水电站高耸进水塔结构的抗震分析
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摘要
本文共分为两部分，一部分为高地震区高耸结构的抗震性能研究，通过谱分析和瞬态分析，对各种模型的计算结果加以比较分析，分析评价了高耸进水塔结构的抗震能力。另一部分主要为高耸结构的整体稳定性分析，评价了实际工程高耸进水塔结构的整体稳定性，论文结合实际工程进水塔的设计进行了具体的分析计算，进一步研究了地基非线性对高耸结构稳定性计算的影响，得出了相应的结论。从而为简化高耸结构整体稳定性的计算和进一步研究提供了依据。论文的主要工作包括：
1．对地震分析方法的研究。主要对比了各种模型的谱分析和瞬态分析的结果，研究了相对软弱的岩石地基上高耸结构的抗震分析方法。评价了吉林台进水塔结构的抗震性能。
2．对高耸结构稳定性计算方法的探讨。本文提出了高耸结构稳定性的计算公式，同时用apdl语言编制了相应的计算程序，将理论成果方便的应用于工程实际。
3．稳定性的计算中传统上是基于材料各向同性和线弹性的假定。但塔基一般是混凝土材料，在实际情况下是不能承受拉力的，为了考虑这一部分的影响，本文利用apdl语言实现了非线性瞬态分析，采用给单元刚度矩阵乘小数的方法实现了非线性时程分析，而且相当节省计算机资源。将非线性的计算结果与线弹性的计算结果相比较，说明线弹性计算的优势和不足，建议对于重要的高耸建筑物，稳定性采用多重标准来衡量，即稳定性系数、塔体的转角和塔体底板的提离程度。
本文的工作紧密结合工程实际，以具体工程为实例，研究成果对设计具有指导和参考作用。
This paper is composed of two parts. One part is the study of the aseismic capability of the high-rise structure in region with high earthquake intensity. The results of different models are compared with each other and the aseismic capability of high-rise intake tower structure is appraised. The other includes the whole stability analysis of the high-rise structure and the real structure stability is appraised. For the more, this paper also studied nonlinear characteristics of the structure stability and some conclusions are summarized. The stability appraising methods are used in practical project design and we conclude that the result and the summary are correct and reliable. Thus the work contribute to simplifying the calculating method and promote the development of the corresponding theory. The main works of this paper are as follows:
1. The study of the method of the aseismic analysis. Comparing the results of the different models of spectrum and transient analysis is the main work and explored the research method of high-rise structures in region which is comparatively flexible. The aseismic characteristics of Jilintai intake tower are appraised.
2. The stability calculation method of high-rise structures. We put forward some formulations for computing the stability of high-rise structures and APDL program has been made with this theory guiding. So we convert the theory achievement to practical application.
3. It is usually supposed that the materials are isotropic and in the elastic-linear status when studying the stability capability. But in fact, the materials especially the concrete is capable of undertaking compression in stead of tension. We programmed to calculate the stability with the nonlinear transient method with the apdl program language that is realized by multiplying a small number to the stiffness matrix of element. Computing the stability coefficient with this method will take less CPU time comparatively. Comparing the result of nonlinear transient and that of the linear elastic, we can get some conclusions. From the calculation result, we conclude that the stability of the high-rise structures should be appraised by two separate standard: the stability coefficient and the rotation angle of the structure.
All of work of this paper is combined with the practical project and the research conclusion directed the design and construction of the project. On the other hand, it also promote the corresponding theory.
1．对地震分析方法的研究。主要对比了各种模型的谱分析和瞬态分析的结果，研究了相对软弱的岩石地基上高耸结构的抗震分析方法。评价了吉林台进水塔结构的抗震性能。
2．对高耸结构稳定性计算方法的探讨。本文提出了高耸结构稳定性的计算公式，同时用apdl语言编制了相应的计算程序，将理论成果方便的应用于工程实际。
3．稳定性的计算中传统上是基于材料各向同性和线弹性的假定。但塔基一般是混凝土材料，在实际情况下是不能承受拉力的，为了考虑这一部分的影响，本文利用apdl语言实现了非线性瞬态分析，采用给单元刚度矩阵乘小数的方法实现了非线性时程分析，而且相当节省计算机资源。将非线性的计算结果与线弹性的计算结果相比较，说明线弹性计算的优势和不足，建议对于重要的高耸建筑物，稳定性采用多重标准来衡量，即稳定性系数、塔体的转角和塔体底板的提离程度。
本文的工作紧密结合工程实际，以具体工程为实例，研究成果对设计具有指导和参考作用。
This paper is composed of two parts. One part is the study of the aseismic capability of the high-rise structure in region with high earthquake intensity. The results of different models are compared with each other and the aseismic capability of high-rise intake tower structure is appraised. The other includes the whole stability analysis of the high-rise structure and the real structure stability is appraised. For the more, this paper also studied nonlinear characteristics of the structure stability and some conclusions are summarized. The stability appraising methods are used in practical project design and we conclude that the result and the summary are correct and reliable. Thus the work contribute to simplifying the calculating method and promote the development of the corresponding theory. The main works of this paper are as follows:
1. The study of the method of the aseismic analysis. Comparing the results of the different models of spectrum and transient analysis is the main work and explored the research method of high-rise structures in region which is comparatively flexible. The aseismic characteristics of Jilintai intake tower are appraised.
2. The stability calculation method of high-rise structures. We put forward some formulations for computing the stability of high-rise structures and APDL program has been made with this theory guiding. So we convert the theory achievement to practical application.
3. It is usually supposed that the materials are isotropic and in the elastic-linear status when studying the stability capability. But in fact, the materials especially the concrete is capable of undertaking compression in stead of tension. We programmed to calculate the stability with the nonlinear transient method with the apdl program language that is realized by multiplying a small number to the stiffness matrix of element. Computing the stability coefficient with this method will take less CPU time comparatively. Comparing the result of nonlinear transient and that of the linear elastic, we can get some conclusions. From the calculation result, we conclude that the stability of the high-rise structures should be appraised by two separate standard: the stability coefficient and the rotation angle of the structure.
All of work of this paper is combined with the practical project and the research conclusion directed the design and construction of the project. On the other hand, it also promote the corresponding theory.
引文
[1]大连理工大学土木系水电站研究室．二滩水电站进水塔8度地震作用下内力计算研究报告，1989．
[2]Liao Z P, Wong H L.A Transmitting Boundary for the Numerical Simulation of Elastic Wave Propagation[J]. Soil Dyn.and Earth. Eng. 1984, (3): 174～183.
[3]梁青槐．土—结构动力相互作用数值分析方法的评述[J]．北方交通大学学报，1977，21(6)：690～694．
[4]赵崇斌，张楚汉，张光斗．用无穷元模拟半无限平面弹性地基[J]．清华大学学报，1986，3．
[5]田洁，刘恭忍，王克成．半无限地基上框架结构动力性态研究．西安理工大学学报[J]，1998，14(1)：99～104．
[6]杨柏坡，廖振鹏．结构—土相互作用有限元解法及改造通用程序的初步结果．地震工程与工程振动[J]，1986，6(1)：10～19．
[7]张伯艳，杨佳梅．小浪底3号进水塔的静动力分析，土木工程学报[J]．1993，26(1)：1～6．
[8]陈厚群，侯顺载等．黄河小浪底水利枢纽进水塔群结构安全静动态分析研究．水利水电科学研究研报告．
[9]周鸿钧，胡良明．2号明流洞进水塔修改方案的静动力分析．郑州工学院学报[J]，1994，15(4)．13～18．
[10]胡良明，董跃星，周鸿钧．小浪底水利枢纽3号进水塔架的静动力分析．郑州工业大学学报[J]，1998，19(4)，13～17．
[11]周鸿钧，张五岳．大型进水塔的三维有限元动力分析．郑州工学院学报[J]，1992，13(3)．1～6．
[12]马立鹏，右瑞昌，王亦锥．天生桥水电站进水塔空间有限元结构分析．郑州工学院学报[J]，1991，12(3)．39～45．
[13]alok goyal, anil k. chopra. Earthquake analysis of intake-outlet towers including tower-water-foundation-soil interaction. J of Earthquake engineering and structural dynamics[J]. 1989 18:325～344
[14]C.-Y. Liaw, A.K.Chopra. Dynamics of towers surrounded by water. Earthquake eng. struct, dyn[J]. 3, 33-49(1974)
[15]C.-Y. Liaw, A.K.Chopra. Earthquake analysis of axisymmetric towers partially submerged in water. Earthquake eng.struct.dyn.3, 233-248(1975)
[16]A.K.Chopra, C.-Y. Liaw, . Earthquake resistant desigh of intake-outlet towers. J.struct.div. ASCE 101.1349-1366(1975)
[17]Y.K.Cheung, Z.-Y. Cao, S.Y. Wu. Dynamic analysis of prismatic structures surrounded by an infinite fluid medium. Earthquake eng.struct.dyn. 13, 351-360(1985)
[18]A.K.Chopra, J.A.Gutierrea. Earthquake response anslysis of multistory buildings including foundation interaction. Earthquake eng.struct.dyn. 3.65-77 (1974).
[19]杨欣先，李彦硕．水电站进水口设计．第1版，大连：大连理工大学出版社，1990．1～2．
[20]陈厚群，候顺载等．黄河小浪底水利枢纽进水塔群结构安全静动态分析研究．水利水电科学研究院报告．1991
[21]李彦硕．天生桥一级水电站进水塔及拦污栅框架静、动力三维有限元分析报告．1991
[22]刘立强．水电站管道自振特性研究及进水塔动水压力研究[D]．大连理工大学研究生院硕士论文集，1985．
[23]SL203-97，水工建筑物抗震设计规范[S]．
[24]阎石，李宏男，张景玮．结构鞭梢效应及其在振动控制中的应用[J]．沈阳建筑工程学院学报．1998，14(3)：237～241．
[25]杜修力，熊建国．波动问题的级数解边界元法[J]．地震工程与振动，1988,8(1)：39．
[26]石桂萍，薛文芳，马良柱．文峪河水库进水塔裂缝产生原因及处理措施研究．山西水利科技[J]，2000,136：1～2．
[27]Lysmer J, wass G. Shear Wave in Plane Infinite Structure. J. Engrg. Mech. Div. 1972[J].ASCE, (98):85～105.
[28]Chopra A K, Dasgupta G. Dynamic Stiffness Matrix for Visoelastic Halfplane Foundation[J]. ASCE,1976,102(EM3):497～514.
[29]王复明．层壮地基分析的样条半解析法及其应用：[学位论文]大连：大连理工大学，1987．
[30]Bettess P, Zienkiewica O C. Diffraction and Refraction of Surface Waves Using Finite and Infinite elements [J]. Int. J. for Num. Meth, 1977, 11: 1272～1290.
[31]Wolf J P, darbe G R. Dynamic-stiffness Matrix of Soil by the Boundary Element Method [J], EESD, 1984,12(3): 385～401.
[32]曹宏，李秋胜，李桂青，高层建筑和高耸结构抗震概念设计．郑州工学院学报[J]，1991，12(2)：10～15．
[33]梁青槐．土—结构动力相互作用的有限单元cloning法及其在地下结构分析中的应用[D]．大连：大连理工大学，1995．
[34]尹晓林等，溪洛渡水电站引水发电建筑物布置设计，水电站设计[J]，1999,15(2)：14～19．
[35]大连理工大学土木建筑学院抗震试验室．溪洛渡水电站引水发电进水口静、动力分析和模型试验研究．大连：大连理工大学，2002．
[2]Liao Z P, Wong H L.A Transmitting Boundary for the Numerical Simulation of Elastic Wave Propagation[J]. Soil Dyn.and Earth. Eng. 1984, (3): 174～183.
[3]梁青槐．土—结构动力相互作用数值分析方法的评述[J]．北方交通大学学报，1977，21(6)：690～694．
[4]赵崇斌，张楚汉，张光斗．用无穷元模拟半无限平面弹性地基[J]．清华大学学报，1986，3．
[5]田洁，刘恭忍，王克成．半无限地基上框架结构动力性态研究．西安理工大学学报[J]，1998，14(1)：99～104．
[6]杨柏坡，廖振鹏．结构—土相互作用有限元解法及改造通用程序的初步结果．地震工程与工程振动[J]，1986，6(1)：10～19．
[7]张伯艳，杨佳梅．小浪底3号进水塔的静动力分析，土木工程学报[J]．1993，26(1)：1～6．
[8]陈厚群，侯顺载等．黄河小浪底水利枢纽进水塔群结构安全静动态分析研究．水利水电科学研究研报告．
[9]周鸿钧，胡良明．2号明流洞进水塔修改方案的静动力分析．郑州工学院学报[J]，1994，15(4)．13～18．
[10]胡良明，董跃星，周鸿钧．小浪底水利枢纽3号进水塔架的静动力分析．郑州工业大学学报[J]，1998，19(4)，13～17．
[11]周鸿钧，张五岳．大型进水塔的三维有限元动力分析．郑州工学院学报[J]，1992，13(3)．1～6．
[12]马立鹏，右瑞昌，王亦锥．天生桥水电站进水塔空间有限元结构分析．郑州工学院学报[J]，1991，12(3)．39～45．
[13]alok goyal, anil k. chopra. Earthquake analysis of intake-outlet towers including tower-water-foundation-soil interaction. J of Earthquake engineering and structural dynamics[J]. 1989 18:325～344
[14]C.-Y. Liaw, A.K.Chopra. Dynamics of towers surrounded by water. Earthquake eng. struct, dyn[J]. 3, 33-49(1974)
[15]C.-Y. Liaw, A.K.Chopra. Earthquake analysis of axisymmetric towers partially submerged in water. Earthquake eng.struct.dyn.3, 233-248(1975)
[16]A.K.Chopra, C.-Y. Liaw, . Earthquake resistant desigh of intake-outlet towers. J.struct.div. ASCE 101.1349-1366(1975)
[17]Y.K.Cheung, Z.-Y. Cao, S.Y. Wu. Dynamic analysis of prismatic structures surrounded by an infinite fluid medium. Earthquake eng.struct.dyn. 13, 351-360(1985)
[18]A.K.Chopra, J.A.Gutierrea. Earthquake response anslysis of multistory buildings including foundation interaction. Earthquake eng.struct.dyn. 3.65-77 (1974).
[19]杨欣先，李彦硕．水电站进水口设计．第1版，大连：大连理工大学出版社，1990．1～2．
[20]陈厚群，候顺载等．黄河小浪底水利枢纽进水塔群结构安全静动态分析研究．水利水电科学研究院报告．1991
[21]李彦硕．天生桥一级水电站进水塔及拦污栅框架静、动力三维有限元分析报告．1991
[22]刘立强．水电站管道自振特性研究及进水塔动水压力研究[D]．大连理工大学研究生院硕士论文集，1985．
[23]SL203-97，水工建筑物抗震设计规范[S]．
[24]阎石，李宏男，张景玮．结构鞭梢效应及其在振动控制中的应用[J]．沈阳建筑工程学院学报．1998，14(3)：237～241．
[25]杜修力，熊建国．波动问题的级数解边界元法[J]．地震工程与振动，1988,8(1)：39．
[26]石桂萍，薛文芳，马良柱．文峪河水库进水塔裂缝产生原因及处理措施研究．山西水利科技[J]，2000,136：1～2．
[27]Lysmer J, wass G. Shear Wave in Plane Infinite Structure. J. Engrg. Mech. Div. 1972[J].ASCE, (98):85～105.
[28]Chopra A K, Dasgupta G. Dynamic Stiffness Matrix for Visoelastic Halfplane Foundation[J]. ASCE,1976,102(EM3):497～514.
[29]王复明．层壮地基分析的样条半解析法及其应用：[学位论文]大连：大连理工大学，1987．
[30]Bettess P, Zienkiewica O C. Diffraction and Refraction of Surface Waves Using Finite and Infinite elements [J]. Int. J. for Num. Meth, 1977, 11: 1272～1290.
[31]Wolf J P, darbe G R. Dynamic-stiffness Matrix of Soil by the Boundary Element Method [J], EESD, 1984,12(3): 385～401.
[32]曹宏，李秋胜，李桂青，高层建筑和高耸结构抗震概念设计．郑州工学院学报[J]，1991，12(2)：10～15．
[33]梁青槐．土—结构动力相互作用的有限单元cloning法及其在地下结构分析中的应用[D]．大连：大连理工大学，1995．
[34]尹晓林等，溪洛渡水电站引水发电建筑物布置设计，水电站设计[J]，1999,15(2)：14～19．
[35]大连理工大学土木建筑学院抗震试验室．溪洛渡水电站引水发电进水口静、动力分析和模型试验研究．大连：大连理工大学，2002．
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