建构权威·协商规范——美国新闻媒介批评解读
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摘要
本文把媒介批评视为一种叙事，从批评叙事与新闻专业的关系角度解读美国的新闻媒介批评。首先，本文分析了媒介批评所具有的叙事性和道德性，而且，这种性质使媒介批评成为社会角色的对话空间。然后，本文以此为基点，集中分析了媒介批评与新闻专业主义的关系：一方面，将理论分析和案例分析相结合，揭示了作为叙事的媒介批评在美国新闻专业权威建构过程中的作用与反作用。另一方面，从历史的角度，对美国新闻媒介批评与新闻专业规范之间的关系进行了梳理，分析了在社会角色对话、协商过程中，新闻专业规范建构与解构的过程。最后，本文探讨了我们对于媒介批评所应有的期望。
之所以如此解读，是基于本文对于媒介批评的两个基本认识：首先，媒介批评的首要目的不是建立自身的理论体系，而是促进媒介的改革与发展，使媒介更好地为社会服务。因此，媒介批评与所批评对象之间的关系问题理应成为媒介批评研究的核心。其次，对于媒介批评的研究，不是要参与批评媒介，而是要把握媒介批评现象的实质。美国的新闻媒介批评有两个突出特征：一方面，一些批评主题反复出现，而被批评的现象却久批不倒、依然故我；另一方面，媒介批评体现的要求与期望，往往相互矛盾、相互对立，令被批评者无所适从。要从整体上把握这表面繁荣、实质喧哗的美国新闻媒介批评，既需要恰当的切入点，又需要强有力的理论工具。叙事理论和专业主义理论为本文的研究提供了全新的视角和框架，在解释、评价美国的新闻媒介批评方面，体现出独到的力度与效果。
本文中的新闻媒介批评指对大众传媒新闻实践的诠释与评价。批评的主体包括新闻媒介自身，研究媒介的学术领域，以及作为媒介消费者的公众、社会机构、团体等。批评的对象包括新闻从业人员的活动及其产品。作为一种叙事，媒介批评反映了人们对媒介社会角色的期望，体现了对这一私人财产服务公众的要求。同时，媒介批评还是更大的社会叙事的一部分，反映了批评者自身的境遇与立场。因此，从这一意义上说，媒介批评就是社会行为者的对话，而媒介批评的叙事性则要求人们(包括媒介)以平等、开放、包容的姿态面对它。
但是，作为一种社会专业，新闻业又必须树立自己的合法性与专业权威，尤其是当媒介批评持续不断、有损新闻专业的权威时，树立权威的要求更为迫切、坚韧。在某种程度上，美国新闻媒介发展的历史，就是在与其他社会行为者的持续不断的博弈、对话中，协商自身位置、确立统一规范、构建专业权威的过程。
一方面，作为新闻专业自律的要件，美国的媒介批评机制(如新闻评议会、内部督察员、专业期刊、专业协会及其道德规范等)得到了一定的发展。但是，另一方面，由于媒介批评的对象本身就是它赖以公开的渠道，在本来应当公平对
话的批评空间里，批评主体的权利却极不均衡，媒介批评必须首先协商话语权。
媒介批评要求新闻专业更加开放，而美国的新闻业却高筑专业堡垒，对外通
过抵制媒介批评或象征性地使用媒介批评而确立专业自治的权限，对内则以批评
叙事凸显特定的价值观与规范，维持专业认同、增强内部凝聚力。因而美国的新
闻媒介又.被批评为“堡垒新闻业”
媒介批评促成专业规范，同时又不断挑战、质疑这些规范;新闻业以规范为
自身存在确叙合法性(规范既是维系一个专业的纽带，又是向公众显示责任的象
征)，同时，又不愿为规范所束缚(这与新闻自由的理念相左)。本文详尽地分析
了美国的新闻媒介批评与美国新闻专业主义交互发展的历程:从专业主义的初步
确立，到客观性规范的建构，再到社会责任论的挑战以及最近的公共新闻学的替
代这一过程的分析显示了美国新闻媒介批评的贡献与局限。
对美.国新闻媒介批评的这一解读，要求我们辩证地建构对于媒介批评的期
待:在坚持歧见的正当性的同时，追求共识的理想与效率。承认歧见，是民主的
底线，也是以叙事来解读媒介批评的必然结果。但是，这并不意味着可以放弃达
成共识的理想。追求共识的最大化，是媒介批评实现自身价值、促进媒介进步和
社会发琅卜的要求。
本文_以叙书的观点解读美国的新闻媒介批评，具有独创性。这不仅避免了陷
入具体论战的陷阱、保持了适当的研究距离，更重要的是，这一解读揭示了媒介
批评的本质，对于理解美国新闻媒介批评呈现出的喧哗与矛盾现象，具有相当的
价值。同时，将媒介批评视为社会行为者之间的对话，也为分析媒介批评与新闻
媒介的关系提供了新的视角。
另外，本丈从媒介批评与新闻专业主义的关系角度切入，富有新意。依托专
业社会学的相关理论，本文深入研究了媒介批评对专业规范建设的贡献，以及新
闻业面对媒介批评的矛盾心理与由此产生的合作与抵制的姿态。这种分析，不仅
克服了就事论事的局限，而且有利于更深入的理解媒介批评本身。
Regarding media criticism as a kind of narrative, the present dissertation has examined American media criticism from the perspective of critical narrative as related to journalistic profession. First, the dissertation analyzes the narrating nature and morality of media criticism, the characteristics of which have made media criticism a dialogic platform for social actors. Based on this viewpoint, the dissertation concentrates on the relationship between media criticism and journalistic professionalism. The theoretical and case studies in the dissertation reveal the actions and counteractions of narrative media criticism as shown in the construction process of professional authority of journalism in the US. The dissertation also takes the historical perspective to examine the relationship between US media criticism and journalistic standards, to analyze the functions of media criticism in the dialogic and negotiating process of social actors as well as in the construction and destruction process of professio
nal journalism norms. To wind up, the dissertation explores the expectations we should have of media criticism.
The dissertation's above examination and analysis of media criticism is based on the following two reasons: First, the purpose of media criticism is not to construct a theoretical system but to promote the development and reform of media and to better the services of media to the society. Therefore, the core of media criticism study is to analyze the relationship of media criticism and criticized targets. Second, the study on media criticism does not aim to criticize media directly but to grasp the essence of media criticism.
This study shows that American media criticism has two predominant features: (1) Some themes of media criticism are always repetitive, but the criticized phenomena are still in existence and never really disappear; (2) The demands and expectations of media as shown in media criticism are always mutually contradictive and conflicting with each other, thus creating confusions for the criticized. It is necessary to find a proper niche as well as useful theoretical framework to study the American media criticism, which is prosperous in the surface but disordered in nature. Theories of narrative and professionalism that have been used in this dissertation have provided a brand new perspective and framework for the present research and have demonstrated its unique power and effect in understanding and evaluating American media criticism.
Media criticism is defined as interpretation and evaluation of media practices in this dissertation. The subjects of media criticism include media, academic research areas on media, and public, social institutions and groups etc as consumers of media. The targets of media criticism are the behaviors and products of journalists and mass media. As a kind of narrative, media criticism reflects not only the expectations of media's social roles but also the demands of this private-owned assets to serve the public. Meanwhile, media criticism is part of the larger social narration, reflecting the personal situations and standings of those who criticize. Therefore, media criticism can be viewed as the discourses among social actors, while the narrating nature of media criticism, on the other hand, requires people (including media) to face it with an equal, open and tolerant attitude.
But, as a social profession, the media industry must also maintain its legitimacy and authority, and it is especially necessary when continuous media criticisms start to damage the authority of the journalism profession. From this perspective, the history of American journalism can be seen as a history of constant struggle and dialogues between journalism and other social actors, in which media negotiate its own positioning, establish the unified norms and the authority of media in the society.
On one hand, as the most important part of self-regulation of media industry, media criticism mechanisms of the US media (for instance, press councils, internal ombudsmen, jo
之所以如此解读，是基于本文对于媒介批评的两个基本认识：首先，媒介批评的首要目的不是建立自身的理论体系，而是促进媒介的改革与发展，使媒介更好地为社会服务。因此，媒介批评与所批评对象之间的关系问题理应成为媒介批评研究的核心。其次，对于媒介批评的研究，不是要参与批评媒介，而是要把握媒介批评现象的实质。美国的新闻媒介批评有两个突出特征：一方面，一些批评主题反复出现，而被批评的现象却久批不倒、依然故我；另一方面，媒介批评体现的要求与期望，往往相互矛盾、相互对立，令被批评者无所适从。要从整体上把握这表面繁荣、实质喧哗的美国新闻媒介批评，既需要恰当的切入点，又需要强有力的理论工具。叙事理论和专业主义理论为本文的研究提供了全新的视角和框架，在解释、评价美国的新闻媒介批评方面，体现出独到的力度与效果。
本文中的新闻媒介批评指对大众传媒新闻实践的诠释与评价。批评的主体包括新闻媒介自身，研究媒介的学术领域，以及作为媒介消费者的公众、社会机构、团体等。批评的对象包括新闻从业人员的活动及其产品。作为一种叙事，媒介批评反映了人们对媒介社会角色的期望，体现了对这一私人财产服务公众的要求。同时，媒介批评还是更大的社会叙事的一部分，反映了批评者自身的境遇与立场。因此，从这一意义上说，媒介批评就是社会行为者的对话，而媒介批评的叙事性则要求人们(包括媒介)以平等、开放、包容的姿态面对它。
但是，作为一种社会专业，新闻业又必须树立自己的合法性与专业权威，尤其是当媒介批评持续不断、有损新闻专业的权威时，树立权威的要求更为迫切、坚韧。在某种程度上，美国新闻媒介发展的历史，就是在与其他社会行为者的持续不断的博弈、对话中，协商自身位置、确立统一规范、构建专业权威的过程。
一方面，作为新闻专业自律的要件，美国的媒介批评机制(如新闻评议会、内部督察员、专业期刊、专业协会及其道德规范等)得到了一定的发展。但是，另一方面，由于媒介批评的对象本身就是它赖以公开的渠道，在本来应当公平对
话的批评空间里，批评主体的权利却极不均衡，媒介批评必须首先协商话语权。
媒介批评要求新闻专业更加开放，而美国的新闻业却高筑专业堡垒，对外通
过抵制媒介批评或象征性地使用媒介批评而确立专业自治的权限，对内则以批评
叙事凸显特定的价值观与规范，维持专业认同、增强内部凝聚力。因而美国的新
闻媒介又.被批评为“堡垒新闻业”
媒介批评促成专业规范，同时又不断挑战、质疑这些规范;新闻业以规范为
自身存在确叙合法性(规范既是维系一个专业的纽带，又是向公众显示责任的象
征)，同时，又不愿为规范所束缚(这与新闻自由的理念相左)。本文详尽地分析
了美国的新闻媒介批评与美国新闻专业主义交互发展的历程:从专业主义的初步
确立，到客观性规范的建构，再到社会责任论的挑战以及最近的公共新闻学的替
代这一过程的分析显示了美国新闻媒介批评的贡献与局限。
对美.国新闻媒介批评的这一解读，要求我们辩证地建构对于媒介批评的期
待:在坚持歧见的正当性的同时，追求共识的理想与效率。承认歧见，是民主的
底线，也是以叙事来解读媒介批评的必然结果。但是，这并不意味着可以放弃达
成共识的理想。追求共识的最大化，是媒介批评实现自身价值、促进媒介进步和
社会发琅卜的要求。
本文_以叙书的观点解读美国的新闻媒介批评，具有独创性。这不仅避免了陷
入具体论战的陷阱、保持了适当的研究距离，更重要的是，这一解读揭示了媒介
批评的本质，对于理解美国新闻媒介批评呈现出的喧哗与矛盾现象，具有相当的
价值。同时，将媒介批评视为社会行为者之间的对话，也为分析媒介批评与新闻
媒介的关系提供了新的视角。
另外，本丈从媒介批评与新闻专业主义的关系角度切入，富有新意。依托专
业社会学的相关理论，本文深入研究了媒介批评对专业规范建设的贡献，以及新
闻业面对媒介批评的矛盾心理与由此产生的合作与抵制的姿态。这种分析，不仅
克服了就事论事的局限，而且有利于更深入的理解媒介批评本身。
Regarding media criticism as a kind of narrative, the present dissertation has examined American media criticism from the perspective of critical narrative as related to journalistic profession. First, the dissertation analyzes the narrating nature and morality of media criticism, the characteristics of which have made media criticism a dialogic platform for social actors. Based on this viewpoint, the dissertation concentrates on the relationship between media criticism and journalistic professionalism. The theoretical and case studies in the dissertation reveal the actions and counteractions of narrative media criticism as shown in the construction process of professional authority of journalism in the US. The dissertation also takes the historical perspective to examine the relationship between US media criticism and journalistic standards, to analyze the functions of media criticism in the dialogic and negotiating process of social actors as well as in the construction and destruction process of professio
nal journalism norms. To wind up, the dissertation explores the expectations we should have of media criticism.
The dissertation's above examination and analysis of media criticism is based on the following two reasons: First, the purpose of media criticism is not to construct a theoretical system but to promote the development and reform of media and to better the services of media to the society. Therefore, the core of media criticism study is to analyze the relationship of media criticism and criticized targets. Second, the study on media criticism does not aim to criticize media directly but to grasp the essence of media criticism.
This study shows that American media criticism has two predominant features: (1) Some themes of media criticism are always repetitive, but the criticized phenomena are still in existence and never really disappear; (2) The demands and expectations of media as shown in media criticism are always mutually contradictive and conflicting with each other, thus creating confusions for the criticized. It is necessary to find a proper niche as well as useful theoretical framework to study the American media criticism, which is prosperous in the surface but disordered in nature. Theories of narrative and professionalism that have been used in this dissertation have provided a brand new perspective and framework for the present research and have demonstrated its unique power and effect in understanding and evaluating American media criticism.
Media criticism is defined as interpretation and evaluation of media practices in this dissertation. The subjects of media criticism include media, academic research areas on media, and public, social institutions and groups etc as consumers of media. The targets of media criticism are the behaviors and products of journalists and mass media. As a kind of narrative, media criticism reflects not only the expectations of media's social roles but also the demands of this private-owned assets to serve the public. Meanwhile, media criticism is part of the larger social narration, reflecting the personal situations and standings of those who criticize. Therefore, media criticism can be viewed as the discourses among social actors, while the narrating nature of media criticism, on the other hand, requires people (including media) to face it with an equal, open and tolerant attitude.
But, as a social profession, the media industry must also maintain its legitimacy and authority, and it is especially necessary when continuous media criticisms start to damage the authority of the journalism profession. From this perspective, the history of American journalism can be seen as a history of constant struggle and dialogues between journalism and other social actors, in which media negotiate its own positioning, establish the unified norms and the authority of media in the society.
On one hand, as the most important part of self-regulation of media industry, media criticism mechanisms of the US media (for instance, press councils, internal ombudsmen, jo
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