P2P视频点播系统中服务节点数据调度策略研究
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摘要
P2P视频点播是目前网络应用研究的热点,而数据请求任务调度是P2P视频点播系统设计时需要考虑的关键问题。绝大多数现有的数据调度策略都是从请求节点端出发来进行设计。在这些从请求节点端考虑的策略中,请求节点根据自身的数据需求,结合伙伴节点的数据可用信息,向其中合适的伙伴节点发送数据请求,以便能在播放时限到达之前收到数据。服务节点收到数据请求之后,一般采用先来先服务或者最小时间优先的策略处理请求。这样的服务节点数据调度策略不能很好地适应P2P视频点播系统的实时性和动态性(如VCR操作)。在此背景下,本文从服务节点的角度研究P2P视频点播系统的数据调度策略,并提出有效的解决方案。
本文首先提出一种接纳控制策略,及时拒绝一些不满足条件的节点请求,使得被拒绝节点尽早重新发送数据请求,减少其等待时间,并结合激励机制,优先响应对系统贡献大的节点的请求,同时也减轻自私节点对系统的影响;然后,本文针对无结构网状P2P视频点播系统中存在的负载不均问题,提出数据请求任务转移策略,过载节点把部分多余任务请求转移给轻载节点,让轻载节点响应数据请求;接着,针对系统中轻载节点的上行带宽没有得到充分利用的问题,设计了一种考虑数据块流行度和紧迫度的推拉结合算法。最后,本文设计了一个基于服务节点数据调度的P2P视频点播原型系统,并把本文设计的数据请求任务转移策略和推拉结合算法运用到该原型系统中。
实验结果表明,采用基于服务节点的数据调度策略可以提高播放质量和上行带宽利用率,减少服务器压力和启动延迟,从而改善了用户的观看体验,对推动视频点播应用的大规模开展具有积极的意义。
P2P VoD(Peer-to-Peer Video-on-Demand) is a hot topic in the network application at present. Data request task scheduling is one of the important issues for P2P VoD systems. Most existing data scheduling strategies only consider the requesting peers and ignore the serving peers in which the requesting peers request the absent data from partners according to the BM and obtain the data before the playback point. The serving peers respond the requests according to the FCFS and EDFR strategies. So these strategies are not well suitable for P2P VoD because of real-time data requirement and highly dynamic user behaviour (such as VCR operation). This dissertation makes a detailed study on serving peer data scheduling strategies.
Firstly, this dissertation presents admission control strategy combining the incentive mechanism. The serving peers respond the requesting peers that contribute more data to systems with priority and refuse some requests which can not be processed in time. The refused peers send the requests in time, so it reduces the startup delay and hinder the selfish peers to degrade the system; Aiming at the problem of unbalanced requests received by peers in the P2P systems with mesh topology, this dissertation presents an algorithm of data request task migration in which light-loaded peer help the overloaded peer to upload the data; In order to make full use of upload bandwidth, the dissertation designs a hybrid PUSH/PULL scheduling algorithm which consider data popularity and urgency ;At last, we design a P2P VoD prototype system based serving peer data scheduling which takes request task migration and hybrid PUSH/PULL scheduling into consideration.
The simulation results show that, the proposed algorithms can improve the system performance with higher quality of media playback and the efficiency of upload bandwidth utilization. Meanwhile, it also reduces the server stress and startup delay. So it can improve users’experience and be significant meaning for promoting the application of highly scalable P2P VoD systems.
本文首先提出一种接纳控制策略,及时拒绝一些不满足条件的节点请求,使得被拒绝节点尽早重新发送数据请求,减少其等待时间,并结合激励机制,优先响应对系统贡献大的节点的请求,同时也减轻自私节点对系统的影响;然后,本文针对无结构网状P2P视频点播系统中存在的负载不均问题,提出数据请求任务转移策略,过载节点把部分多余任务请求转移给轻载节点,让轻载节点响应数据请求;接着,针对系统中轻载节点的上行带宽没有得到充分利用的问题,设计了一种考虑数据块流行度和紧迫度的推拉结合算法。最后,本文设计了一个基于服务节点数据调度的P2P视频点播原型系统,并把本文设计的数据请求任务转移策略和推拉结合算法运用到该原型系统中。
实验结果表明,采用基于服务节点的数据调度策略可以提高播放质量和上行带宽利用率,减少服务器压力和启动延迟,从而改善了用户的观看体验,对推动视频点播应用的大规模开展具有积极的意义。
P2P VoD(Peer-to-Peer Video-on-Demand) is a hot topic in the network application at present. Data request task scheduling is one of the important issues for P2P VoD systems. Most existing data scheduling strategies only consider the requesting peers and ignore the serving peers in which the requesting peers request the absent data from partners according to the BM and obtain the data before the playback point. The serving peers respond the requests according to the FCFS and EDFR strategies. So these strategies are not well suitable for P2P VoD because of real-time data requirement and highly dynamic user behaviour (such as VCR operation). This dissertation makes a detailed study on serving peer data scheduling strategies.
Firstly, this dissertation presents admission control strategy combining the incentive mechanism. The serving peers respond the requesting peers that contribute more data to systems with priority and refuse some requests which can not be processed in time. The refused peers send the requests in time, so it reduces the startup delay and hinder the selfish peers to degrade the system; Aiming at the problem of unbalanced requests received by peers in the P2P systems with mesh topology, this dissertation presents an algorithm of data request task migration in which light-loaded peer help the overloaded peer to upload the data; In order to make full use of upload bandwidth, the dissertation designs a hybrid PUSH/PULL scheduling algorithm which consider data popularity and urgency ;At last, we design a P2P VoD prototype system based serving peer data scheduling which takes request task migration and hybrid PUSH/PULL scheduling into consideration.
The simulation results show that, the proposed algorithms can improve the system performance with higher quality of media playback and the efficiency of upload bandwidth utilization. Meanwhile, it also reduces the server stress and startup delay. So it can improve users’experience and be significant meaning for promoting the application of highly scalable P2P VoD systems.
引文
[1]司洋.网络P2P流媒体系统的社会化交互界面研究[D].北京大学硕士学位论文, 2010.
[2]唐亮.基于P2P点播系统的客户端缓存策略研究[D].哈尔滨理工大学硕士学位论文, 2008.
[3]王娟.基于用户行为特征的交互式P2P视频点播系统存储机制研究[D].苏州大学硕士学位论文, 2010.
[4]戚敬哲. P2P视频点播系统媒体内容发现与定位策略的研究[D].苏州大学硕士学位论文, 2010.
[5]程斌.对等点播系统数据分发关键技术研究[D].华中科技大学博士学位论文, 2009.
[6] Guo Y, Suh K, Kurose J, et al. P2Cast: Peer-to-Peer Patching Scheme for VoD Service[C]. Proc. of the 12th International Conference on World Wide Web, 2003: 301-309.
[7] Do T.T, Hua K.A, Tantaoui M.A. Robust Video-on-Demand Streaming in Peer-to-Peer Environments[J]. Computer Communications, 2008, 31(3): 506–519.
[8] Vlavianos A, Iliofotou M, Faloutsos M. BiToS: Enhancing BitTorrent for Supporting Streaming Applications[C]. Proc. of the 25th IEEE International Conference on Computer Communications, 2006: 1-6.
[9] Cohen B. Incentives Build Robustness in Bittorrent [C]. Proc. of the 1st Workshop on Economics of Peer-to-Peer Systems, 2003: 1-5.
[10] Dana C, Li D, Harrison D, et al. BASS: BitTorrent Assisted Streaming System for Video-on-Demand[C]. Proc. of 2005 IEEE 7th Workshop on Multimedia Signal Processing, 2005: 1-4.
[11] Yiu K, Jin X, Chan G. VMesh: Distributed Segment Storage for Peer-to-Peer Interactive Video Streaming[J]. IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, 2007, 25(9): 1717–1731.
[12] Jin S, Bestavros A. Cache-and-Relay Streaming Media Delivery for AsynchronousClients[C]. Proc. of International Workshop on Networked Group Communication, 2002: 1-8.
[13] Vratonjic N, Gupta P, Knezevic N, et al. Enabling DVD-like Features in P2P Video-on-Demand Systems [C]. Proc. of the 2007 Workshop on Peer-to-Peer Streaming and IP-TV, 2007: 329-334.
[14] Zhang X, Liu J, Li B, et al. DONet/CoolStreaming: A data-driven overlay network for live media streaming [C]. Proc. of the 24th Annual Joint Conference of the IEEE Computer and Communications Societies, 2005: 2102-2111.
[15]张萌.对等网络流媒体直播调度策略研究[D].清华大学博士学位论文, 2008.
[16] Zhao L, Luo J, Zhang M, et al. Gridmedia: A Practical Peer-to-Peer Based Live Video Streaming System[C]. Proc. of IEEE 7th Workshop on Multimedia Signal Processing, 2005: 1-4.
[17] Liao X, Jin H, Liu Y, et al. AnySee: Peer-to-Peer Live Streaming[C]. Proc. Of the 25th IEEE International Conference on Computer Communications, 2006: 1-10.
[18] iGridMedia [EB/OL], http://media.cs.tsinghua.edu.cn/~zhangm/, 2009.
[19] Cheng B, Jin H, Liao X. Supporting VCR Functions in P2P VoD Services Using Ring-Assisted Overlays[C]. Proc. of 2007 IEEE International Conference on Communications, 2007: 1698-1703.
[20] Cheng B, Liu X, Zhang Z, et al. A Measurement Study of a Peer-to-Peer Video-on-Demand System[C]. Proc. of the International workshop on Peer-To-Peer System, 2007: 1-6.
[21]罗杰文. Peer-to-Peer综述[EB/OL]. http://www.intsci.ac.cn/users/luojw/P2P/index. html/.
[22]张文,赵子铭,杨天路,等. P2P网络技术原理与C++开发案例[M].人民邮电出版社. 2008.
[23]陈贵海,李振华.对等网络:结构、应用与设计[M].清华大学出版社. 2007.
[24]罗建光,张萌,赵黎,等.基于P2P网络的大规模视频直播系统[J].软件学报, 2008, 18(2): 391-399.
[25]谢希仁.计算机网络(第4版)[M].电子工业出版社, 2008.
[26]耿晓菊. P2P覆盖网流媒体交互技术研究与设计[D].苏州大学硕士学位论文, 2009.
[27]胡楠. IPTV现状分析和改进方案的设计与实现[D].南开大学硕士学位论文, 2007.
[28] P2PSim [EB/OL]. http://pdos.csail.mit.edu/p2psim/.
[29] PeerSim [CP/OL]. http://peersim.sourceforge.net/.
[30] Narses network simulator[EB/OL]. http://sourceforge.net/projects/narses/.
[31] NeuroGrid [EB/OL]. http://sourceforge.net/projects/neurogrid/.
[32] Overlay Weaver[EB/OL]. http://sourceforge.net/projects/overlayweaver/.
[33] PlanetSim [EB/OL]. http://planet.urv.es/planetsim/.
[34] Garcia P, Pairot C, Mondejar R, et al. Planetsim: A New Overlay Network Simulation Framework[C]. Proc. of 4th International.Workshop on Software Engineering and Middleware, 2005:123-136.
[35] Naicken S, Livingston B, Basu A, et al. The State of Peer-to-Peer Simulators and Simulations[J]. ACM SIGCOMM Computer Communication Review, 2007,37(2): 95-98.
[36]徐雷鸣,庞博,赵耀. NS与网络模拟[M].人民邮电出版社. 2003.
[37]霍英,陈志刚,施宜. P2P系统模拟器的分析与比较[J].计算机应用研究, 2007,24(11): 37-39.
[38] P2P Streaming Simulator [CP/OL]. http://media.cs.tsinghua.edu.cn/ ~zhangm/.
[39] Yan Z, Yang Y, Ma M. A Novel Admission Control Algorithm for VOD Service in ADSL P2P Networks. Proc.of the 2006 IEEE Singapore International Conference on Communication systems, 2006: 1-5.
[40]冯健. P2P点播流媒体服务质量研究[D].西北大学博士学位论文, 2008.
[41] Saroiu S, Gummadi P. K. Gribble S. D. A Measurement Study of Peer-to-Peer Files Sharing System[C]. Proc. of Multimedia Computing and Networking 2002, 2002:156-170.
[42]彭昭.非结构化对等点播分发技术研究[D].华中科技大学博士学位论文, 2008.
[43]熊伟,谢冬青,焦炳旺,等.一种结构化P2P协议中的自适应负载均衡方法[J].软件学报, 2009, 20(3): 660-670.
[44] Karger D, Ruhl M. Simple Efficient Load Balancing Algorithms for Peer-to-Peer Systems[C]. Proc. of the 16th Annual ACM Symposium on Parallelism in Algorithms and Architectures, 2004: 36-43.
[45] Rao A, Lakshminarayanan K, Surana S, et al. Load Balancing in Structured P2P Systems [C]. Proc. of the 2nd International workshop on Peer-to-Peer Systems, 2003: 68-79.
[46] Godfrey B, Lakshminarayanan K, Surana S, et al. Load Balancing in Dynamic Structured P2P Systems[C]. Proc. of the 23rd Annual Joint Conference of the IEEE Computer and Communications Societies, 2004:2253-2262.
[47] Byers J, Considine J, Mitzenmacher M, et al. Simple Load Balancing for Distributed Hash Tables[C]. Proc. of the 2nd International workshop on Peer-to-Peer Systems, 2003: 80-87.
[48] Ledlie J, Seltzer M. Distributed, Secure Load Balancing with Skew, Heterogeneity, and Churn[C]. Proc. of the 24th Annual Joint Conference of the IEEE Computer and Communications Societies, 2005: 1419-1430.
[49] Xie J.F, Chan E, Chen G.H, et al. Push Popular Segments in P2P VoD System Possibility and Design. Proc. of 2009 IEEE International Conference on Communications, 2009:1-5.
[50] Hoong P.K, Matsuo H. Push-Pull Incentive-Based P2P Live Media Streaming System[J], WSEAS TRANSACTIONS on COMMUNICATIONS, 2008, 7(2): 33-42.
[51] Hoong P.K, Matsuo H, Push-Pull Two-Layer Super-Peer Based P2P Live Media Streaming[J], Journal of Applied Sciences, 2008,8(4): 585-593.
[52] Garcia R, Paneda X, Garcia V, et al. Statistical Characterization of a Real Video on Demand Service: User Behaviour and Streaming-media Workload Analysis [J]. Simulation Modeling Practice and Theory, 2007,15(6): 672-689.
[53] Yu H, Zheng D, Zhao Ben.Y, et al, Understanding User Behavior in Large-Scale Video-on-Demand Systems[C]. Proc. of the 1st ACM SIGOPS/EuroSys European Conference on Computer Systems 2006, 2006: 333-344.
[54] Luo J, Tang Y, Zhang M, et al. Characterizing User Behavior Model to Evaluate Hard Cache in Peer-to-Peer Based Video-on-Demand Service[C]. Proc. of the International MultiMedia Modeling Conference 2007, 2007: 125-134.
[55] Russo A, Cigno. R.L. Delay-Aware Push/Pull Protocols for Live Video Streaming in P2P Systems[C], Proc. of 2010 IEEE International Conference on Communications. 2010: 1-5.
[56] Bracciale L, Piccolo F.L, Luzzi D, et al. A push-based scheduling algorithm for large scale P2P live streaming[C], Proc. of the 2008 4th International Telecommunication Networking Workshop on QoS in Multiservice IP Networks, 2008: 1-7.
[57] Silva A.P.C, Leonardi. E, Mellia. M, et al. A Bandwidth-Aware Schduling Strategy for P2P-TV Systems[C], Proc. of the 8th International Conference on Peer-to-Peer Computing, 2008: 279-288.
[58]周木林. P2P流媒体数据传输调度技术的研究[D].华中科技大学硕士学位论文,2007.
[2]唐亮.基于P2P点播系统的客户端缓存策略研究[D].哈尔滨理工大学硕士学位论文, 2008.
[3]王娟.基于用户行为特征的交互式P2P视频点播系统存储机制研究[D].苏州大学硕士学位论文, 2010.
[4]戚敬哲. P2P视频点播系统媒体内容发现与定位策略的研究[D].苏州大学硕士学位论文, 2010.
[5]程斌.对等点播系统数据分发关键技术研究[D].华中科技大学博士学位论文, 2009.
[6] Guo Y, Suh K, Kurose J, et al. P2Cast: Peer-to-Peer Patching Scheme for VoD Service[C]. Proc. of the 12th International Conference on World Wide Web, 2003: 301-309.
[7] Do T.T, Hua K.A, Tantaoui M.A. Robust Video-on-Demand Streaming in Peer-to-Peer Environments[J]. Computer Communications, 2008, 31(3): 506–519.
[8] Vlavianos A, Iliofotou M, Faloutsos M. BiToS: Enhancing BitTorrent for Supporting Streaming Applications[C]. Proc. of the 25th IEEE International Conference on Computer Communications, 2006: 1-6.
[9] Cohen B. Incentives Build Robustness in Bittorrent [C]. Proc. of the 1st Workshop on Economics of Peer-to-Peer Systems, 2003: 1-5.
[10] Dana C, Li D, Harrison D, et al. BASS: BitTorrent Assisted Streaming System for Video-on-Demand[C]. Proc. of 2005 IEEE 7th Workshop on Multimedia Signal Processing, 2005: 1-4.
[11] Yiu K, Jin X, Chan G. VMesh: Distributed Segment Storage for Peer-to-Peer Interactive Video Streaming[J]. IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, 2007, 25(9): 1717–1731.
[12] Jin S, Bestavros A. Cache-and-Relay Streaming Media Delivery for AsynchronousClients[C]. Proc. of International Workshop on Networked Group Communication, 2002: 1-8.
[13] Vratonjic N, Gupta P, Knezevic N, et al. Enabling DVD-like Features in P2P Video-on-Demand Systems [C]. Proc. of the 2007 Workshop on Peer-to-Peer Streaming and IP-TV, 2007: 329-334.
[14] Zhang X, Liu J, Li B, et al. DONet/CoolStreaming: A data-driven overlay network for live media streaming [C]. Proc. of the 24th Annual Joint Conference of the IEEE Computer and Communications Societies, 2005: 2102-2111.
[15]张萌.对等网络流媒体直播调度策略研究[D].清华大学博士学位论文, 2008.
[16] Zhao L, Luo J, Zhang M, et al. Gridmedia: A Practical Peer-to-Peer Based Live Video Streaming System[C]. Proc. of IEEE 7th Workshop on Multimedia Signal Processing, 2005: 1-4.
[17] Liao X, Jin H, Liu Y, et al. AnySee: Peer-to-Peer Live Streaming[C]. Proc. Of the 25th IEEE International Conference on Computer Communications, 2006: 1-10.
[18] iGridMedia [EB/OL], http://media.cs.tsinghua.edu.cn/~zhangm/, 2009.
[19] Cheng B, Jin H, Liao X. Supporting VCR Functions in P2P VoD Services Using Ring-Assisted Overlays[C]. Proc. of 2007 IEEE International Conference on Communications, 2007: 1698-1703.
[20] Cheng B, Liu X, Zhang Z, et al. A Measurement Study of a Peer-to-Peer Video-on-Demand System[C]. Proc. of the International workshop on Peer-To-Peer System, 2007: 1-6.
[21]罗杰文. Peer-to-Peer综述[EB/OL]. http://www.intsci.ac.cn/users/luojw/P2P/index. html/.
[22]张文,赵子铭,杨天路,等. P2P网络技术原理与C++开发案例[M].人民邮电出版社. 2008.
[23]陈贵海,李振华.对等网络:结构、应用与设计[M].清华大学出版社. 2007.
[24]罗建光,张萌,赵黎,等.基于P2P网络的大规模视频直播系统[J].软件学报, 2008, 18(2): 391-399.
[25]谢希仁.计算机网络(第4版)[M].电子工业出版社, 2008.
[26]耿晓菊. P2P覆盖网流媒体交互技术研究与设计[D].苏州大学硕士学位论文, 2009.
[27]胡楠. IPTV现状分析和改进方案的设计与实现[D].南开大学硕士学位论文, 2007.
[28] P2PSim [EB/OL]. http://pdos.csail.mit.edu/p2psim/.
[29] PeerSim [CP/OL]. http://peersim.sourceforge.net/.
[30] Narses network simulator[EB/OL]. http://sourceforge.net/projects/narses/.
[31] NeuroGrid [EB/OL]. http://sourceforge.net/projects/neurogrid/.
[32] Overlay Weaver[EB/OL]. http://sourceforge.net/projects/overlayweaver/.
[33] PlanetSim [EB/OL]. http://planet.urv.es/planetsim/.
[34] Garcia P, Pairot C, Mondejar R, et al. Planetsim: A New Overlay Network Simulation Framework[C]. Proc. of 4th International.Workshop on Software Engineering and Middleware, 2005:123-136.
[35] Naicken S, Livingston B, Basu A, et al. The State of Peer-to-Peer Simulators and Simulations[J]. ACM SIGCOMM Computer Communication Review, 2007,37(2): 95-98.
[36]徐雷鸣,庞博,赵耀. NS与网络模拟[M].人民邮电出版社. 2003.
[37]霍英,陈志刚,施宜. P2P系统模拟器的分析与比较[J].计算机应用研究, 2007,24(11): 37-39.
[38] P2P Streaming Simulator [CP/OL]. http://media.cs.tsinghua.edu.cn/ ~zhangm/.
[39] Yan Z, Yang Y, Ma M. A Novel Admission Control Algorithm for VOD Service in ADSL P2P Networks. Proc.of the 2006 IEEE Singapore International Conference on Communication systems, 2006: 1-5.
[40]冯健. P2P点播流媒体服务质量研究[D].西北大学博士学位论文, 2008.
[41] Saroiu S, Gummadi P. K. Gribble S. D. A Measurement Study of Peer-to-Peer Files Sharing System[C]. Proc. of Multimedia Computing and Networking 2002, 2002:156-170.
[42]彭昭.非结构化对等点播分发技术研究[D].华中科技大学博士学位论文, 2008.
[43]熊伟,谢冬青,焦炳旺,等.一种结构化P2P协议中的自适应负载均衡方法[J].软件学报, 2009, 20(3): 660-670.
[44] Karger D, Ruhl M. Simple Efficient Load Balancing Algorithms for Peer-to-Peer Systems[C]. Proc. of the 16th Annual ACM Symposium on Parallelism in Algorithms and Architectures, 2004: 36-43.
[45] Rao A, Lakshminarayanan K, Surana S, et al. Load Balancing in Structured P2P Systems [C]. Proc. of the 2nd International workshop on Peer-to-Peer Systems, 2003: 68-79.
[46] Godfrey B, Lakshminarayanan K, Surana S, et al. Load Balancing in Dynamic Structured P2P Systems[C]. Proc. of the 23rd Annual Joint Conference of the IEEE Computer and Communications Societies, 2004:2253-2262.
[47] Byers J, Considine J, Mitzenmacher M, et al. Simple Load Balancing for Distributed Hash Tables[C]. Proc. of the 2nd International workshop on Peer-to-Peer Systems, 2003: 80-87.
[48] Ledlie J, Seltzer M. Distributed, Secure Load Balancing with Skew, Heterogeneity, and Churn[C]. Proc. of the 24th Annual Joint Conference of the IEEE Computer and Communications Societies, 2005: 1419-1430.
[49] Xie J.F, Chan E, Chen G.H, et al. Push Popular Segments in P2P VoD System Possibility and Design. Proc. of 2009 IEEE International Conference on Communications, 2009:1-5.
[50] Hoong P.K, Matsuo H. Push-Pull Incentive-Based P2P Live Media Streaming System[J], WSEAS TRANSACTIONS on COMMUNICATIONS, 2008, 7(2): 33-42.
[51] Hoong P.K, Matsuo H, Push-Pull Two-Layer Super-Peer Based P2P Live Media Streaming[J], Journal of Applied Sciences, 2008,8(4): 585-593.
[52] Garcia R, Paneda X, Garcia V, et al. Statistical Characterization of a Real Video on Demand Service: User Behaviour and Streaming-media Workload Analysis [J]. Simulation Modeling Practice and Theory, 2007,15(6): 672-689.
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