3] Stefan Katzenbeisser, Fabien A. P. Petictcolas 编，吴秋新，钮心忻，杨义先等(译)．信息隐藏技术——隐写术与数字水印[M] ．北京：人民邮电出版社，2001．
[4] 祁明，刘迎．信息隐藏与数字水印技术及其应用[J] ．通信技术，2001，6(117)：16-19．
[5] Chirsitophe De Vleeschouwer, Jean-Francois Delaigle, Benoit Macq. Invisibility and Application in Perceptual Watermarking--An Overview [J] .PROCEEDINGS OF THE IEEE.2002, 1(90):64-77.
[6] 刘振华，尹萍．信息隐藏技术及应用[M] ．北京：科学出版社，2002．
[7] 杨义先，钮心忻，李名选．网络信息安全与保密[M] ．北京：北京邮电大学出版社，2002．
[8] Ingemar J. Cox, Joe Kilian, F. Thomson Leighton, and Talal Shamoon. Secure Spread Spectrum Watermarking for Multimedia [J] .IEEE Transaction on Image 1997, 6(12):1673-1687
[9] Podilchuk C I, Zeng W J. Image-adaptive watermarking using visual models [J] . IEEE Journals on Selected Areas in Communications, 1998, 16(4):525-539.
[10] Ingemar J. Cox, Matthew L. Miller, Jeffrey A. Bloom 等，王颖等译．数字水印[M] ．北京：电子工业出版社，2003．
[11] 黄继武，谭铁牛．图像隐形水印综述[J] ．自动化学报 2000，26(5)：645-655
[12] 刘瑞祯，谭铁牛．数字图像水印研究综述[J] ．通信学报 2000，21(8)：39-48
[13] 易开祥，石教英，孙鑫．数字水印技术研究进展[J] ．中国图象图形学报．2001．6(2)：111-117
[14] 肖亮，吴惠中，韦志辉．用多数字基整数实现多重数字水印嵌入[J] ．计算机辅助设计
与图形学学报，2003，15(2)：200-204．
[15] Ruanaidh, J.J.K., W.J. Dowling, F. M. Boland, "Phase Watermarking of Digital Images,"In Proc [J] . IEEE Int. Conf. on Image Processing, Piscataway: IEEE Press, 1996,3:239-242
[16] Hayes, M. H, "The Reconstruction of a Multidimensional Sequence" [J] . IEEE Transactions on Acoustics Speech and Signal Processing, Apr. 1992, pp. 140-154.
[17] Puate, J., and F.Jordan, "Using Fractal Compression Scheme to Embedded a Digital Signature into an Image," [J] . in proceedings of the SPIE2915, Video Techniques and Software for Full-Service Networks, 1996, pp. 108-118.
[18] Tirkel,A.Z.,G. A. Rankin and R. van schyndel, "Electronic Watermark," [J] in Digital Image Computing, Technology and Applications-DICTA 93,Macquarie University, 1993,pp.666-673.
[19] J.F.Delaigle, C.De Vleeschouwer, B.Macq. Watermarking Algorithm Based on A Human Visual Model [J] .IEEE Transaction on Signal Processing 66 (1998)319-335.
[20] Min-Shiang Hwang, Chin-Chen Chang, Kuo-Feng Hwang. A Watermarking Technique Based on One-way Hash Function [J] . IEEE Transaction on Consumer Electronics, Vol.45, No.2, May 1999:286-294
[21] Srdjan Stankovic, Igor Djurovic, Ioannis Pitas. Watermarking in the Space/Spatial-Frequency Domain Using Two-Dimensional Radon-Wigner Distribution [J] . IEEE Transactions on Image Processing Vol.10, No.4, April 2001: 65O-658
[22] Ping Wah Wong, Nasir Memon. Secret and Public Key Image Watermarking Schemes for Image Authentication and Ownership Verification [J] . IEEE Transaction on Image Processing, Vol. 10, No. 10,October 2001:1593-1601
[23] Jana Dittmann, Petra Wohlmacher, Klara Nahrstedt. Using Cryptography and Watermarking Algorithm [J] IEEE Multimedia No.4 2001:54-65
[24] Xia X G, Boncelet C G, Arce G R. A multiresolution watermark for digital images[J] . Proc. of ICIP'97, Vol. 1, 548-551.
[25] Lewis S, Knowles G. Images compression using the 2-D wavelet transforms [J] . IEEE Trans Image Processing, 1992,1(1):244-250.
[26] Barni M, Bartolini F, Piva A. Improved Wavelet-Based Watermarking Through Pixel-Wise Masking[J] . IEEE Trans. on Image Processing, 2001, 10(5), 783-791.
[27] 刘彤，裘正定．小波域自适应图像水印算法研究[M] ．计算机学报，2002：25(11)，1195-1199．
[28] 姚志强，潘日晶，邹柏贤，朱建忠，林崧[M] ．基于B样条方法的数字水印技术研究．系统工程与电子技术，2003(12)．
[29] 张军，王能超．数字图像的自适应公开水印技术[M] ．计算机学报，2002，25(12)：1371-1377．
[30] Ryutarou Ohbuchi, Hiroshi Masuda, Masaki Aono. A Shape-Preserving Data Embedding Algorithm for NURBS Curves and Surfaces [J] .IEEE.
[31] Hu. Y JK. wong S. Wavelet domain Adaptive Visible Watermarking[J] . Electronics Letters, 2001, 37(20): 1219-1220.
[32] 黄达人，刘九芬，黄继武．小波变换域图像水印嵌入对策和算法[J] ．软件学报，2002，13(7)：68-69．
[33] 杨恒伏，陈孝威．小波域鲁棒自适应公开水印技术[J] ．软件学报，2003，14(9)：1652-1660．
[34] 李黎，潘志庚．一种稳健性好的图象盲水印算法[J] ．中国图象图形学报，2003，8(5)：567-571．
[35] 施法中．计算机辅助几何设计与非均匀有理B样条[M] ．北京：高等教育出版社，2001：211-229．
[36] 朱心雄等．自由曲线曲面造型技术[M] ．北京：科学出版社，2000．
[37] 杨朝霞，逯峰，关履泰．用B样条的尺度关系来实现图像任意精度的放大缩小[J] ．计算机辅助设计与图形学学报，2001，13(9)：824-827．
[38] Sieberg D. Bin Laden exploits technology to suit his needs, CNN Sep.21,2001 Posted: 11: 16 AM EDT(1516 GMT)
[39] 朱建忠，姚志强．一种基于DWT的数字水印分存算法[J] ．福建师范大学学报(自然科学版)，已录用待发表．