大电网地磁感应电流影响因素及建模方法研究
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摘要
地磁感应电流(GIC)可能对电网安全运行产生不利的影响。随着特高压电网的建设,我国已成为世界上电网规模最大、电压等级最多的国家,结合我国纬度(磁纬)跨度大、大地电性构造复杂多样等实际情况,我国电网可能存在较高的GIC灾害风险。因此,探明中低纬地区GIC的各种影响因素及其作用机理与影响程度,建立适合中低纬电网以及我国大地条件的GIC计算模型及方法是必要和紧迫的任务。基于中低纬GIC准确计算的重大需求,本论文从空间、大地、电网三方面的影响因素入手,围绕电网GIC的建模开展了研究,主要工作及成果如下：
针对电离层空间电流源对GMD感应地电场的影响差异,定义了“大小源电流”两种典型极限电流源模型。根据电磁感应理论及快速汉克分解等解析方法,从场源水平距离、垂直距离和电流频率三方面对“大小源电流”模型下的地表阻抗特性进行了数值模拟和解析证明。研究结果表明“线电流模型计算出的感应地电场总小于面电流模型的计算结果”的说法不准确,并针对中低纬地区感应地电场计算提出了采用“大源电流”模型的计算思路与方法。
以“万圣节GMD事件”为例,从频域和时域两方面定量分析了不同纬度及大地电导率模型对感应地电场的影响。结果表明对于中低纬地区的电网,虽然地磁扰动强度相对较低,但大地电性构造的差异可能会使感应地电场相差4-10倍,提出了利用"GIC-Benchmark"算例模型分析大地因素对电网GIC影响的方法,证明了由于大地电导率的影响中低纬地区的GIC可能高于高纬地区。
结合电网实际参数和特点,研究了输电线路长度、电网拓扑结构以及变压器结构对GIC的影响。结果表明：输电线路较短时,GIC水平与线路长度呈近似线性关系,当线路达到一定长度时,GIC水平与线路长度无关,趋于饱和值；对变电站的GIC计算要考虑与其相连的所有输电线路的共同作用；另外,变电站的GIC受“拐点效应”影响,终端变电站的GIC更大；考虑变压器类型、结构等因素的影响,给出了自耦变压器和普通单相变压器的GIC有效值的计算方法。
根据变压器绕组联结方式和不同类型变压器组合模式,结合节点导纳矩阵算法,提出了多电压等级电网GIC的建模技术与计算方法,解决了由不同电压等级输电线路GIC相互作用引起的变电站GIC的准确计算问题。在此基础上,建立了三华电网全节点GIC计算模型,研究了500kV电网和1000kV特高压电网之间GIC的相互影响,发现当接入1000kV变电站的500kV线路关于电场方向不对称时,500kV线路GIC对1000kV变电站GIC影响较大。
本论文综合考虑了空间、大地和电网三方面因素的影响,提出了多电压等级大电网GIC的建模和计算方法,揭示了不同电压等级电网GIC相互作用的特征规律,并利用2015年三华规划电网参数完成了建模理论与方法的实证研究。三华电网在实际地磁扰动作用下GIC水平的计算结果表明,受次级电网GIC的影响特高压电网可能存在较高的GIC灾害风险。因此本论文提出了特高压电网防御磁暴灾害的技术方案,对我国下一步重大的电网工程建设和安全运行具有实际意义。
Geomagnetically induced currents (GIC) may affect the safe operation of power systems. With the construction of the ultra-high voltage (UHV) power grid, China becomes the country with the largest scale and the most voltage-levels power system. Considering that China is geographically a large country and that the earth conductivity structure is very complex, there may be a high GIC disaster risk for the Chinese power system. Thus, it is necessary and significant to ascertain all the factors influencing GIC in mid-low latitude areas, and build an accurate GIC calculating model, which can meet the practical needs of the Chinese power system. In view of this, the influence factors of GIC including the space, the earth and the power system, and the modelling method of GIC in a complex large power grid are studied in this dissertation. The main work and the results are summarized as follows.
Considering the different effects of the ionospheric space currents to the geoelectric fields induced by the geomagnetic disturbances (GMD), two space current source models are defined representing two extremes, i.e."small-scale source current"'and "large-scale source current". As the surface impedance can be regarded as a tool to determine the horizontal electric field with a given magnetic variation, the numerical simulation and mathematical analysis of the surface impedance of "small-scale and large-scale source currents" are considered as a function of the horizontal distance, the height and the frequency. The results prove that the idea presented previously that with respect to a given magnetic variation "the geoelectric field induced by the line current model is always smaller than that induced by the plane wave" is not completely correct. Anyway, it is shown that the "large-scale source current" model is appropriate for calculating the geoelectric fields experienced by the Chinese power grid
With the example of the "Halloween GMD event", the influence of the different latitudes and different earth conductivities are studied quantitatively in the frequency domain and time domain. It is found that although the intensity of the geomagnetic variations are low relatively in mid-low latitude areas, the electric field due to the different earth conductivity could differ by factors from4to10. Also, the latest standard GIC calculating model "GIC-Benchmark" network is used as a probe to investigate the influence of the different latitudes and different earth conductivities to the GIC. This approach avoids the dependence of the results on the specific network, and the results show that GIC in mid-low latitude areas can be higher than that in high latitude areas due to the effects of the earth conductivity.
With the parameters and the characteristics of a real power grid, the influence of the length of the transmission lines, the topology of the network and the structure of the transformers on GIC are studied in detail. It is concluded that: longer transmission lines lead to larger GIC, but there is not a simple relationship between GIC and the line length, for short lines, GIC are linearly related to the line length; for long lines, GIC are almost independent of the line length and approach a limiting value. In practice, for the calculation of GIC at a substation, we need to consider the effects of all the transmission lines not only the lines connected to this substation, and the largest substation GIC typically occur at the edges of the network due to the "edge effect". Also, considering the effect of the different transformer structures, the calculating method of the effective GIC is given for both conventional transformers and autotransformers.
In view of the scenarios with the different transformer windings connections and the different transformers combination, the modelling method of GIC in multiple-voltage-levels power system is proposed based on the Nodal Admittance Matrix method. Consequently, the problem of calculating the GIC within a substation which is connected to different voltage-level transmission lines is solved. Based on this modelling method, the full-node model of the Sanhua UHV Grid is established, and the effects of GIC in the500kV system on GIC in the1000kV UHV substation is proved. The effects are most significant when the500kV lines which are connected to the1000kV substation are asymmetrical to the electric field.
In this dissertation, based on all the effects of the space, the earth and the power system factors on GIC, the modelling method of GIC in large multiple voltage-level power grid is proposed, and the characteristics of the GIC affecting each other in different voltage-level grids are demonstrated, also the modelling theory and the method are proved with the case study of the parameters of the Sanhua Planning Grid. The calculated results of GIC in the Sanhua Grid under the real GMD impact show that there may be a high GIC risk in the1000kV power system with the influence of the500kV system. Therefore, the technical measures are proposed for the UHV power system in China to prevent the GMD disaster, that is significant for the construction and safe operation of China's power system in the future.
针对电离层空间电流源对GMD感应地电场的影响差异,定义了“大小源电流”两种典型极限电流源模型。根据电磁感应理论及快速汉克分解等解析方法,从场源水平距离、垂直距离和电流频率三方面对“大小源电流”模型下的地表阻抗特性进行了数值模拟和解析证明。研究结果表明“线电流模型计算出的感应地电场总小于面电流模型的计算结果”的说法不准确,并针对中低纬地区感应地电场计算提出了采用“大源电流”模型的计算思路与方法。
以“万圣节GMD事件”为例,从频域和时域两方面定量分析了不同纬度及大地电导率模型对感应地电场的影响。结果表明对于中低纬地区的电网,虽然地磁扰动强度相对较低,但大地电性构造的差异可能会使感应地电场相差4-10倍,提出了利用"GIC-Benchmark"算例模型分析大地因素对电网GIC影响的方法,证明了由于大地电导率的影响中低纬地区的GIC可能高于高纬地区。
结合电网实际参数和特点,研究了输电线路长度、电网拓扑结构以及变压器结构对GIC的影响。结果表明：输电线路较短时,GIC水平与线路长度呈近似线性关系,当线路达到一定长度时,GIC水平与线路长度无关,趋于饱和值；对变电站的GIC计算要考虑与其相连的所有输电线路的共同作用；另外,变电站的GIC受“拐点效应”影响,终端变电站的GIC更大；考虑变压器类型、结构等因素的影响,给出了自耦变压器和普通单相变压器的GIC有效值的计算方法。
根据变压器绕组联结方式和不同类型变压器组合模式,结合节点导纳矩阵算法,提出了多电压等级电网GIC的建模技术与计算方法,解决了由不同电压等级输电线路GIC相互作用引起的变电站GIC的准确计算问题。在此基础上,建立了三华电网全节点GIC计算模型,研究了500kV电网和1000kV特高压电网之间GIC的相互影响,发现当接入1000kV变电站的500kV线路关于电场方向不对称时,500kV线路GIC对1000kV变电站GIC影响较大。
本论文综合考虑了空间、大地和电网三方面因素的影响,提出了多电压等级大电网GIC的建模和计算方法,揭示了不同电压等级电网GIC相互作用的特征规律,并利用2015年三华规划电网参数完成了建模理论与方法的实证研究。三华电网在实际地磁扰动作用下GIC水平的计算结果表明,受次级电网GIC的影响特高压电网可能存在较高的GIC灾害风险。因此本论文提出了特高压电网防御磁暴灾害的技术方案,对我国下一步重大的电网工程建设和安全运行具有实际意义。
Geomagnetically induced currents (GIC) may affect the safe operation of power systems. With the construction of the ultra-high voltage (UHV) power grid, China becomes the country with the largest scale and the most voltage-levels power system. Considering that China is geographically a large country and that the earth conductivity structure is very complex, there may be a high GIC disaster risk for the Chinese power system. Thus, it is necessary and significant to ascertain all the factors influencing GIC in mid-low latitude areas, and build an accurate GIC calculating model, which can meet the practical needs of the Chinese power system. In view of this, the influence factors of GIC including the space, the earth and the power system, and the modelling method of GIC in a complex large power grid are studied in this dissertation. The main work and the results are summarized as follows.
Considering the different effects of the ionospheric space currents to the geoelectric fields induced by the geomagnetic disturbances (GMD), two space current source models are defined representing two extremes, i.e."small-scale source current"'and "large-scale source current". As the surface impedance can be regarded as a tool to determine the horizontal electric field with a given magnetic variation, the numerical simulation and mathematical analysis of the surface impedance of "small-scale and large-scale source currents" are considered as a function of the horizontal distance, the height and the frequency. The results prove that the idea presented previously that with respect to a given magnetic variation "the geoelectric field induced by the line current model is always smaller than that induced by the plane wave" is not completely correct. Anyway, it is shown that the "large-scale source current" model is appropriate for calculating the geoelectric fields experienced by the Chinese power grid
With the example of the "Halloween GMD event", the influence of the different latitudes and different earth conductivities are studied quantitatively in the frequency domain and time domain. It is found that although the intensity of the geomagnetic variations are low relatively in mid-low latitude areas, the electric field due to the different earth conductivity could differ by factors from4to10. Also, the latest standard GIC calculating model "GIC-Benchmark" network is used as a probe to investigate the influence of the different latitudes and different earth conductivities to the GIC. This approach avoids the dependence of the results on the specific network, and the results show that GIC in mid-low latitude areas can be higher than that in high latitude areas due to the effects of the earth conductivity.
With the parameters and the characteristics of a real power grid, the influence of the length of the transmission lines, the topology of the network and the structure of the transformers on GIC are studied in detail. It is concluded that: longer transmission lines lead to larger GIC, but there is not a simple relationship between GIC and the line length, for short lines, GIC are linearly related to the line length; for long lines, GIC are almost independent of the line length and approach a limiting value. In practice, for the calculation of GIC at a substation, we need to consider the effects of all the transmission lines not only the lines connected to this substation, and the largest substation GIC typically occur at the edges of the network due to the "edge effect". Also, considering the effect of the different transformer structures, the calculating method of the effective GIC is given for both conventional transformers and autotransformers.
In view of the scenarios with the different transformer windings connections and the different transformers combination, the modelling method of GIC in multiple-voltage-levels power system is proposed based on the Nodal Admittance Matrix method. Consequently, the problem of calculating the GIC within a substation which is connected to different voltage-level transmission lines is solved. Based on this modelling method, the full-node model of the Sanhua UHV Grid is established, and the effects of GIC in the500kV system on GIC in the1000kV UHV substation is proved. The effects are most significant when the500kV lines which are connected to the1000kV substation are asymmetrical to the electric field.
In this dissertation, based on all the effects of the space, the earth and the power system factors on GIC, the modelling method of GIC in large multiple voltage-level power grid is proposed, and the characteristics of the GIC affecting each other in different voltage-level grids are demonstrated, also the modelling theory and the method are proved with the case study of the parameters of the Sanhua Planning Grid. The calculated results of GIC in the Sanhua Grid under the real GMD impact show that there may be a high GIC risk in the1000kV power system with the influence of the500kV system. Therefore, the technical measures are proposed for the UHV power system in China to prevent the GMD disaster, that is significant for the construction and safe operation of China's power system in the future.
引文
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