五指山隧道岩溶水文地质特征及涌水原因研究
|
摘要
水文地质条件复杂的长大隧道,施工过程可能导致隧址区地质灾害,包括地表塌陷、涌泥、岩溶水害及地表水源枯竭等,影响隧道正常施工及周边群众的日常生产、生活。
国道213线沐新路的五指山隧道全长3911m,水文地质条件极为复杂,在施工过程中多次出现特大涌水。2004年开工后的施工过程揭露了7个涌突水含水带,出口段于2005年7月下旬在K30+911、进口段于2005年8月6日在K29+542处出现特大涌水,给隧道修建造成了极大困难。因此,对五指山隧道岩溶水文地质特征及涌水原因进行研究具有重要意义。
本文主要调查了五指山隧道隧址区的自然地理条件、地层岩性、地质构造、岩溶水文地质特征,研究了五指山隧道施工涌突水特征,分析了涌突水原因。论文主要研究成果如下:
⑴调查发现五指山隧道隧址区存在F1和F2断层。
⑵隧址区发育的岩溶形态为:地表岩溶形态以石芽、漏斗、溶蚀洼地、溶沟、峰丛、槽谷为主,地下岩溶形态以溶隙、竖井、落水洞、溶洞为主。
⑶调查发现五指山隧道揭露的膏溶角砾岩层。
⑷五指山隧址区地下水补径排条件为:地下水主要靠大气降水补给,排泄区分布于五指山两侧,分水岭北东坡一侧为岩溶地下水的主要径流区。
⑸分析了五指山隧道施工涌水量变化,结果表明隧道涌水量动态变化非常强烈。依据涌水量变化曲线,确定了隧道主要涌突水点位置。为隧道实际涌水的计算提供了依据。
⑹查明了五指山隧道出口端膏溶角砾岩的涌突水成因:出口端K30+912～K29+566段为灰岩、白云岩夹膏溶角砾岩及石膏层,其中,K30+817～K30+912及K30+686～K30+750揭露上膏溶角砾岩及下膏溶角砾岩,K30+566～K30+610揭露正在溶蚀的石膏层。上下膏溶角砾岩段是主要涌水段。
⑺查明了五指山隧道“8﹒6”坍方突水的成因:突水发生于T1t砂岩内、发育宽度约100米的F2断层破碎带,处于水文地质的压力循环带,由于该破碎带充水,静水压力大,而发生突水并引起坍塌。
⑻分析了五指山隧道涌水化学组分,确定了地下水中浅埋藏地带及深埋藏地带的地下水水化学特征,为隧道涌水起源的判断提供了依据。
Geo-hazards such as karstic water flooding and mud surging, surface subsidence and exhausting of surface water in the tunnel stie will be caused by tunnel construction under complicated characteristics of hydraulic geology. It brought great trouble to the construction and the normal life of the people near the tunnel site.
Wuzhi moutain tunnel is 3911 meters long. Under complicated characteristics of hydraulic geology, there are huge-scale water gushging many times in its construction process. And it brings great difficulties to the tunnel construction. Since the beginning of construction in 2004, seven aquiferous zones have been disclosed. In July 2005, there are huge-scale water gushings in the outlet section of the tunnel at K30+911. And in August 2005, there are huge-scale water gushings in the inlet section of the tunnle at K29+542. And it also brought big trouble to tunnel construction. So it is very significant to study on characteristics of hydraulic geology of karst and gushing in Wuzhi mountain tunnel.
Depending on a lot of basic investigations such as physical geography condition in the Wuzhi mountain tunnel site, stratum lithology, geologic conformation, characteristics of hydraulic geology of karst, we found out the characteristics of water gushing in the construction of Wuzhi mountain tunnel and analyzed the causes of water gushing.
The results of the dissertation are as follows:
⑴Faultage F1 and F2 were found by surface investigation.
⑵The development karst topography in the tunnel site is: The main topography near ground are turions, funnels, erosion-dissolution depression, dissolution gouge, peak cluster and valley. And the main topography under ground are crack, silo, sinkholes and caverns.
⑶There was gypsum breccia in Wuzhi mountain tunnel.
⑷The recharge-runoff-drainage condition of groundwater there is: rainfall recharges groundwater. Drainaging area is at the two sides of Wuzhi mountain. And the main runoff area is at the north-east of watershed.
⑸The changes of water gushing in tunnel construction are analyzed. And it shows that water gushing is greatly dynamic changing. Depending on the function of volume of water gushing, the distributing position of the main water gushing location was precisely determined. It offered evidences to the real calculation of water gushing in the tunnel.
⑹The causes of water gushing of gypsum breccia in the outlet section were found out. There are limestone, dolomite and gypsum breccia in the outlet section K30+912～K29+566. And water gushing from up-down gypsum breccia was 73 percents of the whole tunnel water gushing.
⑺The causes of“8.6”water gushing and subsidence were found out. Water gushing occurred in sandstone T1t with 100 meters width in broken district of faultage and under circulatory pressure system of hydraulic geology. Water gushing occurred and caused subsidence of rock mass because of water recharging in broken district and enhance of static hydro-pressure.
⑻Analyzing the chemical elements of gushing water in tunnel, we determine the hydro-chemistry characteristics of groundwater in shallow burial zone and deep buried zone. And it also offeres evidences to the origination of water gushing in the tunnel.
国道213线沐新路的五指山隧道全长3911m,水文地质条件极为复杂,在施工过程中多次出现特大涌水。2004年开工后的施工过程揭露了7个涌突水含水带,出口段于2005年7月下旬在K30+911、进口段于2005年8月6日在K29+542处出现特大涌水,给隧道修建造成了极大困难。因此,对五指山隧道岩溶水文地质特征及涌水原因进行研究具有重要意义。
本文主要调查了五指山隧道隧址区的自然地理条件、地层岩性、地质构造、岩溶水文地质特征,研究了五指山隧道施工涌突水特征,分析了涌突水原因。论文主要研究成果如下:
⑴调查发现五指山隧道隧址区存在F1和F2断层。
⑵隧址区发育的岩溶形态为:地表岩溶形态以石芽、漏斗、溶蚀洼地、溶沟、峰丛、槽谷为主,地下岩溶形态以溶隙、竖井、落水洞、溶洞为主。
⑶调查发现五指山隧道揭露的膏溶角砾岩层。
⑷五指山隧址区地下水补径排条件为:地下水主要靠大气降水补给,排泄区分布于五指山两侧,分水岭北东坡一侧为岩溶地下水的主要径流区。
⑸分析了五指山隧道施工涌水量变化,结果表明隧道涌水量动态变化非常强烈。依据涌水量变化曲线,确定了隧道主要涌突水点位置。为隧道实际涌水的计算提供了依据。
⑹查明了五指山隧道出口端膏溶角砾岩的涌突水成因:出口端K30+912～K29+566段为灰岩、白云岩夹膏溶角砾岩及石膏层,其中,K30+817～K30+912及K30+686～K30+750揭露上膏溶角砾岩及下膏溶角砾岩,K30+566～K30+610揭露正在溶蚀的石膏层。上下膏溶角砾岩段是主要涌水段。
⑺查明了五指山隧道“8﹒6”坍方突水的成因:突水发生于T1t砂岩内、发育宽度约100米的F2断层破碎带,处于水文地质的压力循环带,由于该破碎带充水,静水压力大,而发生突水并引起坍塌。
⑻分析了五指山隧道涌水化学组分,确定了地下水中浅埋藏地带及深埋藏地带的地下水水化学特征,为隧道涌水起源的判断提供了依据。
Geo-hazards such as karstic water flooding and mud surging, surface subsidence and exhausting of surface water in the tunnel stie will be caused by tunnel construction under complicated characteristics of hydraulic geology. It brought great trouble to the construction and the normal life of the people near the tunnel site.
Wuzhi moutain tunnel is 3911 meters long. Under complicated characteristics of hydraulic geology, there are huge-scale water gushging many times in its construction process. And it brings great difficulties to the tunnel construction. Since the beginning of construction in 2004, seven aquiferous zones have been disclosed. In July 2005, there are huge-scale water gushings in the outlet section of the tunnel at K30+911. And in August 2005, there are huge-scale water gushings in the inlet section of the tunnle at K29+542. And it also brought big trouble to tunnel construction. So it is very significant to study on characteristics of hydraulic geology of karst and gushing in Wuzhi mountain tunnel.
Depending on a lot of basic investigations such as physical geography condition in the Wuzhi mountain tunnel site, stratum lithology, geologic conformation, characteristics of hydraulic geology of karst, we found out the characteristics of water gushing in the construction of Wuzhi mountain tunnel and analyzed the causes of water gushing.
The results of the dissertation are as follows:
⑴Faultage F1 and F2 were found by surface investigation.
⑵The development karst topography in the tunnel site is: The main topography near ground are turions, funnels, erosion-dissolution depression, dissolution gouge, peak cluster and valley. And the main topography under ground are crack, silo, sinkholes and caverns.
⑶There was gypsum breccia in Wuzhi mountain tunnel.
⑷The recharge-runoff-drainage condition of groundwater there is: rainfall recharges groundwater. Drainaging area is at the two sides of Wuzhi mountain. And the main runoff area is at the north-east of watershed.
⑸The changes of water gushing in tunnel construction are analyzed. And it shows that water gushing is greatly dynamic changing. Depending on the function of volume of water gushing, the distributing position of the main water gushing location was precisely determined. It offered evidences to the real calculation of water gushing in the tunnel.
⑹The causes of water gushing of gypsum breccia in the outlet section were found out. There are limestone, dolomite and gypsum breccia in the outlet section K30+912～K29+566. And water gushing from up-down gypsum breccia was 73 percents of the whole tunnel water gushing.
⑺The causes of“8.6”water gushing and subsidence were found out. Water gushing occurred in sandstone T1t with 100 meters width in broken district of faultage and under circulatory pressure system of hydraulic geology. Water gushing occurred and caused subsidence of rock mass because of water recharging in broken district and enhance of static hydro-pressure.
⑻Analyzing the chemical elements of gushing water in tunnel, we determine the hydro-chemistry characteristics of groundwater in shallow burial zone and deep buried zone. And it also offeres evidences to the origination of water gushing in the tunnel.
引文
[1]赵永贵,蔡祖煌.岩溶地下水系统的研究[M].北京:科学出版社,1990.
[2]韩行瑞.岩溶隧道涌水及其专家评判系统[J].中国岩溶,2004,23(3):213-218.
[3]徐泽民,黄润秋.深埋隧洞地质灾害及其评价与控制[J].成都理工大学学报,2004,09(supll):363-367.
[4]谢洪毅.弱渗透裂隙介质深埋藏隧洞水文地质模型及其涌水量预测研究[D].南京:河海大学硕士论文,2006:9-10.
[5]地质科学院水文所隧道岩溶组.西南某越岭隧道岩溶涌水及预报[J].水文地质工程地质,1974.
[6]陈成宗,牟瑞芳.大瑶山隧道岩溶涌水系统分析[J].工程地质学,1993.9.
[7]郭芳,姜光辉等.中国南方岩溶石山地区不同岩溶类型的地下水与环境地质问题[J].地质科技情报,2006.1.
[8]蒙彦,雷明堂.岩溶区隧道涌水研究现状及建议[J].中国岩溶,2003.4.
[9]王大纯,张人权,史毅虹等.水文地质学基础[M].北京:地质出版社,1995.
[10]黄颉.昆明新机场岩溶水文地质分析及其对工程的影响[D].成都:成都理工大学硕士论文,2008:2.
[11]朱大力,李秋枫.预测隧道涌水量的方法[J].工程勘察,2000(4).
[12]郑黎明.隧道涌水灾害预测的随机性数学模型方法[J].西南交通大学学报,1998,33(3).
[13]黄涛,杨立忠.渗流-应力-温度耦合下裂隙围岩隧道涌水量的预测[J].西南交通大学学报,1999,34(5).
[14]王延福,勒德武,曾艳京,王晓明.岩溶水矿井煤层底板突水系统的非线性特征初步分析[J].中国岩溶,1998,17(4).
[15]徐则明,黄润秋,罗杏春.特长岩溶隧道涌水预测的系统辨识方法[J].水文地质工程地质,2002(4).
[16]温树林,吴世林.TSP203正在云南元磨高速公路隧道超前地质预报中的应用[J].云南交通科技,2002,18(6).
[17]聂志宏,张弥,白李妍.用经验公式计算隧道涌水量[J].铁道标准设计,2000,20(6-7).
[18]董兴文.矿井最大涌水量计算与参数确定[J].工程勘察,1995(4).
[19]毕焕军.裂隙岩体数值法预测计算特长隧道涌水量的应用研究[J].铁道工程学报,2000(1).
[20] FONG F L,LUNDIN T K,CHIN K.Impact of environmental on groundwater discharges in tunnel:a case study[C]//Nort Tunneling.Rotterdam:A.A.Balkema,1998:73–78.
[21] GOODMAN R E,MOYE D G,VAN SCHALKWYK A,et al.Groundwater inflows during tunnel driving[J].Engineering Geology,1965,2(2):39–56.
[22] ZHANG L,FRANKLIN J A.Prediction of water flow into rock tunnels:an analytical solution assuming an hydraulic conductivity gradient[J].International Journal ofRock Mechanics and Mining Sciences and Geomechanics Abstracts,1993,30(1):37–46.
[23] LEI S.An analytical solution for steady flow into a tunnel[J].Ground Water,1999,37(1):23–26.
[24] EL TANI M.Circular tunnel in a semi-infinite aquifer[J].Tunneling and Underground Space Technology,2003,18(1):49–55.
[25] KOLYMBAS D,WAGNER P.Groundwater ingress to tunnel—the exaction analytical solution[J].Tunneling and Underground Space Technology,2007,22(1):23–27.
[26] MAIDMENT D M.Arc hydro:GIS for water resources[M].Redlands,USA:ESRI Press,2002.
[27]邓英尔,贾疏源,黄润秋,等.岩溶缝洞系统地下水系研究[J].地球科学进展,2008,(5):489-494.
[28]四川省地质工程勘查院.专项水文地质报告[M].四川省交通厅,2006.
[29]贾疏源.复杂水文地质条件下的公路隧道修建关键技术研究之一——五指山隧址区水文地质特征[R].成都理工大学,2008.
[30]四川省交通厅公路规划勘查设计研究院.五指山隧道工程地质详堪报告[M].四川省交通厅,2004.
[31]指挥部.五指山隧道的设计与施工涌水[M].国道213线沐川至新市镇段改造工程指挥部,2007.
[32]韩庆之,马盛元,曹李靖.巨型水电工程区域岩溶渗漏研究水文地球化学方法应用前景[J].地质勘探安全,2000,2:37—39.
[33]赵同谦,张彦红.利用水化学数据判别矿井突水水源方法探讨[J].焦作工学院学报,1996,15(4):35—39.
[34]王鹰,陈强,魏有仪,等.岩溶发育区深埋隧道水岩相互作用机理[J].中国铁道科学,2004,25(4):55—58.
[35]孙洪星,王兰健,邹人和.环境同位素示踪技术在矿井水防治中的应用[J].水文地质工程地质,2000,5:34—36.
[36]林耀庭.四川盆地三叠纪海相沉积石膏和卤水的硫同位素研究[J].盐湖研究,2003,11(2):1—7.
[37]刘丛强等.生物地球化学过程与地表物质循环——西南喀斯特流域侵蚀与生源要素循环[M].北京:科学出版社,2007.
[38]徐立荣,雒昆利.岩石中氟的赋存状态研究[J].环境化学,2008,27(1):91—95.
[39]林耀庭,宋鹤彬.四川盆地海相三叠系硫同位素组成及其地质意义[J].地质地球化学,1998,26(4):43—49.
[40] Li X D, Masuda H, Ono M.Contribution of atmospheric pollutants into groundwater in the northern Sichuan Basin, China[J].Geochemical Journal, 2006, 40(1):103-119.
[41] Li X D, Masuda H, Kusakabe M.Degradation of groundwater quality due to anthropogenic sulfur and nitrogen contamination in the Sichuan Basin, China[J].Geochemical Journal, 2006, 40(4): 309-332.
[42]何发亮,李苍松,陈成宗.岩溶地区长大隧道涌水灾害预测预报技术[J].水文地质工程地质,2001(5):21-23.
[43] Saaty.T.L. The Analytic Hierarchy Process[M].Mc Gtaw Hill,New York,1980.
[44] ITA Working Group on Maintenance and Repair of underground Structures.Report on the damaging effects of water on tunnels during their working life[J].Tunnelling and underground space technology,1991,6(1):11-76.
[45] Ulrichs,Karl R,Avoidance of unfavourable influences on groundwater by long extended.tunnels[A].In:Serrano(Ed.),tunnel.and.water[C].Balkema,Rotterdam,1988:341-350.
[46]指挥部.五指山隧道进口段涌水量[M].国道213线沐川至新市镇段改造工程指挥部,2007.
[47]工程物探所.沐新路五指山隧道超前地质预报(TSP)(M).铁道第二勘查设计院地质勘查分院工程物探所,2007.
[48]孙谋,刘维宁.隧道涌水对围岩特性影响分析[J].隧道建设,2008, (4).
[49]黄成光.公路隧道施工[M].北京:人民交通出版社, 2001.
[50]张有天.隧道及压力管道设计中的外水压力修正系数[J].水力发电.1996(12).
[51]程良奎,张作睸,杨志银.岩土加固实用技术[M].北京:地震出版社, 1994:1-275.
[52] Louis C.Rock hydaulics in rock Mechanics[M].Muller L New York Vorlay Wien,1974.
[53] Snow D.T.Rock fracture spacing opening and porosity[J].Soil mech found divprocASCE,1968,94:73-91.
[54] Gale G..E. The effects of fracture type(induced versus natural) on the stress fracture closure permeability relationships[A].In proc 23th symp on rock mech,Berkeley,Califonia,1982.
[2]韩行瑞.岩溶隧道涌水及其专家评判系统[J].中国岩溶,2004,23(3):213-218.
[3]徐泽民,黄润秋.深埋隧洞地质灾害及其评价与控制[J].成都理工大学学报,2004,09(supll):363-367.
[4]谢洪毅.弱渗透裂隙介质深埋藏隧洞水文地质模型及其涌水量预测研究[D].南京:河海大学硕士论文,2006:9-10.
[5]地质科学院水文所隧道岩溶组.西南某越岭隧道岩溶涌水及预报[J].水文地质工程地质,1974.
[6]陈成宗,牟瑞芳.大瑶山隧道岩溶涌水系统分析[J].工程地质学,1993.9.
[7]郭芳,姜光辉等.中国南方岩溶石山地区不同岩溶类型的地下水与环境地质问题[J].地质科技情报,2006.1.
[8]蒙彦,雷明堂.岩溶区隧道涌水研究现状及建议[J].中国岩溶,2003.4.
[9]王大纯,张人权,史毅虹等.水文地质学基础[M].北京:地质出版社,1995.
[10]黄颉.昆明新机场岩溶水文地质分析及其对工程的影响[D].成都:成都理工大学硕士论文,2008:2.
[11]朱大力,李秋枫.预测隧道涌水量的方法[J].工程勘察,2000(4).
[12]郑黎明.隧道涌水灾害预测的随机性数学模型方法[J].西南交通大学学报,1998,33(3).
[13]黄涛,杨立忠.渗流-应力-温度耦合下裂隙围岩隧道涌水量的预测[J].西南交通大学学报,1999,34(5).
[14]王延福,勒德武,曾艳京,王晓明.岩溶水矿井煤层底板突水系统的非线性特征初步分析[J].中国岩溶,1998,17(4).
[15]徐则明,黄润秋,罗杏春.特长岩溶隧道涌水预测的系统辨识方法[J].水文地质工程地质,2002(4).
[16]温树林,吴世林.TSP203正在云南元磨高速公路隧道超前地质预报中的应用[J].云南交通科技,2002,18(6).
[17]聂志宏,张弥,白李妍.用经验公式计算隧道涌水量[J].铁道标准设计,2000,20(6-7).
[18]董兴文.矿井最大涌水量计算与参数确定[J].工程勘察,1995(4).
[19]毕焕军.裂隙岩体数值法预测计算特长隧道涌水量的应用研究[J].铁道工程学报,2000(1).
[20] FONG F L,LUNDIN T K,CHIN K.Impact of environmental on groundwater discharges in tunnel:a case study[C]//Nort Tunneling.Rotterdam:A.A.Balkema,1998:73–78.
[21] GOODMAN R E,MOYE D G,VAN SCHALKWYK A,et al.Groundwater inflows during tunnel driving[J].Engineering Geology,1965,2(2):39–56.
[22] ZHANG L,FRANKLIN J A.Prediction of water flow into rock tunnels:an analytical solution assuming an hydraulic conductivity gradient[J].International Journal ofRock Mechanics and Mining Sciences and Geomechanics Abstracts,1993,30(1):37–46.
[23] LEI S.An analytical solution for steady flow into a tunnel[J].Ground Water,1999,37(1):23–26.
[24] EL TANI M.Circular tunnel in a semi-infinite aquifer[J].Tunneling and Underground Space Technology,2003,18(1):49–55.
[25] KOLYMBAS D,WAGNER P.Groundwater ingress to tunnel—the exaction analytical solution[J].Tunneling and Underground Space Technology,2007,22(1):23–27.
[26] MAIDMENT D M.Arc hydro:GIS for water resources[M].Redlands,USA:ESRI Press,2002.
[27]邓英尔,贾疏源,黄润秋,等.岩溶缝洞系统地下水系研究[J].地球科学进展,2008,(5):489-494.
[28]四川省地质工程勘查院.专项水文地质报告[M].四川省交通厅,2006.
[29]贾疏源.复杂水文地质条件下的公路隧道修建关键技术研究之一——五指山隧址区水文地质特征[R].成都理工大学,2008.
[30]四川省交通厅公路规划勘查设计研究院.五指山隧道工程地质详堪报告[M].四川省交通厅,2004.
[31]指挥部.五指山隧道的设计与施工涌水[M].国道213线沐川至新市镇段改造工程指挥部,2007.
[32]韩庆之,马盛元,曹李靖.巨型水电工程区域岩溶渗漏研究水文地球化学方法应用前景[J].地质勘探安全,2000,2:37—39.
[33]赵同谦,张彦红.利用水化学数据判别矿井突水水源方法探讨[J].焦作工学院学报,1996,15(4):35—39.
[34]王鹰,陈强,魏有仪,等.岩溶发育区深埋隧道水岩相互作用机理[J].中国铁道科学,2004,25(4):55—58.
[35]孙洪星,王兰健,邹人和.环境同位素示踪技术在矿井水防治中的应用[J].水文地质工程地质,2000,5:34—36.
[36]林耀庭.四川盆地三叠纪海相沉积石膏和卤水的硫同位素研究[J].盐湖研究,2003,11(2):1—7.
[37]刘丛强等.生物地球化学过程与地表物质循环——西南喀斯特流域侵蚀与生源要素循环[M].北京:科学出版社,2007.
[38]徐立荣,雒昆利.岩石中氟的赋存状态研究[J].环境化学,2008,27(1):91—95.
[39]林耀庭,宋鹤彬.四川盆地海相三叠系硫同位素组成及其地质意义[J].地质地球化学,1998,26(4):43—49.
[40] Li X D, Masuda H, Ono M.Contribution of atmospheric pollutants into groundwater in the northern Sichuan Basin, China[J].Geochemical Journal, 2006, 40(1):103-119.
[41] Li X D, Masuda H, Kusakabe M.Degradation of groundwater quality due to anthropogenic sulfur and nitrogen contamination in the Sichuan Basin, China[J].Geochemical Journal, 2006, 40(4): 309-332.
[42]何发亮,李苍松,陈成宗.岩溶地区长大隧道涌水灾害预测预报技术[J].水文地质工程地质,2001(5):21-23.
[43] Saaty.T.L. The Analytic Hierarchy Process[M].Mc Gtaw Hill,New York,1980.
[44] ITA Working Group on Maintenance and Repair of underground Structures.Report on the damaging effects of water on tunnels during their working life[J].Tunnelling and underground space technology,1991,6(1):11-76.
[45] Ulrichs,Karl R,Avoidance of unfavourable influences on groundwater by long extended.tunnels[A].In:Serrano(Ed.),tunnel.and.water[C].Balkema,Rotterdam,1988:341-350.
[46]指挥部.五指山隧道进口段涌水量[M].国道213线沐川至新市镇段改造工程指挥部,2007.
[47]工程物探所.沐新路五指山隧道超前地质预报(TSP)(M).铁道第二勘查设计院地质勘查分院工程物探所,2007.
[48]孙谋,刘维宁.隧道涌水对围岩特性影响分析[J].隧道建设,2008, (4).
[49]黄成光.公路隧道施工[M].北京:人民交通出版社, 2001.
[50]张有天.隧道及压力管道设计中的外水压力修正系数[J].水力发电.1996(12).
[51]程良奎,张作睸,杨志银.岩土加固实用技术[M].北京:地震出版社, 1994:1-275.
[52] Louis C.Rock hydaulics in rock Mechanics[M].Muller L New York Vorlay Wien,1974.
[53] Snow D.T.Rock fracture spacing opening and porosity[J].Soil mech found divprocASCE,1968,94:73-91.
[54] Gale G..E. The effects of fracture type(induced versus natural) on the stress fracture closure permeability relationships[A].In proc 23th symp on rock mech,Berkeley,Califonia,1982.
© 2004-2018 中国地质图书馆版权所有 京ICP备05064691号 京公网安备11010802017129号 地址：北京市海淀区学院路29号 邮编：100083 电话：办公室：(+86 10)66554848；文献借阅、咨询服务、科技查新：66554700 |