馆养海豚的饲养、疾病防治研究及海洋哺乳动物环境标本库的建立
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摘要
以馆养北太平洋宽吻海豚为研究对象，在海豚馆和水族馆等场
所开展了大量的现场实验和行为学研究；通过出海考察、“调查卡”
统计、整理历史资料等方式，总结了中国海洋哺乳动物的资源现状，
并对我国典型海域中的海洋哺乳动物标本通过目前较为先进的中
子活化（INAA）等技术进行了一系列的分析研究。主要结果如下：
1通过对海豚馆的先后10头海豚进行的长达5年的现场实
验，首次提出并建立了适合海豚生长的水质标准体系，其中，盐度
范围是29-32，PH值范围是7.8-8.2，氯浓度范围是0.3-1.5mg/L，
溶解氧范围为5.0-8.8×10~(-6)，大肠菌群不超过200MPN等等，这
为国内各地海兽馆中的海兽饲养提供了参照标准，为我国海兽饲养
业的发展提供了可靠的基础资料。
2通过对海豚的每一批饵料鱼体营养成分的测定分析（粗蛋白、
粗脂肪、灰分、水分和总细菌数），进而通过对海豚的食性、日食
量及食前反应、食后反应等方面的研究，发现了海豚的季节性饮食
喜好规律，即海豚在冬天喜欢采食鲐鱼等高能量型鱼类，在夏天喜
欢采食带鱼等低能量型鱼类，首次建立了海豚的饵料投喂、营养补
充物质的适量添加及定期进行驱虫、接种疫苗和体格检查等科学饲
养管理方法体系。
3通过对北太平洋宽吻海豚进行的500余头次的生理指标的测
定（直接获得有关数据9000多个人 在国内首次建立了多头宽吻海
豚的生理指标档案和数据库，主要包括血常规指标、血液生化指标。
体温、呼吸频率等45个指标。
4在宽吻海豚生理指标档案和数据库基础上，运用了适当的计
算方法，结合相应的生理学意义，统计归纳出了宽吻海豚各生理指
标的正常阈值和范围，如白细胞的正常阈值为 3．797 X 10‘个几一
11．56 XIO’个几等等，此生理指标阈值范围体系是准确了解海豚机
体的生理状况、疾病诊断及治疗的关键依据。
5发现了海豚各生理指标间的相关关系及生理指标与海豚疾
病诊断间的关系规律，基本形成了宽吻海豚常见疾病的诊断和防治
方法体系，如海豚血液指标中的斗值降低，白蛋白与球蛋白比值
（A／G）下降，表明海豚机体脱水，电解质代谢紊乱；海豚血液中
的谷草转氨酶、谷雨转氨酶大幅升高，中性粒细胞值上升，胆红素
值升高，表明海豚的肝脏功能异常等等。其中，治愈铜绿假单抱菌
感染经查新属国际领先水平。
2
6总结了中国海洋哺乳动物的资源现状，并通过中子活化技术、
等离子体耦合原子发射谱技术和原子发射谱技术，对日本下关海
．豚、秦皇岛海豚、莱州湾海豚和秦皇岛江豚的肌肉、肝脏、肾脏、
心脏和肺等样品进行了多元素的测定分析，测出了其中的27种元
公 素的含量，初步建立了中国海洋哺乳动物环境标本库。
7通过对所测海洋哺乳动物器官样品中的元素含量的比较，发
现海洋哺乳动物的不同器官富集元素的能力明显不同，各器官的富
集能力基本是肝脏＞肾脏＞心脏＞肺＞肌肉，海曾肌肉不适合
作为环境标本库的样品，而肝脏和肾脏较为适合作为海洋哺乳动物
环境标本库的样品。
8所测海曾器官样品中的大多元素的含量值与阿拉斯加环境标
本库的结果相似，只有Zn、Cu、Ph和Hg的含量远远高于阿拉斯加
环境标本库的结果，而与中国人体肝脏的相应元素的含量基本相
似。日本下关海豚肝脏中的 Cd、Co、Cr、Cu、Ph、V禾 Zn元素的
＠含量高于秦皇岛海豚和莱州湾海豚肝脏中对应元素的含量，而秦皇
岛海豚肝脏中的地、h、和Ni的含量又高于莱州湾海豚肝脏中的
吗 相应元素的含量。
Recently, scientific and public interest in marine mammals has
experienced a sharp growth. Porpoises and whales are getting more and
more popular in general. Both laboratory research effort and the
expanding number of commercial exhibits have increased the number
of dolphins held in captivity. On other hand, marine environmental
quality is getting worse and worse, marine pollution endangered a lot
of marine mammals.
This paper included results about more than 5-year experiment
concerning diet, caging, behavior, health, husbandry and veterinary of
dolphins ( Tursiops glue Dali ) in Qingdao Dolphin Show ; Status
resources and the variation trend of marine mammals in China were
reviewed; Preliminary study about some dolphin tissue specimen were
determined by instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA) and
other advanced techniques. The main results were as following:
1 It was the first time to set up the parameter system about water
quality for the living of dolphins based on 5-year experiments on 10
dolphins in Qingdao Dolphin Show, the normal salinity range was about
29 32, normal PH range was 7.8 8.2, normal chlorine range was
0.3 1.Smg/L, normal dissolved oxygen range was 5.0 8.8X 10 6
normal ammonia was no more than 1.0 X 10 6 , the number of fecal
coliform bacteria was no more than 200MPN. This work provided
experienced foundation on monitoring water quality for feeding marine
mammals in China.
2 Through experiment on the nutrient contribution in fish diet, the
feeding custom of dolphins was concluded, that was in winter, dolphins
like to eat fish with high energy, such as houttuyn; in summer, dolphins
turn to like fish with low energy, such as ribbonfish and polynemidae.
Based on it, scientific feeding system and other relatively husbandry
methods were preliminary formed.
3 It was the first time to build records and databank of
physiological indicators of dolphins in captivity in China. The data
4
includes altogether 45 kinds indicators, such as blood clinical
parameters, blood biochemistry data, body temperature and the
respiration frequency, etc.
4 Normal ranges of each physiological indicators were found
according to scientific statistical method and its clinical meaning, for
example, normal range ofWBC was 3.797X ,
etc. These normal ranges could indicate what body condition the
dolphin was, so, they were very useful for the diagnosis and treatment
of dolphin diseases.
5 On base of these normal ranges of physiological indicators , the
regular relationship between the value of indicator and disease was
found, for example, the decreasing of K concentration and A/G in
blood indicated that the blood condensed and the electrolyte
metabolization was in disorder; the sharply rise of AST, ALT and DBIL
indicated that the liver function of dolphin was in worse condition.
Based on it, the veterinary system abou
所开展了大量的现场实验和行为学研究；通过出海考察、“调查卡”
统计、整理历史资料等方式，总结了中国海洋哺乳动物的资源现状，
并对我国典型海域中的海洋哺乳动物标本通过目前较为先进的中
子活化（INAA）等技术进行了一系列的分析研究。主要结果如下：
1通过对海豚馆的先后10头海豚进行的长达5年的现场实
验，首次提出并建立了适合海豚生长的水质标准体系，其中，盐度
范围是29-32，PH值范围是7.8-8.2，氯浓度范围是0.3-1.5mg/L，
溶解氧范围为5.0-8.8×10~(-6)，大肠菌群不超过200MPN等等，这
为国内各地海兽馆中的海兽饲养提供了参照标准，为我国海兽饲养
业的发展提供了可靠的基础资料。
2通过对海豚的每一批饵料鱼体营养成分的测定分析（粗蛋白、
粗脂肪、灰分、水分和总细菌数），进而通过对海豚的食性、日食
量及食前反应、食后反应等方面的研究，发现了海豚的季节性饮食
喜好规律，即海豚在冬天喜欢采食鲐鱼等高能量型鱼类，在夏天喜
欢采食带鱼等低能量型鱼类，首次建立了海豚的饵料投喂、营养补
充物质的适量添加及定期进行驱虫、接种疫苗和体格检查等科学饲
养管理方法体系。
3通过对北太平洋宽吻海豚进行的500余头次的生理指标的测
定（直接获得有关数据9000多个人 在国内首次建立了多头宽吻海
豚的生理指标档案和数据库，主要包括血常规指标、血液生化指标。
体温、呼吸频率等45个指标。
4在宽吻海豚生理指标档案和数据库基础上，运用了适当的计
算方法，结合相应的生理学意义，统计归纳出了宽吻海豚各生理指
标的正常阈值和范围，如白细胞的正常阈值为 3．797 X 10‘个几一
11．56 XIO’个几等等，此生理指标阈值范围体系是准确了解海豚机
体的生理状况、疾病诊断及治疗的关键依据。
5发现了海豚各生理指标间的相关关系及生理指标与海豚疾
病诊断间的关系规律，基本形成了宽吻海豚常见疾病的诊断和防治
方法体系，如海豚血液指标中的斗值降低，白蛋白与球蛋白比值
（A／G）下降，表明海豚机体脱水，电解质代谢紊乱；海豚血液中
的谷草转氨酶、谷雨转氨酶大幅升高，中性粒细胞值上升，胆红素
值升高，表明海豚的肝脏功能异常等等。其中，治愈铜绿假单抱菌
感染经查新属国际领先水平。
2
6总结了中国海洋哺乳动物的资源现状，并通过中子活化技术、
等离子体耦合原子发射谱技术和原子发射谱技术，对日本下关海
．豚、秦皇岛海豚、莱州湾海豚和秦皇岛江豚的肌肉、肝脏、肾脏、
心脏和肺等样品进行了多元素的测定分析，测出了其中的27种元
公 素的含量，初步建立了中国海洋哺乳动物环境标本库。
7通过对所测海洋哺乳动物器官样品中的元素含量的比较，发
现海洋哺乳动物的不同器官富集元素的能力明显不同，各器官的富
集能力基本是肝脏＞肾脏＞心脏＞肺＞肌肉，海曾肌肉不适合
作为环境标本库的样品，而肝脏和肾脏较为适合作为海洋哺乳动物
环境标本库的样品。
8所测海曾器官样品中的大多元素的含量值与阿拉斯加环境标
本库的结果相似，只有Zn、Cu、Ph和Hg的含量远远高于阿拉斯加
环境标本库的结果，而与中国人体肝脏的相应元素的含量基本相
似。日本下关海豚肝脏中的 Cd、Co、Cr、Cu、Ph、V禾 Zn元素的
＠含量高于秦皇岛海豚和莱州湾海豚肝脏中对应元素的含量，而秦皇
岛海豚肝脏中的地、h、和Ni的含量又高于莱州湾海豚肝脏中的
吗 相应元素的含量。
Recently, scientific and public interest in marine mammals has
experienced a sharp growth. Porpoises and whales are getting more and
more popular in general. Both laboratory research effort and the
expanding number of commercial exhibits have increased the number
of dolphins held in captivity. On other hand, marine environmental
quality is getting worse and worse, marine pollution endangered a lot
of marine mammals.
This paper included results about more than 5-year experiment
concerning diet, caging, behavior, health, husbandry and veterinary of
dolphins ( Tursiops glue Dali ) in Qingdao Dolphin Show ; Status
resources and the variation trend of marine mammals in China were
reviewed; Preliminary study about some dolphin tissue specimen were
determined by instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA) and
other advanced techniques. The main results were as following:
1 It was the first time to set up the parameter system about water
quality for the living of dolphins based on 5-year experiments on 10
dolphins in Qingdao Dolphin Show, the normal salinity range was about
29 32, normal PH range was 7.8 8.2, normal chlorine range was
0.3 1.Smg/L, normal dissolved oxygen range was 5.0 8.8X 10 6
normal ammonia was no more than 1.0 X 10 6 , the number of fecal
coliform bacteria was no more than 200MPN. This work provided
experienced foundation on monitoring water quality for feeding marine
mammals in China.
2 Through experiment on the nutrient contribution in fish diet, the
feeding custom of dolphins was concluded, that was in winter, dolphins
like to eat fish with high energy, such as houttuyn; in summer, dolphins
turn to like fish with low energy, such as ribbonfish and polynemidae.
Based on it, scientific feeding system and other relatively husbandry
methods were preliminary formed.
3 It was the first time to build records and databank of
physiological indicators of dolphins in captivity in China. The data
4
includes altogether 45 kinds indicators, such as blood clinical
parameters, blood biochemistry data, body temperature and the
respiration frequency, etc.
4 Normal ranges of each physiological indicators were found
according to scientific statistical method and its clinical meaning, for
example, normal range ofWBC was 3.797X ,
etc. These normal ranges could indicate what body condition the
dolphin was, so, they were very useful for the diagnosis and treatment
of dolphin diseases.
5 On base of these normal ranges of physiological indicators , the
regular relationship between the value of indicator and disease was
found, for example, the decreasing of K concentration and A/G in
blood indicated that the blood condensed and the electrolyte
metabolization was in disorder; the sharply rise of AST, ALT and DBIL
indicated that the liver function of dolphin was in worse condition.
Based on it, the veterinary system abou
引文
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Fancher, I.E. and Alcorn, D.J., 1972, Harbor seal Phoca vitulina census in south San-Francisco Bay, California, U.S.A., Calif. Fish Game, 68(2) : 118-121
Finch, V.A., 1966, Maternal behavior in the harbor seal, In: Proc. 3rd Annual Conf. Biol. Sonar Diving Mamm. ( C.E. Rice ed.), Stanford Res. Inst. Biol. Sonar Lab., Menlo Park, CA, 147-150
Zhou Kaiya, Gao Anli and Sun Jiang, 1993, Notes on the biology of the finless porpoise in Chinese waters, IBI Reports, No. 4: 69-74
Zhou Kaiya, Zhou Mingzhen and Zhao Zhongru, 1984, First discovery of a Tertiary Platanistoid fossil from Asia., Sci. Rep. Whales Res. Inst., 35: 173-181
Harrison, R. J., 1969, Reproduction and reproductive organs, 253-257, in H.T. Andersen, The biology of marine mammals, Academic Press, New York Harrison, R. J., and J. E. King, 1965, Marine mammals, Hutchinson and Co., London, 192-195
Allen, G.M., 1938, The mammals of China and Mongolia, Vol, XI, Part I, natural History of Central Asia, W. Granger (ed.), New York, Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., 23-251
Allen, S. , 1980, Notes on the births and deaths of harbor seal pups at Double-point California, U.S.A., Murrelet, 61(1) :41-43
Amorose, E. C. , Bourne, G. H., Harrison, R. J., et al, Reproductive and endocrine organs of fetal, newborn, and adult seals, J. Zool.( lond.) 147:430-486
Antonyuk, A.A., 1971, Quantitative changes in the vertebrae in htevertrebral column of pinnipeds, In " Research on Marine Mammals ", ( eds K.K> Chapskii and E.S. Milchenko), 317-321, Tr. Atl Nauchno-lsland, Inst. Rybn. Khoz.
Okeanogr. 39: 58-73( in Russian), ( English translation Can. Fish. And Mar. Serv. Transl. Ser. No3185)
Arnason, U., 1974, Comparative chromosome studies in Pinnipedia, Hereditas, 76: 179-225
Banfield, A.W.F., 1974, The mammals of Canada, University of Toronto press,
Canada, 215-468
White.L.W., 1967, The historic roots of our ecological crisis, Science, 155:388-396
White, M.J.D., 1988, Modes of speciation, San Francisco: W.H. Freeman
Whittaker, R.H., 1972, Evolution and measurement of species diversity, Taxon, 21:213-251
Wilcove, D.S., Mclellan, C.H., Dobson, A.P., 1986, Habitat fragmentation in the temperate zone, In: Soule, M.E., ed, The Science of Scarcity and Diversity, Conservation Biology, Sunderland, Sinauer, 237-256
Willians, P.H., Humphries, C.J., 1994, Biodiversity, taxonomic relatedness, and eendemism in conservation, In: Forey, P.I., Humphries, C.J., Vane-Wright, R.I., eds, Systematics and Conservation Evaluation, Oxford, Clarendon Press, Systematics Association Special Volume 50:269-287
Williams, PH., Vane-Wright., 1993, Measuring biodiversity for choosing conservation areas, In: Lasalle, J., Gauld, I.G. ed. Hymenoptera and Biodiversity, CAB International, Wallingford, UK, 309-328
Wilson, D.S., 1975, Atheory of group selection, Proceedings to National Academy of Sciences, U.S.A., 72:143-146
Wilson, D.S., 1980, The natural selection of population and communities, California, Melo Park, 143-146
Wilson, J.W.Ⅲ, 1974, Analytical zoogeography of North American mammals, Evolution, 28: 124-140
Wilson, k M.V., Schmida, A., 1984, Measuring beta diversity with presenceabsence data, Journal of Ecology, 72:1055-1064
Wright, S., 1980, Breeding strcture of populations in relation to speciation, American Naturalist, 74:232-248
Wright, D.H., Currie, D.J., 1993, Energy supply and patterns of species richness on local and regional scales, In: Ricklefs, R., Achluter, D. eds., Species Diversity in Ecological Communities, 66-74
Wu,J., Gao, W., 1995, Spatial patterns of species richness: A hierarchical perspective, Chinese Biodiversity, 3:12-21
Zhou, K., Gao anli, 1993, Notes on the biology of the finless porpoise in Chinese waters, In: Kamogawa, Japan, ed, International Marine Biology Research
Insititute, IBI Reports 4:69-74
Zhou, Kaiya, Li, Y., 1989, Status and aspects of the ecology and behavior of th eBaiji, Lipotes vexillifer in the lower Yantze River, In: Perrin, E.F., Brownell R.L., Jr., Zhou K., Liu J., eds, Biology and Conservation of the River Dolphins, Occasional Papers of the IUCN SSC, 3:86-91
Zhou,Kaiya, 1995, large-scale fidld performance of transgenic tobacco plants resistant to both tobacco mpsaoc voris amd cici,ber voris. Om: Kpmes D. D. eds., The Biosafety Results of Field Tests of Genetically Modified Plants and Microorganisms, Proceedings of the 3rd International Symposium, California: U.S.A., 49-56
Zhuang,X.Y, 1996, The conservation status of Hong Kong's trends in evolution and ecology flora, Chinese Biodiversity .
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周开亚、李悦民、西荔昌治、片冈照男，1982，长江下游南京至贵池江 段白鱀豚的观察，兽类学报， 2 (2) ：253-254
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Ostapczuk,P., et al., 1997, Mussels and Algae as bioindicators for long-term tendencies of element pollution in marine ecosystems.Chemosphere, 34 :2049-2058
Eisner, A., 1981, Effects of nitrogen and low Ph on organic low transport and electrolyte distribution in the harbor seal kidney slice, 65th Annual Meeting of the
Federation of American Societies of Experiment Biology, Atlantic, GA., U.S.A., April 12-27
Fancher, I.E. and Alcorn, D.J., 1972, Harbor seal Phoca vitulina census in south San-Francisco Bay, California, U.S.A., Calif. Fish Game, 68(2) : 118-121
Finch, V.A., 1966, Maternal behavior in the harbor seal, In: Proc. 3rd Annual Conf. Biol. Sonar Diving Mamm. ( C.E. Rice ed.), Stanford Res. Inst. Biol. Sonar Lab., Menlo Park, CA, 147-150
Zhou Kaiya, Gao Anli and Sun Jiang, 1993, Notes on the biology of the finless porpoise in Chinese waters, IBI Reports, No. 4: 69-74
Zhou Kaiya, Zhou Mingzhen and Zhao Zhongru, 1984, First discovery of a Tertiary Platanistoid fossil from Asia., Sci. Rep. Whales Res. Inst., 35: 173-181
Harrison, R. J., 1969, Reproduction and reproductive organs, 253-257, in H.T. Andersen, The biology of marine mammals, Academic Press, New York Harrison, R. J., and J. E. King, 1965, Marine mammals, Hutchinson and Co., London, 192-195
Allen, G.M., 1938, The mammals of China and Mongolia, Vol, XI, Part I, natural History of Central Asia, W. Granger (ed.), New York, Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., 23-251
Allen, S. , 1980, Notes on the births and deaths of harbor seal pups at Double-point California, U.S.A., Murrelet, 61(1) :41-43
Amorose, E. C. , Bourne, G. H., Harrison, R. J., et al, Reproductive and endocrine organs of fetal, newborn, and adult seals, J. Zool.( lond.) 147:430-486
Antonyuk, A.A., 1971, Quantitative changes in the vertebrae in htevertrebral column of pinnipeds, In " Research on Marine Mammals ", ( eds K.K> Chapskii and E.S. Milchenko), 317-321, Tr. Atl Nauchno-lsland, Inst. Rybn. Khoz.
Okeanogr. 39: 58-73( in Russian), ( English translation Can. Fish. And Mar. Serv. Transl. Ser. No3185)
Arnason, U., 1974, Comparative chromosome studies in Pinnipedia, Hereditas, 76: 179-225
Banfield, A.W.F., 1974, The mammals of Canada, University of Toronto press,
Canada, 215-468
White.L.W., 1967, The historic roots of our ecological crisis, Science, 155:388-396
White, M.J.D., 1988, Modes of speciation, San Francisco: W.H. Freeman
Whittaker, R.H., 1972, Evolution and measurement of species diversity, Taxon, 21:213-251
Wilcove, D.S., Mclellan, C.H., Dobson, A.P., 1986, Habitat fragmentation in the temperate zone, In: Soule, M.E., ed, The Science of Scarcity and Diversity, Conservation Biology, Sunderland, Sinauer, 237-256
Willians, P.H., Humphries, C.J., 1994, Biodiversity, taxonomic relatedness, and eendemism in conservation, In: Forey, P.I., Humphries, C.J., Vane-Wright, R.I., eds, Systematics and Conservation Evaluation, Oxford, Clarendon Press, Systematics Association Special Volume 50:269-287
Williams, PH., Vane-Wright., 1993, Measuring biodiversity for choosing conservation areas, In: Lasalle, J., Gauld, I.G. ed. Hymenoptera and Biodiversity, CAB International, Wallingford, UK, 309-328
Wilson, D.S., 1975, Atheory of group selection, Proceedings to National Academy of Sciences, U.S.A., 72:143-146
Wilson, D.S., 1980, The natural selection of population and communities, California, Melo Park, 143-146
Wilson, J.W.Ⅲ, 1974, Analytical zoogeography of North American mammals, Evolution, 28: 124-140
Wilson, k M.V., Schmida, A., 1984, Measuring beta diversity with presenceabsence data, Journal of Ecology, 72:1055-1064
Wright, S., 1980, Breeding strcture of populations in relation to speciation, American Naturalist, 74:232-248
Wright, D.H., Currie, D.J., 1993, Energy supply and patterns of species richness on local and regional scales, In: Ricklefs, R., Achluter, D. eds., Species Diversity in Ecological Communities, 66-74
Wu,J., Gao, W., 1995, Spatial patterns of species richness: A hierarchical perspective, Chinese Biodiversity, 3:12-21
Zhou, K., Gao anli, 1993, Notes on the biology of the finless porpoise in Chinese waters, In: Kamogawa, Japan, ed, International Marine Biology Research
Insititute, IBI Reports 4:69-74
Zhou, Kaiya, Li, Y., 1989, Status and aspects of the ecology and behavior of th eBaiji, Lipotes vexillifer in the lower Yantze River, In: Perrin, E.F., Brownell R.L., Jr., Zhou K., Liu J., eds, Biology and Conservation of the River Dolphins, Occasional Papers of the IUCN SSC, 3:86-91
Zhou,Kaiya, 1995, large-scale fidld performance of transgenic tobacco plants resistant to both tobacco mpsaoc voris amd cici,ber voris. Om: Kpmes D. D. eds., The Biosafety Results of Field Tests of Genetically Modified Plants and Microorganisms, Proceedings of the 3rd International Symposium, California: U.S.A., 49-56
Zhuang,X.Y, 1996, The conservation status of Hong Kong's trends in evolution and ecology flora, Chinese Biodiversity .