太行山猕猴掌跖骨（指趾骨）的形态学性差及不对称性研究
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摘要
在灵长类化石研究中,化石稀少的问题越来越凸显出来,对研究分类和定位造成一定的困难。对现生灵长类骨骼的形态特征的研究,可以为灵长类化石的研究提供借鉴作用。本文主要研究太行山猕猴掌跖骨的形态学特征、性差和不对称性,对68例成年太行山猕猴的掌跖骨标本形态特征进行详尽的描述,测出反应其特征的10个变量,运用SPSS13.0统计软件,对数据进行处理,统计方法采用单因素方差分析、多变量判别分析等,同时研究其性差和不对称性等。取得的主要成果如下:
(1)观察掌跖骨的特征,并对掌跖骨之间,左右侧之间的特征加以区分,分析不同的形态学特征与其形态学功能特点。选择不同的掌跖骨形态特征变量做判别分析,分别进行回代检验和交互检验,判别率达95.3%-97%,两种方法结果相似,说明变量、判别函数稳定有效,采用多元判别函数可以有效的将未知掌跖骨标本进行鉴别。
(2)对单一变量或多个变量做方差分析,研究两性之间、两侧之间的差异性。不同的变量有着不同的性差。对掌跖骨的长度或重量变量进行方差分析,结果两性之间存在显著性差异(P<0.01);两侧之间差异不显著(P>0.05);对掌跖骨和指趾骨的长度或重量而言,其均值排序各有特点。
(3)探讨太行山猕猴掌跖骨重量与颅长的关系,对猕猴掌跖骨重量进行测量和异速生长分析,做相应的对数转换,结果表明掌跖骨的重量均呈正异速生长,掌跖骨的重量在生长发育过程中的变化与颅长有关,利用猕猴掌跖骨的重量可以推测其颅长。
(4)对掌跖骨的不对称性研究表明,猕猴各掌跖骨均存在波动不对称性和方向不对称性;掌骨和跖骨中间横截面积的STA值相对较大,其它变量的STA值相对较小,STA值存在一定程度的性差,STA值有掌骨左侧大于右侧的趋势;无论掌骨还是跖骨SDA相对稳定而且变异性较小,掌骨的SDA值较跖骨的明显,大部分变量的SDA和STA在性别之间差异并不十分显著(P>0.05)。
In the research on the primate fossil, the problem that the fossil is increasingly scarce becomes prominent. There are some difficulties in studying the classification and position. So the purpose is that it can provide references to research the living primates on the morphological characteristics of the bones. In this paper, we mostly research the morphological features of metapodials, the sex difference and the asymmetry of the Macaca mulatta in Taihang Mountains.The sample consisted of more 60 adult metapodials of the Macaca mulatta in Taihang Mountains. The morphological features of metapodials were described in detail and 10 main variables of each metacarpal were measured. All statistical analysis was done using SPSS13.0 for windows and used single factor analysis of variance, multivariate discriminant analysis and so on. The results were as follows:
1. Analyse the different morphological features of metapodials to distinguish the left and right of the metacarpals and the metatarsals. Compared with other primates, the morphological characteristics are relevant with their functions. By choosing different variables to discriminant analysis,and being carried back on behalf of the inspection and cross-validated, the discriminant rate is from 95.3% to 97%, showing that two methods were similar. The result showed the variables and the discriminate functions were stable and reliable.The Multivariate discriminant function can effectively identify the unknown metacarpal bone specimens.
2. Analyse a single variable or more variables to study the difference of the sex and the side. Different variables have different sex differences. With the analysis of variance of the length metapodials or weight variables, the result was significant between the sexes (P <0.01), but there was no significant difference between the two sides (P>0.05). As for the length or weight of the metopodials and the phalanges, the mean and sort have their own characteristics.
3. Explore the relation between the weight of the palm metatarsals and cranial length of the Macaca mulatta, measure the weight of the palm metatarsals, analyse different speed growth, and do the corresponding logarithmic conversion. The results showed that: the weight of the palm metatarsal showed positive allometry, and the changes of the palm metatarsal during growth and development were related to the length of the cranium, and using the weight of the palm metatarsals can speculate its cranial length.
4. The results about the asymmetry of the metapodials showed that each metacarpal or metatarsal has fluctuating asymmetry (FA) and directional asymmetry (DA). STA values of the middle cross sectional area of the palm metapodials are relatively large, but FA values of other variables are relatively small. There are different between the sexes on FA values. STA values of the left metacarpals are greater than the right sides’. The SDA values 0f metapodials are both relatively stable and low variability. The findings indicated that the metacarpals’SDA values are greater than the metatarsals’. The differences of the sex about STA and STA in most of the variables are not very significant (P>0.05).
(1)观察掌跖骨的特征,并对掌跖骨之间,左右侧之间的特征加以区分,分析不同的形态学特征与其形态学功能特点。选择不同的掌跖骨形态特征变量做判别分析,分别进行回代检验和交互检验,判别率达95.3%-97%,两种方法结果相似,说明变量、判别函数稳定有效,采用多元判别函数可以有效的将未知掌跖骨标本进行鉴别。
(2)对单一变量或多个变量做方差分析,研究两性之间、两侧之间的差异性。不同的变量有着不同的性差。对掌跖骨的长度或重量变量进行方差分析,结果两性之间存在显著性差异(P<0.01);两侧之间差异不显著(P>0.05);对掌跖骨和指趾骨的长度或重量而言,其均值排序各有特点。
(3)探讨太行山猕猴掌跖骨重量与颅长的关系,对猕猴掌跖骨重量进行测量和异速生长分析,做相应的对数转换,结果表明掌跖骨的重量均呈正异速生长,掌跖骨的重量在生长发育过程中的变化与颅长有关,利用猕猴掌跖骨的重量可以推测其颅长。
(4)对掌跖骨的不对称性研究表明,猕猴各掌跖骨均存在波动不对称性和方向不对称性;掌骨和跖骨中间横截面积的STA值相对较大,其它变量的STA值相对较小,STA值存在一定程度的性差,STA值有掌骨左侧大于右侧的趋势;无论掌骨还是跖骨SDA相对稳定而且变异性较小,掌骨的SDA值较跖骨的明显,大部分变量的SDA和STA在性别之间差异并不十分显著(P>0.05)。
In the research on the primate fossil, the problem that the fossil is increasingly scarce becomes prominent. There are some difficulties in studying the classification and position. So the purpose is that it can provide references to research the living primates on the morphological characteristics of the bones. In this paper, we mostly research the morphological features of metapodials, the sex difference and the asymmetry of the Macaca mulatta in Taihang Mountains.The sample consisted of more 60 adult metapodials of the Macaca mulatta in Taihang Mountains. The morphological features of metapodials were described in detail and 10 main variables of each metacarpal were measured. All statistical analysis was done using SPSS13.0 for windows and used single factor analysis of variance, multivariate discriminant analysis and so on. The results were as follows:
1. Analyse the different morphological features of metapodials to distinguish the left and right of the metacarpals and the metatarsals. Compared with other primates, the morphological characteristics are relevant with their functions. By choosing different variables to discriminant analysis,and being carried back on behalf of the inspection and cross-validated, the discriminant rate is from 95.3% to 97%, showing that two methods were similar. The result showed the variables and the discriminate functions were stable and reliable.The Multivariate discriminant function can effectively identify the unknown metacarpal bone specimens.
2. Analyse a single variable or more variables to study the difference of the sex and the side. Different variables have different sex differences. With the analysis of variance of the length metapodials or weight variables, the result was significant between the sexes (P <0.01), but there was no significant difference between the two sides (P>0.05). As for the length or weight of the metopodials and the phalanges, the mean and sort have their own characteristics.
3. Explore the relation between the weight of the palm metatarsals and cranial length of the Macaca mulatta, measure the weight of the palm metatarsals, analyse different speed growth, and do the corresponding logarithmic conversion. The results showed that: the weight of the palm metatarsal showed positive allometry, and the changes of the palm metatarsal during growth and development were related to the length of the cranium, and using the weight of the palm metatarsals can speculate its cranial length.
4. The results about the asymmetry of the metapodials showed that each metacarpal or metatarsal has fluctuating asymmetry (FA) and directional asymmetry (DA). STA values of the middle cross sectional area of the palm metapodials are relatively large, but FA values of other variables are relatively small. There are different between the sexes on FA values. STA values of the left metacarpals are greater than the right sides’. The SDA values 0f metapodials are both relatively stable and low variability. The findings indicated that the metacarpals’SDA values are greater than the metatarsals’. The differences of the sex about STA and STA in most of the variables are not very significant (P>0.05).
引文
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蒋学龙,王应祥,马世来.中国猕猴的分类和分布.动物学研究,1991,12(3):214-217.120.
陆宏,霍正浩.人类指长比的研究进展.生命科学, 2006, 18 (5):487–790.
路纪琪,薛德明,吕九全等.太行山猕猴颅骨变量的异速生长研究.动物学报, 2001, 47: 172-177.
吕九全,路纪琪,李景原等.太行山猕猴的食性.生态学杂志,2002,21(2):29-31.
潘汝亮,王红.金丝猴长骨的异速生长研究.动物学研究, 1989, 10(1):23-30.
宋朝枢,瞿文元.太行山猕猴自然保护区科学考察集.北京:中国林业出版社, 1996:16–113.
魏兴国.掌骨长度、前后径、横径和重量的测定.解剖学杂志,1996,19(3): 273-276.
吴汝康,王令红.禄丰古猿的两性别二态别.人类学学报.1987, 6(3):169-174.
薛德明.太行山猕猴肩胛骨变量间的相关性和异速生长分析.兽类学报, 2000, 20(1): 76-79.
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翟鹏飞,赵晓进,雷梦云等.太行山猕猴下颌骨的异速生长分析.解剖学杂志, 2005, 28(2): 219-221.
仉怀林,候进怀,朱洲洋等.太行山猕猴自由取食时利手现象的观察.河南师范大学学报,1990,4:141-143.
赵晓进,王训练,党晓云等.太行山猕猴掌骨和跖骨长度比率的性别差别.解剖学报,2009, 40(6):993-996.
赵晓进,张岩,安娜等.太行山猕猴掌骨和跖骨形态学.解剖学杂志,2008,31(3):412-415.
赵晓进,赵俊杰,王耿等.太行山猕猴掌骨和跖骨长度的性别判别.人类学学报, 2009, 28(1): 88-94.