高级量测体系中电能质量监测与通信调度的研究
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摘要
随着分布式能源的大量引入和需求侧用电管理技术的不断进步，作为智能电网重要组成部分的高级量测体系（AMI）因其在系统运行、资产管理和负荷响应等方面所体现出的显著优势而成为电力领域的研究热点之一。实现配用电环节实时在线准确监测和保证双向通信质量是高级量测体系的核心目标，而对其实质性研究却尚处于起步阶段。高级量测体系中的配用电环节电能质量监测较传统电能质量监测有更高的要求，主要体现在准确性、实时性和可实现性等方面，因此要求相应电能质量检测算法要有更高的精度、更快的速度并易于实现；合理的通信调度策略是保证AMI中信息及时、有效、可靠传输以及改善网络通信性能的有效手段。因此，本文的研究面向高级量测体系中的“监测”和“通信”两大方面，其中“监测”研究针对电压暂降、闪变、谐波和间谐波等电能质量核心指标的检测方法；“通信”研究针对优化调度策略和算法。
电压暂降的3个特征量为暂降持续时间、暂降深度和相位跳变。为解决现有电压暂降检测方法在判断暂降起止时刻时因过于依赖暂降深度检测而存在的实时性差的问题，同时为提高电压暂降幅值与相位的检测实时性和准确性，提出了基于图像边缘检测与改进单相dq变换的电压暂降检测方法。首先根据数学形态运算构造图像边缘检测算子，并用其判断暂降发生的起止时刻，进而确定暂降持续时间；该方法基于暂降波形的几何特性进行检测，检测速度快且不依赖于暂降深度。然后，对单相dq变换进行改进，利用延时角度将单相系统构造为虚拟三相系统，进而将三相电压变换到dq旋转坐标系下，计算得到相应的电压暂降深度和相位跳变；检测过程和结果较传统方法更为快速、准确。
为快速、准确地提取出电压闪变信号中的波动成分，在深入研究能量算子检波原理的基础上，提出了一种基于改进型Teager能量算子（ITEO）的电压闪变检波方法；该方法简洁、快速，能实时跟踪电压闪变波形变化。对单一频率波动源闪变信号和多频率波动源闪变信号分别进行了仿真分析，并与Hilbert检波法和能量算子检波法的检测结果进行了对比分析。为准确地获得电压闪变指标，在所提检波方法的基础上，提出了一种基于ITEO与FFT的闪变值测量方法，优化了闪变值测量过程，利用调制频率的相对电压波动值计算出闪变值，有效降低了瞬时闪变视感度在低频端的测量误差。
针对常规小波包变换在谐波与间谐波检测时出现的频域混叠问题，提出了一种基于小波包遍历滤波的谐波与间谐波检测方法。首先通过小波包变换对原始信号进行分解重构得到各频段谐波与间谐波含量，进而对出现频域混叠的频段利用递归滤波器进行遍历滤波，分离该频段频率相近的谐波与间谐波。这种方法不仅具有较高的检测精度和良好的抗噪性能，而且与全频带滤波相比大大减少了计算量。
为改善AMI的通信效率，从系统和特定网络两个层面研究了AMI信息传输调度策略。在系统层面，针对常规信息传输调度策略存在的缺陷，提出了基于用户重要性及设备和信息重要性的信息传输优化调度策略，并通过网络仿真软件OPNET进行了仿真验证。该调度策略在广域上，保证了重要电力用户的信息能够得到实时处理；在局域上，保证了用户的重要用电设备信息和一般用电设备重要信息能够得到实时处理。在特定网络层面，分析了AMI网络常规调度算法，在此基础上提出了一种基于初始优先级可调（IPR）的动态调度算法，该方法解决了静态调度灵活性差以及动态调度耗费资源大的问题，提高了网络资源利用率。
针对高级量测体系对电能质量监测的实时性、准确性和网络化需求，开发了一种基于DSP与ARM双处理器架构的在线电能质量监测装置。阐述了主要单元电路结构和本文所提出的电能质量监测算法在DSP平台的实现方法。开发了具备多种网络通信接口的数据集中器和量测数据管理软件，与底层电能质量监测装置和其他智能设备共同组成了一个高级量测体系通信系统。通过该系统对所提出的电能质量监测算法和通信调度算法进行了实验验证，证明了所提出算法的可行性和有效性。
With the wide spread of DER (Distributed Energy Resource) and thecontinuous development of power management techniques at the demand side, AMI(Advanced Metering Infrastructure), as an important part of smart grid, is becomingone of the most popular research hotpots in power fields due to its significantadvantages in system operation, assets management and load response. The coreobjectives of AMI are to realize accurate online real-time monitoring and to ensurethe quality of two-way communication. However, the substantive research of AMIis still in its infancy. The power quality monitoring in AMI has higher requirementsthan traditional power quality monitoring, which mainly reflects in terms ofaccuracy, real-time performance and realizability. Thus, the power quality detectionalgorithm is suppposed to possess higher accuracy, faster speed and easierimplementation. Reasonable communication scheduling strategy is an effectivemeans to ensure timely, effective, and reliable information transmission as well asto improve the performance of network communication in AMI system. Therefore,the research in this dissertation can be divided into two major aspects: the“monitoring” and “communication” in the AMI system. The research of“monitoring” focuses on the detection methods of the core power quality ind icators,such as voltage sag, flicker, harmonic and inter-harmonic. The research of“communication” focuses on the optimal scheduling strategy and algorithms.
The three characteristics of voltage sag are duration time, sag depth and phasejump. In order to solve the problem that the existing voltage sag detection methodis poor in real-time detection due to overly reliance on the sag depth detection whenjudging sag start-stop time, and to improve the real-time and accuracy of the phaseand amplitude detection of voltage sag, a voltage sag detection method based ongray image edge detection and improved single-phase dq transformation isproposed. First, the image edge detection operator is constructed on the basis ofmathematical morphological operations and used to judge the start and stop time ofvoltage sag. This method has a high detection speed. Meanwhile, it is independenton the sag depth because the detection is based on the geometric characteristics ofsag waveform. Second, the single-phase dq transformation is improved. The virtualthree-phase system was constructed using the delay angle of the single-phasevoltage, and then the three-phase voltage is transformed to dq rotatating coordinatesystem to compute the corresponding sag depth and phase jump. The detectionprocess and results are faster and more accurate than the traditional methods.
In order to extract the fluctuant component from voltage flicker signa l quicklyand accurately, an improved Teager energy operator (ITEO) demodulation methodis proposed on the basis of the in-depth study of energy operator detection princ iple.The proposed method is simple, fast and can track the change of flicker waveform.Simulation analysis of both single frequency fluctuation source and multi-frequency fluctuation source flicker signal is carried out and compared with Hilbertdemodulation method and energy operator demodulation method. In order to obtainthe voltage flicker indicators accurately, a flicker value measurement method basedon ITEO and FFT is proposed based on the proposed demodulation method, whichoptimizes the measurement process. The flicker value is calculated using therelative voltage fluctuation value of the modulation frequency, which effectivelyreduces the measurement error of instantaneous flicker sensitivity in the low-frequency band.
To resolve the frequency aliasing problem of conventional wavelet packettransform in harmonic and inter-harmonic detection, a novel detection methodbased on wavelet packet-traversal filtering is proposed. First, the origina l signal isdecomposed and reconstructed through the wavelet packet transform to get theharmonic and inter-harmonic components of each frequency band. Then, thealiasing bands are traversal filtered through a recursive filter to separate theharmonics and inter-harmonic components with adjacent ones. This approach notonly possesses high detection precision and good anti-noise performance, but alsogreatly reduces the computation amount compared with the full-band filter.
In order to improve the communication efficiency of AMI system, theinformation transmission scheduling strategy is studied from two aspects: systemand specific network. At the system level, aim at the defects of conventionalinformation transmission scheduling strategy, an optimized strategy based on userimportance and device and information importance is proposed and validatedthrough network simulation software OPNET. In the wide area, the proposedscheduling strategy ensures timely processing of importance power users’information. In the local area, it ensures timely processing of information fromimportant device and important information from common device. At the specificnetwork level, the normal scheduling strategy of AMI network is analyzed, and thenan dynamic scheduling algorithm based on IPR (Initiative Priority Regulable) isproposed. This algorithm can solve the problems of inflexibility in static schedulingand large resource consumption in dynamic scheduling. It can also improve theutilization of network resources.
Aim at the real-time, accuracy and network requirements for power quality monitoring in AMI, a device based on dual-processor (DSP and ARM) architectureis developed. The main unit circuit structure and the implementation of proposedpower quality detection algorithm on the DSP platform are illustrated. A dataconcentrator with various network interfaces and the measurement datamanagement software are developed, which togerther constitute an AMIcommunication system with the power quality monitoring device and otherintelligent devices. Experimental validation of the proposed power quality detectionalgorithms and communication scheduling strategies are carried out in this system.The results verify the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed algorithms andstrategies.
电压暂降的3个特征量为暂降持续时间、暂降深度和相位跳变。为解决现有电压暂降检测方法在判断暂降起止时刻时因过于依赖暂降深度检测而存在的实时性差的问题，同时为提高电压暂降幅值与相位的检测实时性和准确性，提出了基于图像边缘检测与改进单相dq变换的电压暂降检测方法。首先根据数学形态运算构造图像边缘检测算子，并用其判断暂降发生的起止时刻，进而确定暂降持续时间；该方法基于暂降波形的几何特性进行检测，检测速度快且不依赖于暂降深度。然后，对单相dq变换进行改进，利用延时角度将单相系统构造为虚拟三相系统，进而将三相电压变换到dq旋转坐标系下，计算得到相应的电压暂降深度和相位跳变；检测过程和结果较传统方法更为快速、准确。
为快速、准确地提取出电压闪变信号中的波动成分，在深入研究能量算子检波原理的基础上，提出了一种基于改进型Teager能量算子（ITEO）的电压闪变检波方法；该方法简洁、快速，能实时跟踪电压闪变波形变化。对单一频率波动源闪变信号和多频率波动源闪变信号分别进行了仿真分析，并与Hilbert检波法和能量算子检波法的检测结果进行了对比分析。为准确地获得电压闪变指标，在所提检波方法的基础上，提出了一种基于ITEO与FFT的闪变值测量方法，优化了闪变值测量过程，利用调制频率的相对电压波动值计算出闪变值，有效降低了瞬时闪变视感度在低频端的测量误差。
针对常规小波包变换在谐波与间谐波检测时出现的频域混叠问题，提出了一种基于小波包遍历滤波的谐波与间谐波检测方法。首先通过小波包变换对原始信号进行分解重构得到各频段谐波与间谐波含量，进而对出现频域混叠的频段利用递归滤波器进行遍历滤波，分离该频段频率相近的谐波与间谐波。这种方法不仅具有较高的检测精度和良好的抗噪性能，而且与全频带滤波相比大大减少了计算量。
为改善AMI的通信效率，从系统和特定网络两个层面研究了AMI信息传输调度策略。在系统层面，针对常规信息传输调度策略存在的缺陷，提出了基于用户重要性及设备和信息重要性的信息传输优化调度策略，并通过网络仿真软件OPNET进行了仿真验证。该调度策略在广域上，保证了重要电力用户的信息能够得到实时处理；在局域上，保证了用户的重要用电设备信息和一般用电设备重要信息能够得到实时处理。在特定网络层面，分析了AMI网络常规调度算法，在此基础上提出了一种基于初始优先级可调（IPR）的动态调度算法，该方法解决了静态调度灵活性差以及动态调度耗费资源大的问题，提高了网络资源利用率。
针对高级量测体系对电能质量监测的实时性、准确性和网络化需求，开发了一种基于DSP与ARM双处理器架构的在线电能质量监测装置。阐述了主要单元电路结构和本文所提出的电能质量监测算法在DSP平台的实现方法。开发了具备多种网络通信接口的数据集中器和量测数据管理软件，与底层电能质量监测装置和其他智能设备共同组成了一个高级量测体系通信系统。通过该系统对所提出的电能质量监测算法和通信调度算法进行了实验验证，证明了所提出算法的可行性和有效性。
With the wide spread of DER (Distributed Energy Resource) and thecontinuous development of power management techniques at the demand side, AMI(Advanced Metering Infrastructure), as an important part of smart grid, is becomingone of the most popular research hotpots in power fields due to its significantadvantages in system operation, assets management and load response. The coreobjectives of AMI are to realize accurate online real-time monitoring and to ensurethe quality of two-way communication. However, the substantive research of AMIis still in its infancy. The power quality monitoring in AMI has higher requirementsthan traditional power quality monitoring, which mainly reflects in terms ofaccuracy, real-time performance and realizability. Thus, the power quality detectionalgorithm is suppposed to possess higher accuracy, faster speed and easierimplementation. Reasonable communication scheduling strategy is an effectivemeans to ensure timely, effective, and reliable information transmission as well asto improve the performance of network communication in AMI system. Therefore,the research in this dissertation can be divided into two major aspects: the“monitoring” and “communication” in the AMI system. The research of“monitoring” focuses on the detection methods of the core power quality ind icators,such as voltage sag, flicker, harmonic and inter-harmonic. The research of“communication” focuses on the optimal scheduling strategy and algorithms.
The three characteristics of voltage sag are duration time, sag depth and phasejump. In order to solve the problem that the existing voltage sag detection methodis poor in real-time detection due to overly reliance on the sag depth detection whenjudging sag start-stop time, and to improve the real-time and accuracy of the phaseand amplitude detection of voltage sag, a voltage sag detection method based ongray image edge detection and improved single-phase dq transformation isproposed. First, the image edge detection operator is constructed on the basis ofmathematical morphological operations and used to judge the start and stop time ofvoltage sag. This method has a high detection speed. Meanwhile, it is independenton the sag depth because the detection is based on the geometric characteristics ofsag waveform. Second, the single-phase dq transformation is improved. The virtualthree-phase system was constructed using the delay angle of the single-phasevoltage, and then the three-phase voltage is transformed to dq rotatating coordinatesystem to compute the corresponding sag depth and phase jump. The detectionprocess and results are faster and more accurate than the traditional methods.
In order to extract the fluctuant component from voltage flicker signa l quicklyand accurately, an improved Teager energy operator (ITEO) demodulation methodis proposed on the basis of the in-depth study of energy operator detection princ iple.The proposed method is simple, fast and can track the change of flicker waveform.Simulation analysis of both single frequency fluctuation source and multi-frequency fluctuation source flicker signal is carried out and compared with Hilbertdemodulation method and energy operator demodulation method. In order to obtainthe voltage flicker indicators accurately, a flicker value measurement method basedon ITEO and FFT is proposed based on the proposed demodulation method, whichoptimizes the measurement process. The flicker value is calculated using therelative voltage fluctuation value of the modulation frequency, which effectivelyreduces the measurement error of instantaneous flicker sensitivity in the low-frequency band.
To resolve the frequency aliasing problem of conventional wavelet packettransform in harmonic and inter-harmonic detection, a novel detection methodbased on wavelet packet-traversal filtering is proposed. First, the origina l signal isdecomposed and reconstructed through the wavelet packet transform to get theharmonic and inter-harmonic components of each frequency band. Then, thealiasing bands are traversal filtered through a recursive filter to separate theharmonics and inter-harmonic components with adjacent ones. This approach notonly possesses high detection precision and good anti-noise performance, but alsogreatly reduces the computation amount compared with the full-band filter.
In order to improve the communication efficiency of AMI system, theinformation transmission scheduling strategy is studied from two aspects: systemand specific network. At the system level, aim at the defects of conventionalinformation transmission scheduling strategy, an optimized strategy based on userimportance and device and information importance is proposed and validatedthrough network simulation software OPNET. In the wide area, the proposedscheduling strategy ensures timely processing of importance power users’information. In the local area, it ensures timely processing of information fromimportant device and important information from common device. At the specificnetwork level, the normal scheduling strategy of AMI network is analyzed, and thenan dynamic scheduling algorithm based on IPR (Initiative Priority Regulable) isproposed. This algorithm can solve the problems of inflexibility in static schedulingand large resource consumption in dynamic scheduling. It can also improve theutilization of network resources.
Aim at the real-time, accuracy and network requirements for power quality monitoring in AMI, a device based on dual-processor (DSP and ARM) architectureis developed. The main unit circuit structure and the implementation of proposedpower quality detection algorithm on the DSP platform are illustrated. A dataconcentrator with various network interfaces and the measurement datamanagement software are developed, which togerther constitute an AMIcommunication system with the power quality monitoring device and otherintelligent devices. Experimental validation of the proposed power quality detectionalgorithms and communication scheduling strategies are carried out in this system.The results verify the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed algorithms andstrategies.
引文
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