山岭隧道高陡边坡防落石棚洞结构形式研究
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摘要
近年来,国家对西部地区的投入越来越大,西部经济也在飞速发展之中。然而,西部地区落后的交通状况也渐渐制约着其经济的进一步提升。要解决这个问题,势必要修建越来越多的铁路和公路交通。但是,在山岭重丘地形的西部地区修建交通线路将面临更多的山区自然灾害,高陡地形下危岩落石便是其中之一。棚洞作为防御危岩落石灾害的一种有效措施,正在发挥着越来越重要的作用,它的应用范围也在不断地扩展。面对复杂多变的地形地势,如何选择最适合实际工程的棚洞形式也是目前的研究重点。
在已有的关于落石与棚洞的研究成果上,本文总结归纳了落石的定义、落石的产生因素,以及落石在发生后运动轨迹的理论推导公式。通过公式可算出落石的移运距离,再结合现有的5种落石冲击力计算的方法,可以从理论上得到隧道洞口段棚洞的需求尺寸及抗冲击强度。
本文结合实际工程背景,通过理论计算和数值模拟,分析了山岭隧道洞口段不同形式的棚洞在不同荷载条件下的荷载响应。通过对比结构位移和应力分布情况来分析结构的合理性,最终认为拱墙形棚洞具有良好的承载效果。同时,考虑到棚洞自身通风照明效果,认为可在棚洞形式上进一步优化。从数值模拟的结果来看,在一定的荷载条件下,边墙位置设置合适开口的拱墙棚洞与封闭拱墙棚洞在承载能力上区别很小,开口棚洞完全可以替代封闭棚洞,同时具有更好的经济性。
本文还对确定的棚洞结构进行了地震安全性分析,认为该棚洞在汶川地震中能够处于较安全状态。
In recent years, our country has providing more and more investment'in the western region, results in a rapid development within this region. But the poor traffic conditions has gradually restricted its further increase. To solve this problem, it's nessesary to build more and more traffic routes, like railway and highway. And then, the natural disasters which the newly builded roads would encounted should be considered in western region as there lots of mountain and heavy hill terrain in it. One of them is rock-fall form unstable rocks in high and steep terrain. As a effective measures to defense disasters caused by rock-fall, shed-tunnel is playing an increasingly important role, and its application is in constant expansion. Under a condition of the complex terrain, how to choose the most suitable form of shed-tunnel for the actual project is a focus of current research.
Referencing to the existing research focused in rock-fall and shed-tunnel, this thesis review the definition and causes of rock-fall, and the theoretical formula about the trajectory of rock-fall after being produced. The displacement of the rock-fall could be figured out using those formulas, and coupled with the five existing methods to calculate the impacting force of rock-fall, we can get the theoretically size of shed-tunnel and its strength to resist impact.
Considering the background of actual engineering, this thesis analyzes the response of shed-tunnel those have different forms under different load conditions by theoretical calculation and numerical simulation. After comparing the structural displacement and stress distribution during the rationality analysis of the structure, the result show that the arch-wall shed-tunnel has the best loading effect. At last, when considering the ventilation and lighting, there are some further optimization of arch-wall shed-tunnel. Judging from the results of numerical simulation, under a certain load, the shed-tunnel loading capacity just has a little distinction when using porous or imporous arch-wall. The conclusion is that we should choose the porous arch-wall shed-tunnel to completely replace the traditional ones, which has good loading capacity and better economical efficiency at the same time.
In addition, this paper also have analysis the safety of shed-tunnel when it is in the earthquake. The results show that this shed-tunnel could keep a safe condition in Wen chuan earthquake.
在已有的关于落石与棚洞的研究成果上,本文总结归纳了落石的定义、落石的产生因素,以及落石在发生后运动轨迹的理论推导公式。通过公式可算出落石的移运距离,再结合现有的5种落石冲击力计算的方法,可以从理论上得到隧道洞口段棚洞的需求尺寸及抗冲击强度。
本文结合实际工程背景,通过理论计算和数值模拟,分析了山岭隧道洞口段不同形式的棚洞在不同荷载条件下的荷载响应。通过对比结构位移和应力分布情况来分析结构的合理性,最终认为拱墙形棚洞具有良好的承载效果。同时,考虑到棚洞自身通风照明效果,认为可在棚洞形式上进一步优化。从数值模拟的结果来看,在一定的荷载条件下,边墙位置设置合适开口的拱墙棚洞与封闭拱墙棚洞在承载能力上区别很小,开口棚洞完全可以替代封闭棚洞,同时具有更好的经济性。
本文还对确定的棚洞结构进行了地震安全性分析,认为该棚洞在汶川地震中能够处于较安全状态。
In recent years, our country has providing more and more investment'in the western region, results in a rapid development within this region. But the poor traffic conditions has gradually restricted its further increase. To solve this problem, it's nessesary to build more and more traffic routes, like railway and highway. And then, the natural disasters which the newly builded roads would encounted should be considered in western region as there lots of mountain and heavy hill terrain in it. One of them is rock-fall form unstable rocks in high and steep terrain. As a effective measures to defense disasters caused by rock-fall, shed-tunnel is playing an increasingly important role, and its application is in constant expansion. Under a condition of the complex terrain, how to choose the most suitable form of shed-tunnel for the actual project is a focus of current research.
Referencing to the existing research focused in rock-fall and shed-tunnel, this thesis review the definition and causes of rock-fall, and the theoretical formula about the trajectory of rock-fall after being produced. The displacement of the rock-fall could be figured out using those formulas, and coupled with the five existing methods to calculate the impacting force of rock-fall, we can get the theoretically size of shed-tunnel and its strength to resist impact.
Considering the background of actual engineering, this thesis analyzes the response of shed-tunnel those have different forms under different load conditions by theoretical calculation and numerical simulation. After comparing the structural displacement and stress distribution during the rationality analysis of the structure, the result show that the arch-wall shed-tunnel has the best loading effect. At last, when considering the ventilation and lighting, there are some further optimization of arch-wall shed-tunnel. Judging from the results of numerical simulation, under a certain load, the shed-tunnel loading capacity just has a little distinction when using porous or imporous arch-wall. The conclusion is that we should choose the porous arch-wall shed-tunnel to completely replace the traditional ones, which has good loading capacity and better economical efficiency at the same time.
In addition, this paper also have analysis the safety of shed-tunnel when it is in the earthquake. The results show that this shed-tunnel could keep a safe condition in Wen chuan earthquake.
引文
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[4]易震宇.拱形偏压棚洞设计研究[J].公路隧道,2006(5)：252～259
[5]高峰,伍臣宇.棚洞施工过程分析及应用[J].重庆交通大学学报,2009,28(4)：680～684
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[8]黄伦海,蒋树屏,胡学兵.公路棚洞结构形式初探[J].公路交通技术,2009(6)：110～115
[9]刘元雪,谢峰,蒋树屏,周家伍,陈忱.棚洞结构洞形优化计算分析[J].岩土力学,2007,28：490～492
[10]王勇,徐云晴,吴楚刚.考虑采光照明的短明洞群设计[J].水利与建筑工程学报,2011,9(4)：112～115
[11]潘世强,李贻伟.大跨度傍山棚洞衬砌结构安全性分析[J].重庆交通大学学报,2010,29(1)：76～79
[12]叶四桥,陈洪凯,唐红梅.落石冲击力计算方法的比较研究[J].水文地质工程地质,2010,37(2)：59～63
[13]林力成.汶川Y108公路恢复重建工程棚洞设计[J].公路工程,2010,35(5)：89～91
[14]潘亚南.浅谈双边墙矩形顶梁式棚洞的设计[J].铁道建筑技术,2010(2)：88～91
[15]沈显才.落石运动分析和治理[J].施工技术,2009,38：618～620
[16]向欣.边坡落石运动特性及碰撞冲击作用研究[D].武汉：中国地质大学博士学位论文,2010
[17]叶四桥,唐红梅,祝辉.危岩落石威胁区域预测[C].第二届全国岩土与工程学术大会论文集,570～575
[18]王东坡,何思明.冲击荷载下EPS垫层棚洞耗能减震作用研究[J].四川大学学报,2012,44(6)：102～107
[19]何思明,沈均,吴永.滚石冲击荷载下棚洞结构动力响应[J].岩土力学,2011,32(3)：781-788
[20]杨璐,李士民,吴智敏,沈新普.滚石对棚洞结构的冲击动力分析[J].交通运输工程学报,2012,12(1)：25～30
[21]黄雨,孙启登,许强.滚石运动特性研究新进展[J].振动与冲击,2010,29(10)：31～35
[22]Guzzetti F, Crosta G, Detti R, et al. STONE:acomputer program for the three-dimensional simulation of rock-falls[J].Computer&Geosciences,2002,28:1079-1093
[23]Jones C L,Higgins J D, Andrew R D. Rockfall Simulation Program Version 4.0.Colorado Department of Transportation. Colorado Geological Survey.2000,127
[24]Evans S G, Hungr O. The assessment of rockfall hazard at the base of talus slopes[J]. Canadian Geoteehnieal Journal,1993,30:620-636
[25]郑象铣.实用铁路工程地质学[M].人民铁道出版社,1962
[26]胡厚田.崩塌与落石[M].北京：中国铁道出版社,1989
[27]严义荣,丁德义.危石塌落的调查及其防治[J].水文地质工程地质.1994(1)：20～21
[28]谭凤灵.崩塌落石病害的防治[J].路基工程,1998(3)：63～66
[29]Bourrier F, Dorren L, Nicot F, et al. Toward objective rockfall trajectory simulation using a stochastic impact modle[J]. Geomorphology.2009,110:68-79
[30]Guzzetti F. Landslide fatalities and the evaluation of landslide risk in Italy[J]. Engineering Geology.2000,58:89-107
[31]张路青,杨志法,许兵.滚石与滚石灾害[J].工程地质学报.2004,12(3)：225～231
[32]王坛华,陈剑平,安鹏程.边坡滚石灾害的作用机理与防治对策[J].世界地质.2008,27(1)：68～73
[33]孙云志,任自民,王立.奉节李子垭危岩体稳定性研究[J].人民长江,1994,25(9)：47～52
[34]Govers G, Poesen J. Field experiments on the transport of rock fragments by animal trampling on scree slopes[J]. Geomorphology,1998,23(2):193-203
[35]Nyssen J, Poesen J, Moeyersons J, et al. Processes and rates of rock fragment displacement on cliffs and scree slopes in an amba landscape Ethiopia[J]. Geomorphology.2006,81:265-275
[36]Butler D, Oelfke J, Oelfke L. Historic Rockfall Avalanches, Northeastern Glacier National Park, Montana, U.S.A.[J]. Mountain Research and Development.1986,6(3):261-271
[37]Paronuzzi P. Roekfall-induced block propagation on a soil slope, northern Italy. Environmental Geological,2009,58:1451-1466
[38]Chau K, Wong R, Liu J, et al. Rock fall Hazard Analysis for Hong Kong Based on Rock fall Inventory[J]. Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering.2003,36(5):383-408
[39]Hoek E. Practical Rock Engineering[Z].2007
[40]叶四桥,陈洪凯,许江.落石运动模式与运动特征现场试验研究[J].土木建筑与环境工程,2011,33(2)：18～43
[41]叶四桥,陈洪凯,唐红梅.基于落石计算的半刚性拦石墙设计[J].中国铁道科学.2008,29(2)：17～22
[42]叶四桥,唐红梅,祝辉.基于落石运动特性分析的拦石网设计理念[J].岩土工程学报,2007,29(4)：556～571
[43]叶四桥.隧道洞口段落石灾害研究与防治[D].成都：西南交通大学博士学位论文,2008
[44]K.T.Chau, R.H.C.Wong, J.J.Wu. Coefficient of restitution and rotational motions of rockfall impacts[J]. International Journal of Rock Mechanics & Mining Sciences,2002,39:69-77
[45]JTJ13-95,公路路基设计规范[S]
[46]铁道第二勘测设计院.铁路工程设计技术手册.隧道[M].北京：中国铁道出版社,1999,141-191
[47]杨其新,关宝树.落石冲击力计算方法的试验研究[J].铁道学报,1996,18(1)：101～106
[48]KAWAHARA S, MURO T. Effects of Dry Density and Thickness of Sandy Soil on Impact Response Due to Rockfall[J]. Journal of Terramechanies,2006,43(3):329-340
[49]Labiouse V, Descoeudres F, Montani S. Experimental study of rock sheds impacted by rock blocks[J]. Struct Eng Int,1996,3(1):171-175
[50]TB 10003-2005,铁路隧道设计规范[S]
[51]王文华,赵文丁,刘义河.高岭棚洞结构设计[J].辽宁工程技术大学学报,2011,30(1)：89～91
[52]李现宾.拱桥—框架棚洞在落石病害整治中的应用[J].西部探矿工程,2004(10)：198～200
[2]李现宾.成昆线危岩落石病害整治中的棚洞设计[J].现代隧道技术,2009,46(5)：19～22
[3]冉利刚,陈赤坤.高速铁路棚洞设计[J].铁道工程学报,2008(6)：61-66
[4]易震宇.拱形偏压棚洞设计研究[J].公路隧道,2006(5)：252～259
[5]高峰,伍臣宇.棚洞施工过程分析及应用[J].重庆交通大学学报,2009,28(4)：680～684
[6]胡婷,陈洪凯.万州太白岩南坡旅游公路落石棚洞结构设计[J].公路,2012(9)：224～228
[7]司军平.宝成铁路109隧道出口钢棚洞施工组织[J].山西建筑,2010,36(15)：318～320
[8]黄伦海,蒋树屏,胡学兵.公路棚洞结构形式初探[J].公路交通技术,2009(6)：110～115
[9]刘元雪,谢峰,蒋树屏,周家伍,陈忱.棚洞结构洞形优化计算分析[J].岩土力学,2007,28：490～492
[10]王勇,徐云晴,吴楚刚.考虑采光照明的短明洞群设计[J].水利与建筑工程学报,2011,9(4)：112～115
[11]潘世强,李贻伟.大跨度傍山棚洞衬砌结构安全性分析[J].重庆交通大学学报,2010,29(1)：76～79
[12]叶四桥,陈洪凯,唐红梅.落石冲击力计算方法的比较研究[J].水文地质工程地质,2010,37(2)：59～63
[13]林力成.汶川Y108公路恢复重建工程棚洞设计[J].公路工程,2010,35(5)：89～91
[14]潘亚南.浅谈双边墙矩形顶梁式棚洞的设计[J].铁道建筑技术,2010(2)：88～91
[15]沈显才.落石运动分析和治理[J].施工技术,2009,38：618～620
[16]向欣.边坡落石运动特性及碰撞冲击作用研究[D].武汉：中国地质大学博士学位论文,2010
[17]叶四桥,唐红梅,祝辉.危岩落石威胁区域预测[C].第二届全国岩土与工程学术大会论文集,570～575
[18]王东坡,何思明.冲击荷载下EPS垫层棚洞耗能减震作用研究[J].四川大学学报,2012,44(6)：102～107
[19]何思明,沈均,吴永.滚石冲击荷载下棚洞结构动力响应[J].岩土力学,2011,32(3)：781-788
[20]杨璐,李士民,吴智敏,沈新普.滚石对棚洞结构的冲击动力分析[J].交通运输工程学报,2012,12(1)：25～30
[21]黄雨,孙启登,许强.滚石运动特性研究新进展[J].振动与冲击,2010,29(10)：31～35
[22]Guzzetti F, Crosta G, Detti R, et al. STONE:acomputer program for the three-dimensional simulation of rock-falls[J].Computer&Geosciences,2002,28:1079-1093
[23]Jones C L,Higgins J D, Andrew R D. Rockfall Simulation Program Version 4.0.Colorado Department of Transportation. Colorado Geological Survey.2000,127
[24]Evans S G, Hungr O. The assessment of rockfall hazard at the base of talus slopes[J]. Canadian Geoteehnieal Journal,1993,30:620-636
[25]郑象铣.实用铁路工程地质学[M].人民铁道出版社,1962
[26]胡厚田.崩塌与落石[M].北京：中国铁道出版社,1989
[27]严义荣,丁德义.危石塌落的调查及其防治[J].水文地质工程地质.1994(1)：20～21
[28]谭凤灵.崩塌落石病害的防治[J].路基工程,1998(3)：63～66
[29]Bourrier F, Dorren L, Nicot F, et al. Toward objective rockfall trajectory simulation using a stochastic impact modle[J]. Geomorphology.2009,110:68-79
[30]Guzzetti F. Landslide fatalities and the evaluation of landslide risk in Italy[J]. Engineering Geology.2000,58:89-107
[31]张路青,杨志法,许兵.滚石与滚石灾害[J].工程地质学报.2004,12(3)：225～231
[32]王坛华,陈剑平,安鹏程.边坡滚石灾害的作用机理与防治对策[J].世界地质.2008,27(1)：68～73
[33]孙云志,任自民,王立.奉节李子垭危岩体稳定性研究[J].人民长江,1994,25(9)：47～52
[34]Govers G, Poesen J. Field experiments on the transport of rock fragments by animal trampling on scree slopes[J]. Geomorphology,1998,23(2):193-203
[35]Nyssen J, Poesen J, Moeyersons J, et al. Processes and rates of rock fragment displacement on cliffs and scree slopes in an amba landscape Ethiopia[J]. Geomorphology.2006,81:265-275
[36]Butler D, Oelfke J, Oelfke L. Historic Rockfall Avalanches, Northeastern Glacier National Park, Montana, U.S.A.[J]. Mountain Research and Development.1986,6(3):261-271
[37]Paronuzzi P. Roekfall-induced block propagation on a soil slope, northern Italy. Environmental Geological,2009,58:1451-1466
[38]Chau K, Wong R, Liu J, et al. Rock fall Hazard Analysis for Hong Kong Based on Rock fall Inventory[J]. Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering.2003,36(5):383-408
[39]Hoek E. Practical Rock Engineering[Z].2007
[40]叶四桥,陈洪凯,许江.落石运动模式与运动特征现场试验研究[J].土木建筑与环境工程,2011,33(2)：18～43
[41]叶四桥,陈洪凯,唐红梅.基于落石计算的半刚性拦石墙设计[J].中国铁道科学.2008,29(2)：17～22
[42]叶四桥,唐红梅,祝辉.基于落石运动特性分析的拦石网设计理念[J].岩土工程学报,2007,29(4)：556～571
[43]叶四桥.隧道洞口段落石灾害研究与防治[D].成都：西南交通大学博士学位论文,2008
[44]K.T.Chau, R.H.C.Wong, J.J.Wu. Coefficient of restitution and rotational motions of rockfall impacts[J]. International Journal of Rock Mechanics & Mining Sciences,2002,39:69-77
[45]JTJ13-95,公路路基设计规范[S]
[46]铁道第二勘测设计院.铁路工程设计技术手册.隧道[M].北京：中国铁道出版社,1999,141-191
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