脊柱模型简化及其在内力作用下的有限元分析
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摘要
脊柱侧凸是指人体脊柱的某一节段发生侧向弯曲并同时伴随着椎体旋转的三维脊柱畸形。青少年特发性(原因不明)脊柱侧凸(Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis,AIS)在脊柱侧凸发病率中所占比例最高,其病理及矫正治疗方案一直是医学界、工学界的学者和专家们所关注的热点之一。本文正是基于这一前提而提出,通过建立人体脊柱的三维简化模型及有限元模型来研究脊柱的生物力学特性,从而为分析青少年特发性脊柱侧凸的发病机理和矫正治疗方案的优化提供可靠依据。
本文提出了一种建立人体脊柱结构简化模型的方法。该模型主要包括人体脊柱中的椎骨(含后部小关节)、椎间盘、关节囊等部分。在建立模型的过程中,将椎骨、椎间盘和关节囊等看作是机械零件,按照一定的装配关系将其组合成一个整体。然后把建立好的模型导入ANSYS分析模块Workbench中,对其进行前处理,建立脊柱的有限元模型。将有限元模型导入ANSYS中并施加内力进行分析。本文所研究的内力主要是指由于关节囊和椎间盘发生病变而导致其结构、形状、尺寸、位置上发生变化,从而引起脊柱变形的力。
结论表明：1.在研究关节囊损坏引起的脊柱变形时发现：任一处的小关节突承受内力,脊柱均会产生一定程度的轴向压缩(沿Z轴)和小节段脊柱的后伸。当左、右两侧承受的力大小和方向不对称时,脊柱还会产生扭转现象和微小偏移。由此可以推测：由于左、右小关节受力不均衡,引起的椎体扭转是导致脊柱偏移(侧凸)的原因之一。2.在每一处的椎间盘发生病变,椎体承受不均力时,脊柱均会产生一定程度的轴向压缩(沿Z轴),更重要的是发生了左、右侧凸和分段后伸,从而使人体脊柱原有的生理弯曲曲率发生了改变,甚至连法线方向也改变了；另外,最大偏移处的椎体下表面的扭转角最大。由此可以推测：椎间盘病变使椎体承受内力作用时,由于力的不均匀性,整体脊柱发生了各种难以预测的变形,包括压缩、侧凸、后伸及扭转等。而特发性脊柱侧凸就是由各种难以预测的变形叠加组合而成,因此椎间盘发生病变可能是造成脊柱侧凸的重要原因之一。
本文的研究内容和结论能够为分析青少年特发性脊柱侧凸(AIS)的发病机理提供一定帮助,并为医学临床手术操作提供相关参考。
Scoliosis is a3D spinal deformity that is a segment of spinal of human body occurs lateral bending and accompanying with the spinal's rotation. Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis (unknown cause) takes in the highest proportion of Scoliosis, whose pathological and orthodontic treatment are always one of concerned hot issues by scholars and experts of medical profession and labor community. Based on the above-mentioned premise, the biomechanical characteristics of spine is studied through establishing the spine3D simplified model and Finite-element model of spinal of human body in this paper. Thus, it will provide the reliable basis for analyzing the pathogenesis of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis and the optimization of orthodontic treatment.
It is proposed to built a method of simplified model about the spinal structure of human body in this paper. This model mainly contains the human body's spine of vertebrae (including the small joint), disc, joint capsule, etc. Which are counted as mechanical parts and are combined as a unit according to a certain assembly relationship in the process of establishment. Then, the established model imported into Workbench of analysis module of ANSYS. And, which is carried on preliminary treatment so as to build Finite-element model that is imported into ANSYS to make analysis. The studied internal force is the force of the spine's deformation due to the pathological change of disc and joint capsule to cause the change of structure, shape, size and position in this paper.
The conclusion shows that:1. In the process of researching the deformation of spine caused by damage of joint capsule, some results are found. When the small joints stands internal force at any one place, the spinal generally produce a certain degree of axial compression (along the Z axis) and rear extension of the spine's section. When the left and right sides stands the force with the different size and the asymmetric direction, spinal appeares reverse phenomenon and tiny migration. This shows that, because of the right and left little joint under nonequilibrium forces, thus causes the torsion of vertebral body, which is one of reasons of causing the shift of spinal (side protruding).2. The internal force are uneven which is impacted by the pathological change of disc, the whole spine will not only occurres axial compression deformation, but also more importantly occurres scoliosis and rear extension of right and left protruding so as to make original physiology bend curvature of human body spinal to occur the change, even the normal direction also changed. In addition, the vertebral's lower surface has the largest torsional angle where the biggest deviant occur. Thus we can speculate that:when vertebral bear internal force which is caused by disc lesions, because of the inhomogeneity of the force, the overall spinal happened all kinds of deformations that hard to predict, including compression, side protruding, extension and reverse, etc. And idiopathic scoliosis is also composited by all sorts of deformations that hard to predict, so disc disease may be one of the important causes which is causing scoliosis.
Researched content and conclusion of this paper will provide a certain help for analyzing the pathogenesis to adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS), and provide related reference for medicine clinical operation.
本文提出了一种建立人体脊柱结构简化模型的方法。该模型主要包括人体脊柱中的椎骨(含后部小关节)、椎间盘、关节囊等部分。在建立模型的过程中,将椎骨、椎间盘和关节囊等看作是机械零件,按照一定的装配关系将其组合成一个整体。然后把建立好的模型导入ANSYS分析模块Workbench中,对其进行前处理,建立脊柱的有限元模型。将有限元模型导入ANSYS中并施加内力进行分析。本文所研究的内力主要是指由于关节囊和椎间盘发生病变而导致其结构、形状、尺寸、位置上发生变化,从而引起脊柱变形的力。
结论表明：1.在研究关节囊损坏引起的脊柱变形时发现：任一处的小关节突承受内力,脊柱均会产生一定程度的轴向压缩(沿Z轴)和小节段脊柱的后伸。当左、右两侧承受的力大小和方向不对称时,脊柱还会产生扭转现象和微小偏移。由此可以推测：由于左、右小关节受力不均衡,引起的椎体扭转是导致脊柱偏移(侧凸)的原因之一。2.在每一处的椎间盘发生病变,椎体承受不均力时,脊柱均会产生一定程度的轴向压缩(沿Z轴),更重要的是发生了左、右侧凸和分段后伸,从而使人体脊柱原有的生理弯曲曲率发生了改变,甚至连法线方向也改变了；另外,最大偏移处的椎体下表面的扭转角最大。由此可以推测：椎间盘病变使椎体承受内力作用时,由于力的不均匀性,整体脊柱发生了各种难以预测的变形,包括压缩、侧凸、后伸及扭转等。而特发性脊柱侧凸就是由各种难以预测的变形叠加组合而成,因此椎间盘发生病变可能是造成脊柱侧凸的重要原因之一。
本文的研究内容和结论能够为分析青少年特发性脊柱侧凸(AIS)的发病机理提供一定帮助,并为医学临床手术操作提供相关参考。
Scoliosis is a3D spinal deformity that is a segment of spinal of human body occurs lateral bending and accompanying with the spinal's rotation. Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis (unknown cause) takes in the highest proportion of Scoliosis, whose pathological and orthodontic treatment are always one of concerned hot issues by scholars and experts of medical profession and labor community. Based on the above-mentioned premise, the biomechanical characteristics of spine is studied through establishing the spine3D simplified model and Finite-element model of spinal of human body in this paper. Thus, it will provide the reliable basis for analyzing the pathogenesis of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis and the optimization of orthodontic treatment.
It is proposed to built a method of simplified model about the spinal structure of human body in this paper. This model mainly contains the human body's spine of vertebrae (including the small joint), disc, joint capsule, etc. Which are counted as mechanical parts and are combined as a unit according to a certain assembly relationship in the process of establishment. Then, the established model imported into Workbench of analysis module of ANSYS. And, which is carried on preliminary treatment so as to build Finite-element model that is imported into ANSYS to make analysis. The studied internal force is the force of the spine's deformation due to the pathological change of disc and joint capsule to cause the change of structure, shape, size and position in this paper.
The conclusion shows that:1. In the process of researching the deformation of spine caused by damage of joint capsule, some results are found. When the small joints stands internal force at any one place, the spinal generally produce a certain degree of axial compression (along the Z axis) and rear extension of the spine's section. When the left and right sides stands the force with the different size and the asymmetric direction, spinal appeares reverse phenomenon and tiny migration. This shows that, because of the right and left little joint under nonequilibrium forces, thus causes the torsion of vertebral body, which is one of reasons of causing the shift of spinal (side protruding).2. The internal force are uneven which is impacted by the pathological change of disc, the whole spine will not only occurres axial compression deformation, but also more importantly occurres scoliosis and rear extension of right and left protruding so as to make original physiology bend curvature of human body spinal to occur the change, even the normal direction also changed. In addition, the vertebral's lower surface has the largest torsional angle where the biggest deviant occur. Thus we can speculate that:when vertebral bear internal force which is caused by disc lesions, because of the inhomogeneity of the force, the overall spinal happened all kinds of deformations that hard to predict, including compression, side protruding, extension and reverse, etc. And idiopathic scoliosis is also composited by all sorts of deformations that hard to predict, so disc disease may be one of the important causes which is causing scoliosis.
Researched content and conclusion of this paper will provide a certain help for analyzing the pathogenesis to adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS), and provide related reference for medicine clinical operation.
引文
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[22]Hai Ya, Wei Yong Gu.Three-dimensional inhomogeneous triphasic finite-element analysis of physical signals and solute transport in human intervertebral disc under axial compression. Journal of Biomechanics,2007,40:2071-2077
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[28]齐振熙,马英锋.退变性腰椎滑脱的三维有限元分析.中国骨伤,2004,17(12)：714-716
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[32]Scholten R, Svensson NL, Wood RD. Three dimensional stress analysis of the human femur, Computer Biol Med,1977,6-130
[33]Kormi K, Etheridge RA. Application of the finite element method to simulation of damage to the human skull as a consequence of missile iMPact on a multi-layered composite crash helmet. J Biomed Eng,1992,14:203
[34]高允海.有限元分析法研究脊柱生物力学的新进展.国外医学生物医学工程分册.2003,26(6)：281-284
[35]Schultz AB,Warwich DN, Berkson MH, et al. Mechanical properties of human lumbar spine motion segments part 1:responses in flexion, extension, lateral bending, and torsion.J Biomech Eng,1979,101:46-52
[36]Augsburger S, Necking L, Horton J, et al. A coMParison of scaphiod trapezium trapezoid fusion and four-bone tendon weave for scapholunate dissociation.J Hand Surg,1992,17A(2):360-369
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[2]刘尚礼,李远景等.广东省青少年脊柱侧凸患病率调查报告.中国脊柱脊髓杂志.2002,12(4)：41-43
[3]刘小丹.脊柱的简化模型及其在侧弯矫正中的应用[硕士学位论文].上海,上海交通大学,2009
[4]Rowe DE, Bernstein SM. Riddick MFetal.A meta analysis of the efficacy of nonoperative treatments for idiopathic scoliosis. J Bone Joint Surg Am,1997, 79(5):664-674
[5]刘洋,李明.支具治疗特发性脊柱侧凸：生物力学的实践与论证.中国临床康复.2004,8(32)：7246-7247
[6]王哲.脊柱生物力学是脊柱外科基础研究的重要领域[硕士学位论文].上海,上海交通大学,2007
[7]杨春治.有限单元法在脊柱生物力学研究中的应用.福建医药杂志.200527(2)：151-153
[8]张磊.一种新方法建立人体脊柱有限元模型的研究与应用[硕士学位论文].沈阳,中国医科大学,2008
[9]Brekelmans Wam, Rybicki EF.Burdeaux BD.A new method to analyse the mechanical behaviour of skeletal parts.Acta Ortho Scand 1972,43:301
[10]Rybicki EF, et al.Or the mathematical analysis of stress in the human femur. J Biomech,1972,5:203
[11]Lin HS, Liu YK, Ray G. System identification for material properties of the intervertebral joint. J Biomech,1978,11:1-14
[12]Belytschko T.Kulak RF.Schultz AB, et al. Finite element stress analysis of an intervertebral disc.J Biomech.1974,7(3):277-285
[13]Shirazi-adl A, Shrivastava SC, Ahmed AM. Stress analysis of the lumbar disc-body unit in compression. Spine,1984,9:120-134
[14]Rao AA, Dumas GA. Influence of material properties on the mechanical behavior of L5.S1 intervertebal disc in compression:a nonlinear finite element study. J Biomech,1991,13:139-151
[15]Etsuo Chosa, Koji Totoribe,Naoya Tajima A biomechanical study of lumbar spondylolysis based on a three-dimensional finite element method.Journal of Orthopaedic Research2004,22:158-163
[16]Shirazi-adl A, Pamianpour M. Nonlinear response analysis of the human ligamentous lumbar spine in compression on mechanisms affecting the postural stability. Spine,1993,18:147-158
[17]Teo EC, Paul JP, Evans JH. Finite element stress analysis of a cadaver second cervical vertebra. J Biomech,1994,32:236-248
[18]Voo LM, Kumaresan S, Yoganandan N. Finite element analysis of cervical facetectomy. Spine,1997,22:964-969
[19]Zander T, Rohlmann A,Calisse J,et al. Estimation of muscle forces in the lumbar spine during upper body inclination. Clin Biomecc (Brastol,Avon),2001,16 (1): 73-80
[20]Antonius Rohlmann, Thomas Zander, Hendrik Schmidt etc. Analysis of the influence of disc degeneration on the mechanical behaviour of a lumbar motion segment using the finite element method. Journal of Biomechanics,2006,39: 2484-2490
[21]Jun Yao, Sergio R Turteltaub, Paul Ducheyne. A three-dimensional nonlinear finite element analysis of the mechanical behavior of tissue engineered intervertebral discs under complex loads.Biomaterials,2006,27:377-387
[22]Hai Ya, Wei Yong Gu.Three-dimensional inhomogeneous triphasic finite-element analysis of physical signals and solute transport in human intervertebral disc under axial compression. Journal of Biomechanics,2007,40:2071-2077
[23]戴立扬,屠开元,徐印坎.腰椎椎体应力分布的三维有限元分析.中国临床解剖学杂志,1991,9(8)：46-48
[24]刘雷,沈根标.胸腰椎损伤的三维有限元模型的应力分析.中华创伤杂志,1995,11(6)：343-344
[25]林斌,殷浩,汤兴华,等.牵引对颈椎椎间关节作用的有限元分析.中医正骨,2001,13(6)：13-14
[26]李雪迎,王春明.牵引力对颈椎间盘作用的三维有限分析.中华物理医学与康复杂志,2003,25(10)：603-605
[27]陈新民,郎继孝,陈德喜.应用三维有限元模型研究颈椎不同工况下的生物力学变化.临床骨科杂志,2003,6(4)：294-296
[28]齐振熙,马英锋.退变性腰椎滑脱的三维有限元分析.中国骨伤,2004,17(12)：714-716
[29]李健,徐晖,程立明,等.胸腰段椎体压缩性骨折三维有限元模型的建立及其意义.中国临床解剖学杂志,2005,23(2)：199-201
[30]李韵,贺西京.有限元分析在脊柱生物力学领域的应用生物医学工程学杂志.2001,18(2)：169-172
[31]Dlofsson H. Three dimensional FEM calculation of elastic stress field in human femur. Dissertation, Institute of Technology, University of Uppsala, Sweden
[32]Scholten R, Svensson NL, Wood RD. Three dimensional stress analysis of the human femur, Computer Biol Med,1977,6-130
[33]Kormi K, Etheridge RA. Application of the finite element method to simulation of damage to the human skull as a consequence of missile iMPact on a multi-layered composite crash helmet. J Biomed Eng,1992,14:203
[34]高允海.有限元分析法研究脊柱生物力学的新进展.国外医学生物医学工程分册.2003,26(6)：281-284
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