论美国新闻教育的职业化
|
摘要
美国的新闻教育从它的诞生之日到现在,一直走在全世界新闻教育的前列。职业性(Professional)是美国的新闻教育最为明显的特征。职业性就是在培养人才的过程中注重实务技能的训练,使培养出来的人才能尽快地满足实践工作的需要。而职业化(Professionalization)又是一个从职业(Occupation)发展到职业主义或者专业主义(Professionalism)的动态的过程。由于约定俗成的说法,在全文中我们统一采用“职业化”这个词语,它既包括了职业性的特征,又包括了职业化的过程。
本文认为,新闻教育的职业化涵义由三个要素组成,职业技能的训练、职业精神的培养和学术性的形成。技能训练是基础,在任何时期新闻工作都必须要以实践工作为主,满足实务工作的需要。这就需要新闻工作者在大学教育中掌握牢固的采、写、编、评等业务知识。但技能训练决不是职业化的唯一涵义。职业化还应该具备相应的职业精神与职业道德,在美国,这种职业精神或道德被提升到了“新闻专业主义”的高度。新闻专业主义的精神从个体的角度来说,就是一系列内化了的专业信念、价值观、职业道德和从业行为标准规范,从行业规范的角度来说,这些包括专业实践的资格认可,彰显专业精神的范例,确认这些范例的行业内部机制、行业组织的自律、道德准则和职业信条等等。
随着时代的发展,职业化被融入了第三个要素:学术性。社会的不断进步对于职业化的要求也越来越高。职业化必须要与一定的学术性相结合,才能具有长久的生命力。在新的历史时期,单一的技能训练已经不能满足复杂和多元的社会的需要,在新闻教育的过程中,需要灌输文学、历史、社会、经济、哲学、自然科学等各门学科的知识和理论,进行通识和通才教育,所培养的人才才能胜任不断发展的社会变革的要求。不过,需要明确的是,学术性最终不可能取代职业化,在职业化发展进程中,实用性的技能训练始终是主体,过于学术化或者过于实用化都会导致新闻教育走入误区。
美国的新闻教育沿袭一条职业化的发展轨迹,是有着它的历史原因和社会条件
Journalism Education in US has been keeping ahead among those in all other countries since it has born. The most obvious character of Journalism Education in US is the “Professional”and the main purpose of that so-called “professional”is to train the skilled journalists to meet the needs of the practical work in media career. Meanwhile, professionalization refers to a developing process from the meaning “Occupation”to “Professionalism”.
In my opinion, the conception of “Professional”includes three factors: Skill training, Professional Spirit and Academism. Skill Training is the foundation of those three factors and which was required in all kinds of media career and all historic periods. In that case, journalists should firmly handle all kinds of practical skills such as reporting, interviewing, editing and criticize, etc. However, skill training is by no means the only one ingredient, besides, the professional sprit and the ethics codes should be regarded as same important as well. In the US, this professional spirit or code of ethics has been elevated to the height of "media professionalism." From the angle of individual entities, media professionalism represents a series of internalized professional perceptions, beliefs, value systems, professional ethics, and norm of practitioners' conduct. From the angle of institutional norms, these include recognition of eligibility for practice, examplars of manifested professional spirit, institutional internal mechanisms for setting up the norms, self-regulation by industry organizations, as well as rules and regulations for ethical criteria and principles.
Academism was later integrated into the former two components as the third factor of ‘Professional”accompany with the higher requirements to journalists from the continuing developing society. Since the journalists are required to have more and more ability, the sole skill training is gradually showing less and less predominance in media career. No other than skill training gets along with academy then the professional will have a long last life. Therefore, in their teaching process, educators should combine more theories and knowledge like philosophy, psychology, linguists, history, economy, Nature Science
together to join into journalism education and so that the students they trained will be qualified enough to adapt to the continuing developing society. However, we should always make clear that the Academy can not replace to skill training, instead, Academy should keep the balance with skill training, decline to either of which will fall journalism education to the crisis. Nevertheless, the shaping of professional in US was based on its own social background, though it sometimes deficient, it is indeed successful. Compared with the Journalism Education in Europe which emphasis more on Academy and those in Japan which emphasis more on Quality Education, the professional journalism education has its own advantages. In China, journalism education related to American congenitally and we may to some extent accelerate our own Journalism Education by using the reference of US. The dissertation is divided into 8 chapters. The preface introduced the research purpose, meaning, background, innovation and research method; Chapter 2 is the review of history which shows how and why professional journalism education formed in the American history; Chapter 3 is the core of the whole paper and it goes deeply into the thoughts of professional and analyzed the reason why the thoughts constructed; Following that, chapter 4-6 described the current situation of how professional has been put into practice from three aspects as Teaching Content, Teaching approaches and Methods, Educators. Further, we dispose the pitfalls that the Journalism Education in US would most likely to meet and then will make efforts to solve those problems. In chapter 7, we explored a series of new issues that could be put forward in new century and predicted the future prospect of Journalism Education in US; Finally, based on the rethinking of professional in Journalism Education, we drop an evaluation to the professional of Journalism Education in US which includes the relationship among three factors that we mentioned; how Journalism Education in US compared with those in other countries; and whether or how it can really influence the Journalism Education in China.
本文认为,新闻教育的职业化涵义由三个要素组成,职业技能的训练、职业精神的培养和学术性的形成。技能训练是基础,在任何时期新闻工作都必须要以实践工作为主,满足实务工作的需要。这就需要新闻工作者在大学教育中掌握牢固的采、写、编、评等业务知识。但技能训练决不是职业化的唯一涵义。职业化还应该具备相应的职业精神与职业道德,在美国,这种职业精神或道德被提升到了“新闻专业主义”的高度。新闻专业主义的精神从个体的角度来说,就是一系列内化了的专业信念、价值观、职业道德和从业行为标准规范,从行业规范的角度来说,这些包括专业实践的资格认可,彰显专业精神的范例,确认这些范例的行业内部机制、行业组织的自律、道德准则和职业信条等等。
随着时代的发展,职业化被融入了第三个要素:学术性。社会的不断进步对于职业化的要求也越来越高。职业化必须要与一定的学术性相结合,才能具有长久的生命力。在新的历史时期,单一的技能训练已经不能满足复杂和多元的社会的需要,在新闻教育的过程中,需要灌输文学、历史、社会、经济、哲学、自然科学等各门学科的知识和理论,进行通识和通才教育,所培养的人才才能胜任不断发展的社会变革的要求。不过,需要明确的是,学术性最终不可能取代职业化,在职业化发展进程中,实用性的技能训练始终是主体,过于学术化或者过于实用化都会导致新闻教育走入误区。
美国的新闻教育沿袭一条职业化的发展轨迹,是有着它的历史原因和社会条件
Journalism Education in US has been keeping ahead among those in all other countries since it has born. The most obvious character of Journalism Education in US is the “Professional”and the main purpose of that so-called “professional”is to train the skilled journalists to meet the needs of the practical work in media career. Meanwhile, professionalization refers to a developing process from the meaning “Occupation”to “Professionalism”.
In my opinion, the conception of “Professional”includes three factors: Skill training, Professional Spirit and Academism. Skill Training is the foundation of those three factors and which was required in all kinds of media career and all historic periods. In that case, journalists should firmly handle all kinds of practical skills such as reporting, interviewing, editing and criticize, etc. However, skill training is by no means the only one ingredient, besides, the professional sprit and the ethics codes should be regarded as same important as well. In the US, this professional spirit or code of ethics has been elevated to the height of "media professionalism." From the angle of individual entities, media professionalism represents a series of internalized professional perceptions, beliefs, value systems, professional ethics, and norm of practitioners' conduct. From the angle of institutional norms, these include recognition of eligibility for practice, examplars of manifested professional spirit, institutional internal mechanisms for setting up the norms, self-regulation by industry organizations, as well as rules and regulations for ethical criteria and principles.
Academism was later integrated into the former two components as the third factor of ‘Professional”accompany with the higher requirements to journalists from the continuing developing society. Since the journalists are required to have more and more ability, the sole skill training is gradually showing less and less predominance in media career. No other than skill training gets along with academy then the professional will have a long last life. Therefore, in their teaching process, educators should combine more theories and knowledge like philosophy, psychology, linguists, history, economy, Nature Science
together to join into journalism education and so that the students they trained will be qualified enough to adapt to the continuing developing society. However, we should always make clear that the Academy can not replace to skill training, instead, Academy should keep the balance with skill training, decline to either of which will fall journalism education to the crisis. Nevertheless, the shaping of professional in US was based on its own social background, though it sometimes deficient, it is indeed successful. Compared with the Journalism Education in Europe which emphasis more on Academy and those in Japan which emphasis more on Quality Education, the professional journalism education has its own advantages. In China, journalism education related to American congenitally and we may to some extent accelerate our own Journalism Education by using the reference of US. The dissertation is divided into 8 chapters. The preface introduced the research purpose, meaning, background, innovation and research method; Chapter 2 is the review of history which shows how and why professional journalism education formed in the American history; Chapter 3 is the core of the whole paper and it goes deeply into the thoughts of professional and analyzed the reason why the thoughts constructed; Following that, chapter 4-6 described the current situation of how professional has been put into practice from three aspects as Teaching Content, Teaching approaches and Methods, Educators. Further, we dispose the pitfalls that the Journalism Education in US would most likely to meet and then will make efforts to solve those problems. In chapter 7, we explored a series of new issues that could be put forward in new century and predicted the future prospect of Journalism Education in US; Finally, based on the rethinking of professional in Journalism Education, we drop an evaluation to the professional of Journalism Education in US which includes the relationship among three factors that we mentioned; how Journalism Education in US compared with those in other countries; and whether or how it can really influence the Journalism Education in China.
引文
[1] Mieando, Joseph A: Embracing Objectivity Early On: Journalism Textbooks of the1800s. Journal of Mass Media Ethics, 08900523,2001, Vol. 16, Issue 1.
[2] Carolyn Bronstein, Stephen Vaugh:.Willard G. Bleyer and the relevance of journalism education. Journalism & Mass Communication Monographs. Columbia: Jun 1998. Iss.166; pg0-5,38pgs.
[3] Joy Morrison :The Changing Model of Russian Media and Journalism Education.. Journalism & Mass communication educator. Columbia:Autumn. 1997. Vol.52, Iss.3; pg.26
[4] Bjork, Ulf Jonas: The European debate in 1894 on journalism education. Journalism & mass communication educator. Columbia: spring 1996.Vol.51,Iss. 1; pg68,7 pgs.
[5] Hao Xiaoming, Xu Xiaoge: Exploring between two worlds: china’s journalism education. Journalism & Mass Communication Educator. Columbia: Autumn 1997. Vol.52, Iss.3; pg.35,13pgs.
[6] Vu Xu, Leonard L Chu, Guo Zhongshi.:Reform and Challenge: An analysis of China’s journalism education under social transition. Gazette. Deventer: Feb 2002. Vol.64,Iss.1; pg.63,15pgs.
[7] Jeremy cohen:Editor’s note: Is Columbia University’s professional school reform more than a distant dream?. Journalism & Mass communication educator. Columbia: Autumn. 2002. Vol.57,Iss.3; pg.180,3pgs.
[8] .Brent Cunningham: Searching for the perfect J-School, Columbia Journalism Review: Nov/dec 2002; 41,4: ABI/Inform Global. Pg20.
[9] Case Tony: A need to Communicate. Editor & Publisher. New York: Oct15,1994. Vol.127,Iss 42; pg.30,2pgs.
[10] William E Woo: The Bridge between the Classroom and Journalism., Nieman Report, Winter2002.
[11] Black, Creed: Remembering Where You Came From., Editor& Publisher, 0013094X, 10/21/95,Vol.128,Issue42.
[12] Mohl,Jeffrey: Instilling a passion for Journalism. D, Quill,00336475,Jul/Aug2001, Vol.89,Issue6.
[13] Education Question. Qill,00336475, Jul/Aug96,Vol.83,Issue 6.
[14] Hall,Lee: The J-School debate., Electronic Media,11/18/2002,Vol.21.Issue46.
[15] Michael ryan, Les Switzer: Balancing arts and sciences,skills,and conceptual content.. Journalism & Mass Communication educator. Columbia: Summer 2001.Vol.56,Iss.2; pg.55,14pgs.
[16] Paterno, Susan: Shift seen away from j-school roots. Editor&Publisher. Aug31, 1996.Vol.129,Iss.35; pg.18,2pgs.
[17] Melvin Mencher: What should be taught in Journalism Schools? Nieman Reports, Winter 2002.
[18] Seigenthaler, John: An enemy of Journalism Education? Not me! Editor & Publisher, 0013094X, 7/30/94,Vol.127, Issue 31.
[19] Wicklein, John: No Experience required., Columbia Journalism Review, 0010194X, Sept/Oct94, Vol.33,Issue3.
[20] Stein, M.L: A self-created Problem? Editor&Publisher, 0013094X,6/17/95, Vol.128, Issue24.
[21] Rosenfeld, Harry: The place to stiffen Journalism Spines, Columbia Journalism Review,0010194X, Sept/Oct2000,Vol.39,Issue3.
[22] Stephens, Mitchell: A J-School manifesto., Columbia Journalism Review, 0010194X, Sept/Oct2000,Vol.39,Issue3.
[23] Thoms Kunkel: What is Journalism Education? American journalism Review; Jan/feb 2003; 25,1; PA Research II Periodicals pg4.
[24] Kirtz, Bill: Good Journalists have a good grasp of the liberal arts. The Chronicle of Higher education. Washington:Feb7,1997.Vol.43,Iss.22; pg.B6,1pgs.
[25] Tom Dickson: The gap between educators and professional journalists., Wanda Brandon. Journalism & Mass Communication Educator. Columbia:autumn. 2000.Vol.55,Iss.3; pg.50, 18pgs.
[26] Ziff,Howard M,Pulitzer: The closing of the Journalistic Mind., Joseph. Columbia Journalism Review. New York:jan 1992.Vol.30,Iss.5; pg.49,3pgs.
[27] Steiner,Linda: Career Guidance books assess the value of journalism education.. The Journalism educator. Columbia:Spring 1994.Vol.49,Iss.1; pg.49.
[28] Mike Williams: Working together to improve visual journalism education., News photographer Durham: Apr 1997. Vol.52,Iss.4; pg.S3,1pgs.
[29] Goree,Keith: Teaching Moral Development in Journalism Education., Journal of Mass Media Ethics, 08900523,2000,Vol.15,Issue 2.
[30] Covering Education: What’s our Grade? Columbia Journalism review, 0010194X, Sept/Oct 2000.Vol.39,Issue 3.
[31] Mohl,Jeffrey: Education is more than a classroom exercise. D, Quill, 00336475. Aug2000,Vol. 88,Issue7.
[32] Barger,Wendy: Journalism Ethics Classes: Do they make better journalists? Elliott,Deni, Quill, 00336475, Aug2000,Vol.88,Issue7.
[33] Dale Maharidge: Passing along the magic of Journalism. Nieman reports,Winter 2002.
[34] Corrigan, Don: His message to J-School Educators: “Lighten up!”,Editor &Publisher, 0013094X, 10/22/94,Vol.127,Issue 43.
[35] Edward J Smith: Professional and Academic levels of a mass media writing course.. Journalism &Mass Communication Educator. Columbia: Spring 1997.Vol.52,Iss.1; pg.59,7pgs
[36] Wolper,Allan: Double up on Journalism? Editor &publisher, 0013094X, 9/9/95,Vol.128,Issue36.
[37] Johnson,Michelle:Aftershock: Journalists and Trauma., Quill,00336475,Dec99, Vol.87, Issue9.
[38] Freedom Forum gives $ 100,000 grant for minority journalists. May 31, 1993.Vol.84,Iss.5; pg24,1pgs.
[39] Stein, M.L: Increased interest in print journalism Editor &Publisher. Newyork:Sept3,1994.Vol.127,Iss.36; 36; pg.12,2pgs.
[40] Hochheimer, John L,Hochheimer,Joanne Dvorak: All the news that’s fit:Introducing journalism education as if students’lives mattered.. The journal of Communication Inquiry. Iowa City:Summer 1994.Vol.18,Iss.2; pg.121.
[41] Lattimore:Journalist, Protect our Young. Laurie A, Quill,00336475,April 2000, vol.88, Issue 3.
[42] Castaneda laura: High School journalism—“We are trying to inspire folks to believe again.”, Columbia Journalism Review, 001094X, Mar/Apr2001,Vol.39,Issue 6.
[43] Gersh,debra: Covering the total community.. Editor&publisher.new York: May 15,1993.Vol.126,Iss.20; pg.16,1pgs.
[44] Martinson, David L: Students don’t understand democracy? Look to journalism education. The clearing House. Washington: Jan/feb, 1996.Vol.69,Iss.3; pg.163,3pgs.
[45] Iwata,Edward: A new Sense of Mission.. Editor& publisher. NewYork:Jun 27,1992.Vol.125,Iss.26; pg.10,2pgs.
[46] Aumente, Jerome: Training tomorrow’s journalists in a Global Medium., Nieman Reports, 00289817, winter 2000,Vol.54.Issue 4.
[47] Education and Communication Communication Abstrats, 01622811, Jun 2000,Vol.23,Issue 3.
[48] Stough,Charles: Why Journalists should teach., Editor & publisher, 0013094X, 2/4/95,Vol.128, Issue 5.
[49] Sullivan,betty :Newspapers: In the classroom and beyond.,Quill,00336475,Jun 2001,Vol.89,Issue 5.
[50] Hardin, Linda friddle: Coloring outside the lines: Creating a middle school publications program. English Journal.urbana; Nov 1995.Vol.84,Iss.7; pg.92.
[51] Tantillo, Susan Hathaway: National journalism certification: Providing qualified teachers and advisers. National Association of Secondary School Principals. NASSP Bulletin. Reston: Feb 1995.Vol.79,Iss.568; pg.49.
[52] Lucinda D Davenport, Fred Fico, Margaret H Defleur: Computer-assisted reporting in classrooms: A decade of diffusion and a comparison to newsrooms. Journalism & Mass Communication.
[53] Scott, Sandra Davidson.:The technological challenge for curriculum and instruction. Journalism & Mass Communication educator. Columbia: Summer.1995. Vol.50, Iss.2, pg.30
[54] Robert leger: High School recruitment trip shows society’s commitment to students.. The Quill. Chicago:Jan/Feb 2001.Vol.89,Iss.1; pg.S2,1pgs
[55] Educating Journalists. Quill, 00336475,Jul 95 special Convention Issue,Vol.83,Issue.
[56] Fiore, Lois, Tiner, Stan: An Alabama Journalism Partnership., Nieman Reports, 00289817,Spring98, Vol.52,Issue 1.
[57] Wanda Brandom: Experiential learning: A new research path to the study of journalism education. Journalism and Mass Communication educator; Columbia; Spring 2002;
[58] Dennis M Wilkins:Despite computers, journalism remains a human enterprise.. Journalism & Mass Communication Educator. Columbia: Spring.1997. Vol.52, Iss.1; pg.72,7pgs.
[59] Juliana barbassa. Hispanic. Washington: Summer program for journalists.: jan/feb 1998.Vol.11,Iss.1/2’pg.106,1pgs.
[60] Edward J Smith: Professional and academic levels of a mass media writing course.. Journalism & Mass Communication educator. Columbia:spring.
[61] Pease, Edward C: Professional orientation equals second-class status in academe.. The journalism educator. Columbia:Autumn 1993.Vol.48,Iss.3:pg38.
[62] Hernandez, debra Gersh: Tracking myths about journalism education.. Editor&publisher. New York: Sep 16,1995.Vol.128.Iss.37; Sec.1.pg.18,2pgs.
[63] Beasley, Maurine: Journalism Schools do not prepare their students for the realities they will face after graduation. The Chronicle of Higher Education; May 23,1990; 36; PA Research II periodicals pg.B1.
[64] John, jeffret Alan, Tidwell, James:Links between professional education and the penalized campus press. Journalism & Mass Communication educator. Columbia:Summer 1996.Vol.51,Iss 2; pg.15,10 pgs.
[65] Johnson, Paul the spectator: Journalists as pedagogues.; Jan 12,1991; 266,8479; PA Research II periodicals pg.17.
[66] Gilleland, Larue: Journal editor says predictions were optimistic----and wrong.. Journalism & Mass Communication educator. Columbia; Autumn 1995.Vol. 50.Iss.3; pg.77.
[67] Van Ommeren, Roger: High school Journalism----Education tool or Extracurricular Trash? Olson, Lyle, Rossow, marshal. Editor& publisher. New York: Dec 12.
[68] Dow Jones fund contributes to journalism education. Editor and Publisher. Editor & publisher. New work : dec 10,1994.Vol.127,Iss. 50; pg.24,1pgs.
[69] Anonymous: FIU Program will train Journalists in central America. Editor & Publisher. New York: Jun 11,1988.Vol.121.Iss.24; pg.88,1pgs.
[70] Stein, M.L:Regional Revival. Editor & Publisher. New York: Jun 20,1992.Vol.125, Iss.25; pg.15,1pgs.
[71] Kaggwa, Lawrence: Give Minority J-school students better skills by giving jobs to their teacher.The bulletin of the American Society of Newspaper Editors. Reston: Jan 1993, Iss.747; pg.28.
[72] Doug. Matrix. Arlington: The acost of Accreditation-Is it worth it. Newson,: Winter 1976-1977.Vol.62,Iss.2; pg26.
[73] Anderson,Laird B: Around the world, U.S.government-style journalism education works well.. American Society of Newspaper Editors. The Bulletin of the American Society of Newspaper editors. Reston: Apr1994.. Iss.758; pg26.
[74] Ken Liebeskind: The helping hands for journalism. Editor& Publisher. New York: Dec 11,2000.Vol.133,Iss.50; pg.26,2pgs.
[75] Anonymous: The j-school joust. Editor &publisher. New York: mar 17,2003. Vol. 136,Iss.11; pg10.
[76] .Macy Guppy: Pooling Resources: The pros and cons of PR in J-School. The Quill. Chicago: Aug2000. Vol 2000. Vol 88,Iss.7; pg.16,3pgs.
[77] Jennie L Phipps:. Teaching new media journalists: what really matters in the classroom? Editor & Publisher. New York: Mar 1998. pg.29,1pgs.
[78] Neil Henry: Journalism education: A lost cause?.The education digest. Ann Arbor: Feb 1999. Vol. 64,Iss. 6; pgs.66,5pgs.
[79] .Paul S. Voakes, Bandal A. Beam and Christine Ogan:. The impact of Technological Change on Journalism Education: A survey of faculty and administratiors Journalism & Mass Communication Educator. Wintor 2003; 57, 4; PA Research II Periodicals pg 318.
[80] Carolyn Martindale. Bernt, Joseph: NRJ books---Pluralizing Journalism Education: A Multicultural Handbook Edited by. Newspaper Research journal. Athens: summer 1994. Vol.15, Iss. 3; pg.146.
[81] Aumente, Jerome: Training tomorrow’s Journalists in a Global medium., Nieman Reports, 00289817, winter2000, Vol. 54,Issue 4.
[82] James J Napoli:. International Journalism education at the end of history, starting in Albania. Journalism & mass communication educator. Columbia: Autumn.
[83] Dennis M wilkins: Despite computers, journalism remains a human enterprise. Journalism & Mass Communication educator. Columbia: Spring 1997.Vol.52, Iss.1; pg.72,7pgs.
[84] Smith. Carol. Kim, Haeryon, Bernstein, James: Computer-mediated communication and strategies for teaching: Instructional use of e-mail and bulletin boards. The journalism Educator. Columbia: Spring. 1993. Vol. 48, Iss. 1’pg.80.
[85] 吴廷俊:中国新闻教育模式的历史评析与发展思考,传媒学术网2001
[86] 李良荣:中国21 世纪前10 年新闻教育走向,传媒学术网-专家论坛,2003(10)
[87] 朱春阳:2002 年中国传播学研究回顾,中华传媒网-传媒人视点,2003(10)
[88] 吴廷俊:传播学的导入与中国新闻教育模式的改革,中华传播学会2001 年香港协会
[89] 丁淦林:大学新闻教育的体系与培养目标应该怎样确定?传媒学术网-学术焦点,2003(10)
[90] 朱立:大学新闻教育往何处去?潮流月刊,第20 期,1988(10)
[91] 郑贞铭:新闻教育的基本理念,新闻大学,总41 期,1994
[92] 【美】James. W Carey, 新闻教育错在何处,20 世纪新闻教育峰会演讲稿
[93] 陈昌风:中国新闻教育:你往哪里去,传媒学术网,2002(7)
[94] 郭镇之:舆论监督与西方新闻工作者的专业主义,国际新闻界,1999(5),32-38
[95] 陆晔、潘忠党:成名的想象:中国社会转型过程中新闻从业者的专业主义话语建构,新闻学研究
[96] De forest O’Dell: The history of Journalism Education in the United States, Bureau of Publications Teachers College, Columbia University, New york city.1935.
[97] 童兵著:比较新闻传播学,北京:中国人民大学出版社,2002(5)
[98] 别敦荣著:中美大学学术管理,武汉:华中理工大学出版社,2000(12)
[99] 郑贞铭:中国大学新闻教育之研究,台北:台湾嘉新水泥公司文化基金会,民国53(9)
[100] 郑贞铭:中外新闻传播教育:台北:台湾远流出版事业股份有限公司,1999(7)
[101] 李瞻:世界新闻史,台北:三名印书局,民国74(9)增订版,409
[102] 李良荣:西方新闻事业概论,49,复旦大学出版社,1997 年版
[103] .李良荣:当代西方新闻媒体,上海:复旦大学出版社,2003(6),115-120
[104] 李建新:中国新闻教育流变论,博士学位论文,华中科技大学教科院,2002(11)
[2] Carolyn Bronstein, Stephen Vaugh:.Willard G. Bleyer and the relevance of journalism education. Journalism & Mass Communication Monographs. Columbia: Jun 1998. Iss.166; pg0-5,38pgs.
[3] Joy Morrison :The Changing Model of Russian Media and Journalism Education.. Journalism & Mass communication educator. Columbia:Autumn. 1997. Vol.52, Iss.3; pg.26
[4] Bjork, Ulf Jonas: The European debate in 1894 on journalism education. Journalism & mass communication educator. Columbia: spring 1996.Vol.51,Iss. 1; pg68,7 pgs.
[5] Hao Xiaoming, Xu Xiaoge: Exploring between two worlds: china’s journalism education. Journalism & Mass Communication Educator. Columbia: Autumn 1997. Vol.52, Iss.3; pg.35,13pgs.
[6] Vu Xu, Leonard L Chu, Guo Zhongshi.:Reform and Challenge: An analysis of China’s journalism education under social transition. Gazette. Deventer: Feb 2002. Vol.64,Iss.1; pg.63,15pgs.
[7] Jeremy cohen:Editor’s note: Is Columbia University’s professional school reform more than a distant dream?. Journalism & Mass communication educator. Columbia: Autumn. 2002. Vol.57,Iss.3; pg.180,3pgs.
[8] .Brent Cunningham: Searching for the perfect J-School, Columbia Journalism Review: Nov/dec 2002; 41,4: ABI/Inform Global. Pg20.
[9] Case Tony: A need to Communicate. Editor & Publisher. New York: Oct15,1994. Vol.127,Iss 42; pg.30,2pgs.
[10] William E Woo: The Bridge between the Classroom and Journalism., Nieman Report, Winter2002.
[11] Black, Creed: Remembering Where You Came From., Editor& Publisher, 0013094X, 10/21/95,Vol.128,Issue42.
[12] Mohl,Jeffrey: Instilling a passion for Journalism. D, Quill,00336475,Jul/Aug2001, Vol.89,Issue6.
[13] Education Question. Qill,00336475, Jul/Aug96,Vol.83,Issue 6.
[14] Hall,Lee: The J-School debate., Electronic Media,11/18/2002,Vol.21.Issue46.
[15] Michael ryan, Les Switzer: Balancing arts and sciences,skills,and conceptual content.. Journalism & Mass Communication educator. Columbia: Summer 2001.Vol.56,Iss.2; pg.55,14pgs.
[16] Paterno, Susan: Shift seen away from j-school roots. Editor&Publisher. Aug31, 1996.Vol.129,Iss.35; pg.18,2pgs.
[17] Melvin Mencher: What should be taught in Journalism Schools? Nieman Reports, Winter 2002.
[18] Seigenthaler, John: An enemy of Journalism Education? Not me! Editor & Publisher, 0013094X, 7/30/94,Vol.127, Issue 31.
[19] Wicklein, John: No Experience required., Columbia Journalism Review, 0010194X, Sept/Oct94, Vol.33,Issue3.
[20] Stein, M.L: A self-created Problem? Editor&Publisher, 0013094X,6/17/95, Vol.128, Issue24.
[21] Rosenfeld, Harry: The place to stiffen Journalism Spines, Columbia Journalism Review,0010194X, Sept/Oct2000,Vol.39,Issue3.
[22] Stephens, Mitchell: A J-School manifesto., Columbia Journalism Review, 0010194X, Sept/Oct2000,Vol.39,Issue3.
[23] Thoms Kunkel: What is Journalism Education? American journalism Review; Jan/feb 2003; 25,1; PA Research II Periodicals pg4.
[24] Kirtz, Bill: Good Journalists have a good grasp of the liberal arts. The Chronicle of Higher education. Washington:Feb7,1997.Vol.43,Iss.22; pg.B6,1pgs.
[25] Tom Dickson: The gap between educators and professional journalists., Wanda Brandon. Journalism & Mass Communication Educator. Columbia:autumn. 2000.Vol.55,Iss.3; pg.50, 18pgs.
[26] Ziff,Howard M,Pulitzer: The closing of the Journalistic Mind., Joseph. Columbia Journalism Review. New York:jan 1992.Vol.30,Iss.5; pg.49,3pgs.
[27] Steiner,Linda: Career Guidance books assess the value of journalism education.. The Journalism educator. Columbia:Spring 1994.Vol.49,Iss.1; pg.49.
[28] Mike Williams: Working together to improve visual journalism education., News photographer Durham: Apr 1997. Vol.52,Iss.4; pg.S3,1pgs.
[29] Goree,Keith: Teaching Moral Development in Journalism Education., Journal of Mass Media Ethics, 08900523,2000,Vol.15,Issue 2.
[30] Covering Education: What’s our Grade? Columbia Journalism review, 0010194X, Sept/Oct 2000.Vol.39,Issue 3.
[31] Mohl,Jeffrey: Education is more than a classroom exercise. D, Quill, 00336475. Aug2000,Vol. 88,Issue7.
[32] Barger,Wendy: Journalism Ethics Classes: Do they make better journalists? Elliott,Deni, Quill, 00336475, Aug2000,Vol.88,Issue7.
[33] Dale Maharidge: Passing along the magic of Journalism. Nieman reports,Winter 2002.
[34] Corrigan, Don: His message to J-School Educators: “Lighten up!”,Editor &Publisher, 0013094X, 10/22/94,Vol.127,Issue 43.
[35] Edward J Smith: Professional and Academic levels of a mass media writing course.. Journalism &Mass Communication Educator. Columbia: Spring 1997.Vol.52,Iss.1; pg.59,7pgs
[36] Wolper,Allan: Double up on Journalism? Editor &publisher, 0013094X, 9/9/95,Vol.128,Issue36.
[37] Johnson,Michelle:Aftershock: Journalists and Trauma., Quill,00336475,Dec99, Vol.87, Issue9.
[38] Freedom Forum gives $ 100,000 grant for minority journalists. May 31, 1993.Vol.84,Iss.5; pg24,1pgs.
[39] Stein, M.L: Increased interest in print journalism Editor &Publisher. Newyork:Sept3,1994.Vol.127,Iss.36; 36; pg.12,2pgs.
[40] Hochheimer, John L,Hochheimer,Joanne Dvorak: All the news that’s fit:Introducing journalism education as if students’lives mattered.. The journal of Communication Inquiry. Iowa City:Summer 1994.Vol.18,Iss.2; pg.121.
[41] Lattimore:Journalist, Protect our Young. Laurie A, Quill,00336475,April 2000, vol.88, Issue 3.
[42] Castaneda laura: High School journalism—“We are trying to inspire folks to believe again.”, Columbia Journalism Review, 001094X, Mar/Apr2001,Vol.39,Issue 6.
[43] Gersh,debra: Covering the total community.. Editor&publisher.new York: May 15,1993.Vol.126,Iss.20; pg.16,1pgs.
[44] Martinson, David L: Students don’t understand democracy? Look to journalism education. The clearing House. Washington: Jan/feb, 1996.Vol.69,Iss.3; pg.163,3pgs.
[45] Iwata,Edward: A new Sense of Mission.. Editor& publisher. NewYork:Jun 27,1992.Vol.125,Iss.26; pg.10,2pgs.
[46] Aumente, Jerome: Training tomorrow’s journalists in a Global Medium., Nieman Reports, 00289817, winter 2000,Vol.54.Issue 4.
[47] Education and Communication Communication Abstrats, 01622811, Jun 2000,Vol.23,Issue 3.
[48] Stough,Charles: Why Journalists should teach., Editor & publisher, 0013094X, 2/4/95,Vol.128, Issue 5.
[49] Sullivan,betty :Newspapers: In the classroom and beyond.,Quill,00336475,Jun 2001,Vol.89,Issue 5.
[50] Hardin, Linda friddle: Coloring outside the lines: Creating a middle school publications program. English Journal.urbana; Nov 1995.Vol.84,Iss.7; pg.92.
[51] Tantillo, Susan Hathaway: National journalism certification: Providing qualified teachers and advisers. National Association of Secondary School Principals. NASSP Bulletin. Reston: Feb 1995.Vol.79,Iss.568; pg.49.
[52] Lucinda D Davenport, Fred Fico, Margaret H Defleur: Computer-assisted reporting in classrooms: A decade of diffusion and a comparison to newsrooms. Journalism & Mass Communication.
[53] Scott, Sandra Davidson.:The technological challenge for curriculum and instruction. Journalism & Mass Communication educator. Columbia: Summer.1995. Vol.50, Iss.2, pg.30
[54] Robert leger: High School recruitment trip shows society’s commitment to students.. The Quill. Chicago:Jan/Feb 2001.Vol.89,Iss.1; pg.S2,1pgs
[55] Educating Journalists. Quill, 00336475,Jul 95 special Convention Issue,Vol.83,Issue.
[56] Fiore, Lois, Tiner, Stan: An Alabama Journalism Partnership., Nieman Reports, 00289817,Spring98, Vol.52,Issue 1.
[57] Wanda Brandom: Experiential learning: A new research path to the study of journalism education. Journalism and Mass Communication educator; Columbia; Spring 2002;
[58] Dennis M Wilkins:Despite computers, journalism remains a human enterprise.. Journalism & Mass Communication Educator. Columbia: Spring.1997. Vol.52, Iss.1; pg.72,7pgs.
[59] Juliana barbassa. Hispanic. Washington: Summer program for journalists.: jan/feb 1998.Vol.11,Iss.1/2’pg.106,1pgs.
[60] Edward J Smith: Professional and academic levels of a mass media writing course.. Journalism & Mass Communication educator. Columbia:spring.
[61] Pease, Edward C: Professional orientation equals second-class status in academe.. The journalism educator. Columbia:Autumn 1993.Vol.48,Iss.3:pg38.
[62] Hernandez, debra Gersh: Tracking myths about journalism education.. Editor&publisher. New York: Sep 16,1995.Vol.128.Iss.37; Sec.1.pg.18,2pgs.
[63] Beasley, Maurine: Journalism Schools do not prepare their students for the realities they will face after graduation. The Chronicle of Higher Education; May 23,1990; 36; PA Research II periodicals pg.B1.
[64] John, jeffret Alan, Tidwell, James:Links between professional education and the penalized campus press. Journalism & Mass Communication educator. Columbia:Summer 1996.Vol.51,Iss 2; pg.15,10 pgs.
[65] Johnson, Paul the spectator: Journalists as pedagogues.; Jan 12,1991; 266,8479; PA Research II periodicals pg.17.
[66] Gilleland, Larue: Journal editor says predictions were optimistic----and wrong.. Journalism & Mass Communication educator. Columbia; Autumn 1995.Vol. 50.Iss.3; pg.77.
[67] Van Ommeren, Roger: High school Journalism----Education tool or Extracurricular Trash? Olson, Lyle, Rossow, marshal. Editor& publisher. New York: Dec 12.
[68] Dow Jones fund contributes to journalism education. Editor and Publisher. Editor & publisher. New work : dec 10,1994.Vol.127,Iss. 50; pg.24,1pgs.
[69] Anonymous: FIU Program will train Journalists in central America. Editor & Publisher. New York: Jun 11,1988.Vol.121.Iss.24; pg.88,1pgs.
[70] Stein, M.L:Regional Revival. Editor & Publisher. New York: Jun 20,1992.Vol.125, Iss.25; pg.15,1pgs.
[71] Kaggwa, Lawrence: Give Minority J-school students better skills by giving jobs to their teacher.The bulletin of the American Society of Newspaper Editors. Reston: Jan 1993, Iss.747; pg.28.
[72] Doug. Matrix. Arlington: The acost of Accreditation-Is it worth it. Newson,: Winter 1976-1977.Vol.62,Iss.2; pg26.
[73] Anderson,Laird B: Around the world, U.S.government-style journalism education works well.. American Society of Newspaper Editors. The Bulletin of the American Society of Newspaper editors. Reston: Apr1994.. Iss.758; pg26.
[74] Ken Liebeskind: The helping hands for journalism. Editor& Publisher. New York: Dec 11,2000.Vol.133,Iss.50; pg.26,2pgs.
[75] Anonymous: The j-school joust. Editor &publisher. New York: mar 17,2003. Vol. 136,Iss.11; pg10.
[76] .Macy Guppy: Pooling Resources: The pros and cons of PR in J-School. The Quill. Chicago: Aug2000. Vol 2000. Vol 88,Iss.7; pg.16,3pgs.
[77] Jennie L Phipps:. Teaching new media journalists: what really matters in the classroom? Editor & Publisher. New York: Mar 1998. pg.29,1pgs.
[78] Neil Henry: Journalism education: A lost cause?.The education digest. Ann Arbor: Feb 1999. Vol. 64,Iss. 6; pgs.66,5pgs.
[79] .Paul S. Voakes, Bandal A. Beam and Christine Ogan:. The impact of Technological Change on Journalism Education: A survey of faculty and administratiors Journalism & Mass Communication Educator. Wintor 2003; 57, 4; PA Research II Periodicals pg 318.
[80] Carolyn Martindale. Bernt, Joseph: NRJ books---Pluralizing Journalism Education: A Multicultural Handbook Edited by. Newspaper Research journal. Athens: summer 1994. Vol.15, Iss. 3; pg.146.
[81] Aumente, Jerome: Training tomorrow’s Journalists in a Global medium., Nieman Reports, 00289817, winter2000, Vol. 54,Issue 4.
[82] James J Napoli:. International Journalism education at the end of history, starting in Albania. Journalism & mass communication educator. Columbia: Autumn.
[83] Dennis M wilkins: Despite computers, journalism remains a human enterprise. Journalism & Mass Communication educator. Columbia: Spring 1997.Vol.52, Iss.1; pg.72,7pgs.
[84] Smith. Carol. Kim, Haeryon, Bernstein, James: Computer-mediated communication and strategies for teaching: Instructional use of e-mail and bulletin boards. The journalism Educator. Columbia: Spring. 1993. Vol. 48, Iss. 1’pg.80.
[85] 吴廷俊:中国新闻教育模式的历史评析与发展思考,传媒学术网2001
[86] 李良荣:中国21 世纪前10 年新闻教育走向,传媒学术网-专家论坛,2003(10)
[87] 朱春阳:2002 年中国传播学研究回顾,中华传媒网-传媒人视点,2003(10)
[88] 吴廷俊:传播学的导入与中国新闻教育模式的改革,中华传播学会2001 年香港协会
[89] 丁淦林:大学新闻教育的体系与培养目标应该怎样确定?传媒学术网-学术焦点,2003(10)
[90] 朱立:大学新闻教育往何处去?潮流月刊,第20 期,1988(10)
[91] 郑贞铭:新闻教育的基本理念,新闻大学,总41 期,1994
[92] 【美】James. W Carey, 新闻教育错在何处,20 世纪新闻教育峰会演讲稿
[93] 陈昌风:中国新闻教育:你往哪里去,传媒学术网,2002(7)
[94] 郭镇之:舆论监督与西方新闻工作者的专业主义,国际新闻界,1999(5),32-38
[95] 陆晔、潘忠党:成名的想象:中国社会转型过程中新闻从业者的专业主义话语建构,新闻学研究
[96] De forest O’Dell: The history of Journalism Education in the United States, Bureau of Publications Teachers College, Columbia University, New york city.1935.
[97] 童兵著:比较新闻传播学,北京:中国人民大学出版社,2002(5)
[98] 别敦荣著:中美大学学术管理,武汉:华中理工大学出版社,2000(12)
[99] 郑贞铭:中国大学新闻教育之研究,台北:台湾嘉新水泥公司文化基金会,民国53(9)
[100] 郑贞铭:中外新闻传播教育:台北:台湾远流出版事业股份有限公司,1999(7)
[101] 李瞻:世界新闻史,台北:三名印书局,民国74(9)增订版,409
[102] 李良荣:西方新闻事业概论,49,复旦大学出版社,1997 年版
[103] .李良荣:当代西方新闻媒体,上海:复旦大学出版社,2003(6),115-120
[104] 李建新:中国新闻教育流变论,博士学位论文,华中科技大学教科院,2002(11)
© 2004-2018 中国地质图书馆版权所有 京ICP备05064691号 京公网安备11010802017129号 地址：北京市海淀区学院路29号 邮编：100083 电话：办公室：(+86 10)66554848；文献借阅、咨询服务、科技查新：66554700 |