巴西橡胶树N、P、K高效利用砧木材料筛选方法的研究
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摘要
橡胶芽接树的砧木对接穗生长、产胶及抗性等都有重要影响。因此选择和培育有利于芽接树速生、高产、高抗的橡胶树砧木材料,在改进橡胶树种植材料和指导育苗生产,或探讨橡胶树砧木选择理论等方面都有十分重要的意义。本研究对3个品种(GT1、RRIM600、PR107)橡胶树实生苗采用N、P、K营养调控处理,开展橡胶实生苗N、P、K高效利用单株筛选,探讨高大乔木橡胶树N、P、K高效利用砧木材料筛选方法。主要研究结果如下：
1初步建立起橡胶树养分高效利用砧木材料筛选体系
本研究在其它作物耐N、P、K胁迫筛选方法的基础上进行了改进,建立了N、P、K营养调控筛选体系。本体系将长势一致的实生苗种植在高位沙床上,采用低N、P、K营养胁迫-初选-复肥-复选-再胁迫-再选择的方法选择在生物学性状和生理生化特性方面表现突出的单株,本法可能筛选出在N、P、K养分匮乏或充足环境条件下都具有N、P、K养分高效利用潜力的砧木材料。
2初步筛选出一些在N、P、K养分匮乏或充足环境条件下的N、P、K高效利用橡胶实生苗单株
经过历程近3年的N、P、K养分胁迫初选-复肥复选-再胁迫再选择,共筛选出70株在N、P、K养分匮乏或充足环境条件下的N、P、K高效利用橡胶实生苗单株。其中,GT1和RRIM600实生苗分别为21株,选出率均为11.67%；PR107实生苗28株,选出率15.56%。
3初选的橡胶实生苗N、P、K高效利用单株的优异表现
采用本法选出的N、P、K高效利用单株表现出较强的生长优势和优异的生理生化特性,各优株的生物学性状指标(株高、茎粗、叶蓬距、叶面积、叶片SPAD值),叶片养分性状指标(N、P、K含量),净光合速率Pn、水分利用效率WUE,抗逆性指标(相对电导率、MDA含量、Pro含量)和酶活性指标(NR、SOD活性)等均显著或极显著地优于普通株和ck(常规施肥处理)。
4橡胶树N、P、K高效利用砧木材料筛选指标优化的建议
对现有20个筛选指标进行相关性分析,结果表明一些指标高度相关。其中,N高效利用优株主要生物学性状指标根据相关程度其先后顺序为：叶蓬距、叶片SPAD值,茎粗、叶面积,株高；叶片养分性状为：K含量,P含量,N含量。P高效利用优株的为：株高、茎粗,叶蓬距,叶片SPAD值,叶面积；叶片养分性状为：P含量,N含量,K含量。K高效利用的优株为：茎粗,株高,叶片SPAD值,叶面积,叶蓬距；叶片养分性状为P含量,K含量,N含量。因此,建议在N、P、K高效利用优株筛选时,可根据选择对象采用高度相关的指标,以减少本筛选方法的工作量,提高筛选工作效率。
综上所述,本研究是以营养调控为手段,改进了以往仅以养分胁迫为手段的筛选方法。初步探讨了在N、P、K养分匮乏或充足环境条件下具有养分高效利用潜力砧木材料的筛选方法,并筛选出一批在N、P、K养分匮乏或充足环境条件下都能高效利用养分的优良单株。但这些优株还需进一步作分子水平的分析鉴定和通过橡胶树砧穗亲和性试验等,才能应用于生产,或作砧木种质资源等科学研究。
There are obvious effect of the rootstock on the growth, latex yield and resistant ability of rubber budding tree. Therefore, it is significance that selection and propagation of the rootstock material which makes for the rubber budding tree grow fast, give a high yield and high resistance in the improvement of rubber tree planting material, directing rubber budding breeding, or discussing the theory of rubber rootstock selection. In this paper, a N, P, K highly effective use plants screening system was studied by that to treat the rubber seedling of 3 varieties, GT1, RRIM600 and PR107 with the N, P, K nutrient regulation, that developed from the N, P, K stress screening method, to select the N、P、K highly effective use rootstock material for rubber budding tree, a megaphanerophyte. The main results shown as follows:
A N, P, K nutrient regulation screening system was established for the highly effective use rubber seedling plants base on the low N, P, K stress screening system for some of crops. It was that the uniform seedlings were grown in the raised sand bed and up-took in normal way until the plants grown 2-flush leaves, and then low N, P, K stress on the seedling until the plants appeared obvious nutrient deficiency symptom, which were marked, then refertilizing to the plants growth recovered and re-marked, and followed by low N, P, K stress and marked again. The plants with outstanding character in biological traits, physiological and biochemical characteristics were selected through the system. It possible to screen out the highly effective use rubber seeding plants under the N, P, K nutrient short or sufficient environmental conditions.
70 N, P, K highly effective use rubber seedling plants were screened out in total, of which there were 21 GT1 and RRIM600 seedling plants respectively, selection rate were 11.67%; 28 PR107 seedling plants, selection rate 15.56%, under the condition of N, P, K nutrient deprivation or sufficiency, through almost 3 years by the N、P、K nutrient regulation screening system.
The N、P、K highly effective uses rubber seedling plants selected out by the system shown superiority in growth and physiological biochemistry characteristic. The plants screened out were significantly or very significantly superior than the other plants in the same treatment and ck (fertilized conventionally) in biology character target (height, stem diameter, leaf-umbrella distance, leaf area, the value of leaf SPAD), the leaf nutrient target (the leaf content of N, P and K), photosynthesizes speed Pn, moisture content use efficiency WUE, the resistance target (relative conductivity, the MDA content, the Pro content) and the enzyme activity target (the NR and SOD activeness) and so on.
The relativity among 20 screening parameters was analyzed and result shown that there were closed relation among some parameters. According to the degree of relation among the main biological characters, the order in the related rate of the N highly effective use was: leaf-umbrella distance, the value of leaf SPAD, stem diameter, leaf area and height. Among the leaf nutrient character it was:K content, P content and N content. Of the P highly effective issue was:height, stem diameter, leaf-umbrella distance, the value of leaf SPAD and leaf area; among the leaf nutrient character was:P content, N content and K content. Of the K highly effective use was:stem diameter, height, the value of leaf SPAD, leaf area and leaf-umbrella distance; among the leaf nutrient character was the P content, the K content and the N content. So that it was suggested that when to screen out the N, P, K highly effective use rubber seedling plants, the closed relation screening parameters would be observed to instead of the all screening parameters that in order to reduce the workload and improve the screening efficiency in the screening system.
In summary, the nutrient highly effective use plant screening system was improved by the mean of nutrition regulating not only nutrient stressing. It was probed that the method to screen out the N, P, K highly effective use rubber seedling plants under the environmental conditions of N, P, K nutrient deprivation or sufficiency. And some N、P、K highly effective use plants, which could highly effective use the nutrient under the environmental conditions of N, P, K nutrient deprivation or sufficiency, were elected. However, it only would be used in rubber production or as the rubber rootstock germplasm for scientific research after the further discriminated by molecular analyzed and the compatibility tested of rubber tree stock and scion.
1初步建立起橡胶树养分高效利用砧木材料筛选体系
本研究在其它作物耐N、P、K胁迫筛选方法的基础上进行了改进,建立了N、P、K营养调控筛选体系。本体系将长势一致的实生苗种植在高位沙床上,采用低N、P、K营养胁迫-初选-复肥-复选-再胁迫-再选择的方法选择在生物学性状和生理生化特性方面表现突出的单株,本法可能筛选出在N、P、K养分匮乏或充足环境条件下都具有N、P、K养分高效利用潜力的砧木材料。
2初步筛选出一些在N、P、K养分匮乏或充足环境条件下的N、P、K高效利用橡胶实生苗单株
经过历程近3年的N、P、K养分胁迫初选-复肥复选-再胁迫再选择,共筛选出70株在N、P、K养分匮乏或充足环境条件下的N、P、K高效利用橡胶实生苗单株。其中,GT1和RRIM600实生苗分别为21株,选出率均为11.67%；PR107实生苗28株,选出率15.56%。
3初选的橡胶实生苗N、P、K高效利用单株的优异表现
采用本法选出的N、P、K高效利用单株表现出较强的生长优势和优异的生理生化特性,各优株的生物学性状指标(株高、茎粗、叶蓬距、叶面积、叶片SPAD值),叶片养分性状指标(N、P、K含量),净光合速率Pn、水分利用效率WUE,抗逆性指标(相对电导率、MDA含量、Pro含量)和酶活性指标(NR、SOD活性)等均显著或极显著地优于普通株和ck(常规施肥处理)。
4橡胶树N、P、K高效利用砧木材料筛选指标优化的建议
对现有20个筛选指标进行相关性分析,结果表明一些指标高度相关。其中,N高效利用优株主要生物学性状指标根据相关程度其先后顺序为：叶蓬距、叶片SPAD值,茎粗、叶面积,株高；叶片养分性状为：K含量,P含量,N含量。P高效利用优株的为：株高、茎粗,叶蓬距,叶片SPAD值,叶面积；叶片养分性状为：P含量,N含量,K含量。K高效利用的优株为：茎粗,株高,叶片SPAD值,叶面积,叶蓬距；叶片养分性状为P含量,K含量,N含量。因此,建议在N、P、K高效利用优株筛选时,可根据选择对象采用高度相关的指标,以减少本筛选方法的工作量,提高筛选工作效率。
综上所述,本研究是以营养调控为手段,改进了以往仅以养分胁迫为手段的筛选方法。初步探讨了在N、P、K养分匮乏或充足环境条件下具有养分高效利用潜力砧木材料的筛选方法,并筛选出一批在N、P、K养分匮乏或充足环境条件下都能高效利用养分的优良单株。但这些优株还需进一步作分子水平的分析鉴定和通过橡胶树砧穗亲和性试验等,才能应用于生产,或作砧木种质资源等科学研究。
There are obvious effect of the rootstock on the growth, latex yield and resistant ability of rubber budding tree. Therefore, it is significance that selection and propagation of the rootstock material which makes for the rubber budding tree grow fast, give a high yield and high resistance in the improvement of rubber tree planting material, directing rubber budding breeding, or discussing the theory of rubber rootstock selection. In this paper, a N, P, K highly effective use plants screening system was studied by that to treat the rubber seedling of 3 varieties, GT1, RRIM600 and PR107 with the N, P, K nutrient regulation, that developed from the N, P, K stress screening method, to select the N、P、K highly effective use rootstock material for rubber budding tree, a megaphanerophyte. The main results shown as follows:
A N, P, K nutrient regulation screening system was established for the highly effective use rubber seedling plants base on the low N, P, K stress screening system for some of crops. It was that the uniform seedlings were grown in the raised sand bed and up-took in normal way until the plants grown 2-flush leaves, and then low N, P, K stress on the seedling until the plants appeared obvious nutrient deficiency symptom, which were marked, then refertilizing to the plants growth recovered and re-marked, and followed by low N, P, K stress and marked again. The plants with outstanding character in biological traits, physiological and biochemical characteristics were selected through the system. It possible to screen out the highly effective use rubber seeding plants under the N, P, K nutrient short or sufficient environmental conditions.
70 N, P, K highly effective use rubber seedling plants were screened out in total, of which there were 21 GT1 and RRIM600 seedling plants respectively, selection rate were 11.67%; 28 PR107 seedling plants, selection rate 15.56%, under the condition of N, P, K nutrient deprivation or sufficiency, through almost 3 years by the N、P、K nutrient regulation screening system.
The N、P、K highly effective uses rubber seedling plants selected out by the system shown superiority in growth and physiological biochemistry characteristic. The plants screened out were significantly or very significantly superior than the other plants in the same treatment and ck (fertilized conventionally) in biology character target (height, stem diameter, leaf-umbrella distance, leaf area, the value of leaf SPAD), the leaf nutrient target (the leaf content of N, P and K), photosynthesizes speed Pn, moisture content use efficiency WUE, the resistance target (relative conductivity, the MDA content, the Pro content) and the enzyme activity target (the NR and SOD activeness) and so on.
The relativity among 20 screening parameters was analyzed and result shown that there were closed relation among some parameters. According to the degree of relation among the main biological characters, the order in the related rate of the N highly effective use was: leaf-umbrella distance, the value of leaf SPAD, stem diameter, leaf area and height. Among the leaf nutrient character it was:K content, P content and N content. Of the P highly effective issue was:height, stem diameter, leaf-umbrella distance, the value of leaf SPAD and leaf area; among the leaf nutrient character was:P content, N content and K content. Of the K highly effective use was:stem diameter, height, the value of leaf SPAD, leaf area and leaf-umbrella distance; among the leaf nutrient character was the P content, the K content and the N content. So that it was suggested that when to screen out the N, P, K highly effective use rubber seedling plants, the closed relation screening parameters would be observed to instead of the all screening parameters that in order to reduce the workload and improve the screening efficiency in the screening system.
In summary, the nutrient highly effective use plant screening system was improved by the mean of nutrition regulating not only nutrient stressing. It was probed that the method to screen out the N, P, K highly effective use rubber seedling plants under the environmental conditions of N, P, K nutrient deprivation or sufficiency. And some N、P、K highly effective use plants, which could highly effective use the nutrient under the environmental conditions of N, P, K nutrient deprivation or sufficiency, were elected. However, it only would be used in rubber production or as the rubber rootstock germplasm for scientific research after the further discriminated by molecular analyzed and the compatibility tested of rubber tree stock and scion.
引文
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