急倾斜煤层走向壁式开采基本顶垮落规律研究
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摘要
长期以来,我国一直将45。以上的煤层定义为急倾斜煤层。由于我国煤炭资源储量分布的严重不均匀性,在青海、新疆、甘肃等边远地区和四川、海南、贵州、福建等南方缺煤地区急倾斜煤层的储量和产量占有相当的比重,对这些省区的经济发展有重要作用。在西南地区,急倾斜煤层已形成相当的开采规模,许多矿区主采煤层为急倾斜煤层,急倾斜煤层储量约占西南地区煤层储量的70%,产量约占50%。
本论文针对急倾斜煤层赋存的具体实际,运用理论分析与相似模拟实验相结合的方法,对采用走向壁式采煤法开采时基本顶的破断规律进行了一些基础性的研究,得到了一些有益的结论。
(1)对基本顶在空间的实际存在状态及其受力情况进行了分析,并且依据弹性薄板理论建立了基本顶的薄板模型,将基本顶初次垮落前视为四边固支的薄板模型,周期垮落时视为三边固支一边简支的薄板模型,并且视急倾斜煤层顶板岩层材质为均匀、连续、各向同性的。经计算分析,急倾斜煤层基本顶的破断是屈曲失稳主导下的拉裂破断,初次破断和周期破断特征均为岩板沿着基本顶层面倾向方向的水平中心线发生开口朝向采空区的拉裂破断,上下两固支端附近发生裂缝开口背向采空区侧的拉裂破坏。同时给出了基本顶初次垮落步距和周期垮落步距计算公式,建立了基本顶初次垮落和周期垮落屈曲与破断的基本准则。
(2)以潞安集团潞宁大汉沟煤矿急倾斜煤层为原型进行了相似模拟实验。实验得出,当煤层顶板为薄板时,基本顶表现为板的拉裂破断特征,岩板以板的中上部平行于上下板边的直线为界首先弯曲,产生微小裂缝,微小裂缝逐渐扩张,最终岩板朝向采空区破断为上下两部分,破断部位开口方向朝向采空区,同时岩板上下两固支端附近也产生背向采空区的裂缝。这验证了理论分析基本顶破断特征的正确性。同时得出,基本顶的破断并没有直达采煤工作面,而是与工作面保持一定的距离,与底板的接触呈“>”形逐渐减少。对比了理论分析与相似模拟实验方法关于基本顶破断特征的结论,两者结论相仿,但由于对原型的处理不同,基本顶的破断部位存在一定的差异。
(3)由相似模拟实验,急倾斜煤层群开采时,随着各煤层的先后采出,在未开采煤层上部形成了较多不密实的采空区,并且受多次重复采动影响,岩体的自稳能力大大降低,在某一时间产生上覆岩体的整体失稳,对未采煤层开采造成很大的困难。
For a long time,steep coal seam is that the dip of coal seam is greater than45°in China.Because of the serious distribution inhomogeneity of coal seam resources reserves,steep coal seam play an important roal in coal reserves and output in remote and south lack coal areas,for example Qinghai,Xinjiang,Gansu,Sichuang,Hainan,Guizhou,Fujian,etc.Steep coal seam has an important role for the economic development of these provinces.It has formed considerable scale to mining steep coal seam in southwest areas, steep coal seam is main coal seam in many mining areas.Its reserves is about70%of southwest region coal total,and its yield is about50%of all production.
In allusion to actual and concrete existence of steep coal seam, some basic researches are implemented to caving regularity of basic roof in mining steep coal seam,using the bonded method of theory analysis and similarity simulation experiment methods in this thesis,and we acquire some beneficial conclusions.
(1)Analyzed the actual existence state and stress of basic roof in space,and established an thin plate model of the basic roof in accordance with Elastic mechanics thin plate theory.The basic roof before it is firstly disrupted is regarded as an thin plate model that it's four sides are fixed,and the one when it is periodically disrupted is regarded as an thin plate model that it's three sides are fixed but the other is simple supported.Roof strata of steep coal seam is considered as an homogeneous, continuous and isotropic material.Through calculation and analysis,the breakage of basic roof is tension crack failure of the leading of buckling instability.The first and cycle characteristics of basic roof are all tension crack failure that its crack open is toward the goaf along the horizontal blanking level of tendency,meanwhile,the tension crack failure of basic roof that its crack open is back on to the goaf is also occured about the upper and lower fixed sides vicinity.The formulas of basic roof first and cycle caving interval are given.The basic standards of basic roof first and cycle caving flexion and breakage is established.
(2) Similarity simulation experiment is carried out on the basis of the steep coal seam of Lu-ning-da-han-gou coal mine,Lu'an group as the prototype.Tre characteristics of basic roof is tension crack failure like plate when roof is thir plate.Rock plate firstly bends along the line what parallel to the upper and lowe fixed sides at middle-upper part of rock plate,soon forms minimal cracks. The minimal cracks gradually expan,rock plate finally breaks fluctuation two part toward the goaf,the breakage site open direction is toward the goaf,and the cracks that their open is back on to the goaf is also occured about the upper and lower fixed sides vicinity.It is verified that the correctness of obtained basic roo breakage characteristics by the method of theory analysis.And obtained that the breakage of basic roof do not reach caol face,but keep some distance.The touch between fell down strata and floor is more scarce like ">".The conclusions of obtained basic roof breakage characteristics respectively by theory analysis and similar material model test methods was contrasted.They are similar,But the breakage site has some difference because of the diversity on treating the prototype.
(3)According to similarity simulation experiment,with each coal seam mined,many uncompacted finished stopes is formed in unmined coal seam upper,and they are got many repeated mining influence.The ability of the rock mass stability is reduced greatly,upper rock mass occurs entirety instability in a time,it will cause great difficulties to unmined coal seams.
本论文针对急倾斜煤层赋存的具体实际,运用理论分析与相似模拟实验相结合的方法,对采用走向壁式采煤法开采时基本顶的破断规律进行了一些基础性的研究,得到了一些有益的结论。
(1)对基本顶在空间的实际存在状态及其受力情况进行了分析,并且依据弹性薄板理论建立了基本顶的薄板模型,将基本顶初次垮落前视为四边固支的薄板模型,周期垮落时视为三边固支一边简支的薄板模型,并且视急倾斜煤层顶板岩层材质为均匀、连续、各向同性的。经计算分析,急倾斜煤层基本顶的破断是屈曲失稳主导下的拉裂破断,初次破断和周期破断特征均为岩板沿着基本顶层面倾向方向的水平中心线发生开口朝向采空区的拉裂破断,上下两固支端附近发生裂缝开口背向采空区侧的拉裂破坏。同时给出了基本顶初次垮落步距和周期垮落步距计算公式,建立了基本顶初次垮落和周期垮落屈曲与破断的基本准则。
(2)以潞安集团潞宁大汉沟煤矿急倾斜煤层为原型进行了相似模拟实验。实验得出,当煤层顶板为薄板时,基本顶表现为板的拉裂破断特征,岩板以板的中上部平行于上下板边的直线为界首先弯曲,产生微小裂缝,微小裂缝逐渐扩张,最终岩板朝向采空区破断为上下两部分,破断部位开口方向朝向采空区,同时岩板上下两固支端附近也产生背向采空区的裂缝。这验证了理论分析基本顶破断特征的正确性。同时得出,基本顶的破断并没有直达采煤工作面,而是与工作面保持一定的距离,与底板的接触呈“>”形逐渐减少。对比了理论分析与相似模拟实验方法关于基本顶破断特征的结论,两者结论相仿,但由于对原型的处理不同,基本顶的破断部位存在一定的差异。
(3)由相似模拟实验,急倾斜煤层群开采时,随着各煤层的先后采出,在未开采煤层上部形成了较多不密实的采空区,并且受多次重复采动影响,岩体的自稳能力大大降低,在某一时间产生上覆岩体的整体失稳,对未采煤层开采造成很大的困难。
For a long time,steep coal seam is that the dip of coal seam is greater than45°in China.Because of the serious distribution inhomogeneity of coal seam resources reserves,steep coal seam play an important roal in coal reserves and output in remote and south lack coal areas,for example Qinghai,Xinjiang,Gansu,Sichuang,Hainan,Guizhou,Fujian,etc.Steep coal seam has an important role for the economic development of these provinces.It has formed considerable scale to mining steep coal seam in southwest areas, steep coal seam is main coal seam in many mining areas.Its reserves is about70%of southwest region coal total,and its yield is about50%of all production.
In allusion to actual and concrete existence of steep coal seam, some basic researches are implemented to caving regularity of basic roof in mining steep coal seam,using the bonded method of theory analysis and similarity simulation experiment methods in this thesis,and we acquire some beneficial conclusions.
(1)Analyzed the actual existence state and stress of basic roof in space,and established an thin plate model of the basic roof in accordance with Elastic mechanics thin plate theory.The basic roof before it is firstly disrupted is regarded as an thin plate model that it's four sides are fixed,and the one when it is periodically disrupted is regarded as an thin plate model that it's three sides are fixed but the other is simple supported.Roof strata of steep coal seam is considered as an homogeneous, continuous and isotropic material.Through calculation and analysis,the breakage of basic roof is tension crack failure of the leading of buckling instability.The first and cycle characteristics of basic roof are all tension crack failure that its crack open is toward the goaf along the horizontal blanking level of tendency,meanwhile,the tension crack failure of basic roof that its crack open is back on to the goaf is also occured about the upper and lower fixed sides vicinity.The formulas of basic roof first and cycle caving interval are given.The basic standards of basic roof first and cycle caving flexion and breakage is established.
(2) Similarity simulation experiment is carried out on the basis of the steep coal seam of Lu-ning-da-han-gou coal mine,Lu'an group as the prototype.Tre characteristics of basic roof is tension crack failure like plate when roof is thir plate.Rock plate firstly bends along the line what parallel to the upper and lowe fixed sides at middle-upper part of rock plate,soon forms minimal cracks. The minimal cracks gradually expan,rock plate finally breaks fluctuation two part toward the goaf,the breakage site open direction is toward the goaf,and the cracks that their open is back on to the goaf is also occured about the upper and lower fixed sides vicinity.It is verified that the correctness of obtained basic roo breakage characteristics by the method of theory analysis.And obtained that the breakage of basic roof do not reach caol face,but keep some distance.The touch between fell down strata and floor is more scarce like ">".The conclusions of obtained basic roof breakage characteristics respectively by theory analysis and similar material model test methods was contrasted.They are similar,But the breakage site has some difference because of the diversity on treating the prototype.
(3)According to similarity simulation experiment,with each coal seam mined,many uncompacted finished stopes is formed in unmined coal seam upper,and they are got many repeated mining influence.The ability of the rock mass stability is reduced greatly,upper rock mass occurs entirety instability in a time,it will cause great difficulties to unmined coal seams.
引文
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[3]贾喜荣.矿山岩层力学[M].北京：煤炭工业出版社.1997：433-437.
[4]贾喜荣,徐林生.采场矿压与计算方法[J].煤炭学报,1993(5)：13-19.
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[8]石平五,陈文伟.急斜长壁采场顶板破断和岩块运动规律[J].西安矿业学院学报,1990,2：10-21.
[9]高晓旭,邵小平.急倾斜煤层大段高开采围岩变形数值模拟研究[J].矿业安全与环保,2009,36(5)：21-24.
[10]邵小平.急斜煤层大段高开采可行性实验研究[J].煤炭工程,2010,设计技术(5)：10-13.
[11]邵小平.急斜煤层水平分段放顶煤开采围岩结构及其控制性研究[D].西安：西安科技大学,2005.
[12]邵小平.亚急斜煤层采空场覆岩变形破坏数值与相似模拟[J].西安科技大学学报,2008,28(2)：249-253.
[13]高召宁.急斜特厚煤层开采围岩与覆盖层破坏规律研究[D].西安：西安科技大学,2002.
[14]赵朔柱.急斜放顶煤工作面的矿压显现和上覆岩层结构[J].矿山压力与顶板管理,1992,1：38-41.
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