用数字低通滤波器实现数字采样法的工频电参数测量系统
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摘要
本文主要研究了用∑—ΔA／D转换器和DSP处理器对工频三相电压、电流进行数字采样，再用数字低通滤波器实现对三相电参数进行测量的测量系统。其主要功能包括对电流、电压、频率、相位、功率因数、有功功率、有功电能、无功功率、无功电能等测量，并具有测量数据并行输出接口。测量准确度为0.2级，无功为1.0级。
本文中对∑—ΔA／D转换器的结构和原理进行了简要的分析，并将其用于测量系统；简述了数字采样原理的产生和发展，对数字采样法中的三种主要方法即同步采样法、非同步采样法、准同步采样法做了介绍，并分别对其特点进行了比较。由此提出了一种比上述三种采样方法所需测量时间更短，更适宜做在线实时测量和在输入信号波形畸变较大时，能更准确地测量电功率的采样方法，即用数字低通滤波器实现工频电参数的采样测量原理、方法、传递函数及软件编程示例。
系统采用并行数据通信总线实现与计算机系统通信的功能，并对通信的输出数据类型进行了定义。同时对影响系统测量准确度的原因进行了定性和定量的分析，给出了本系统测量方法的误差估计公式，测试结果表明本系统测量误差远远小于0.02％的予期指标。
The important study is the electric parameter measurement system which is achieved with Sigma-Delta A/D converter and DSP' sampling to three phrase Voltage and Current .Its function includes the measurement of current, voltage ,frequency , phrase , power , factor , active power and energy, reactive power and energy . The accuracy class of our system is 0.2 degree ,and its reactive accuracy class is 1.0 degree.
Configuration and principle of sigma-Delta A/D converter are simply analyzed in this paper, and the Sigma-Delta A/D converter is used in this measurement system. The history and development of digital sampling method are simply introduced in this paper. The important digital sampling' methods which include synchronous sampling method , asynchronous sampling method and quasi-synchronous sampling method are simply introduced and their specialties are compared in this paper . So it is put forward that sampling method which measurement time is shorter than one of the three sampling methods . It is a better measurement method than other three sampling methods in real time measurement and it is better in measuring electric power than others three sampling methods. It is that sampling method which achieves the measurement of electric parameter in digital lowpass filter .
It is introduced that principle of sampling method which is realized by the digital lowpass filter in this system . It is put forwards that design of method of the digital lowpass filter , it is presented that transfer function of the digital lowpass filter, and it is given that idea of software on the digital lowpass filter .
This measuring system of three phrase electrical parameter is made of Signa-Delta A/D converter of six channels and DSP processor . It is provided with function of others computer system's communication through parallel bus , and the types of output dataclass are defined.
It is analyzed that measurement error which influences the reliable degree of measurement on the system . It is given that error formula estimated on the measuring method used in the system , and imitating estimation is achieved on this error of measurement method through computer . It was indicated that error of measurement in this system arrives 0.2% degree .
本文中对∑—ΔA／D转换器的结构和原理进行了简要的分析，并将其用于测量系统；简述了数字采样原理的产生和发展，对数字采样法中的三种主要方法即同步采样法、非同步采样法、准同步采样法做了介绍，并分别对其特点进行了比较。由此提出了一种比上述三种采样方法所需测量时间更短，更适宜做在线实时测量和在输入信号波形畸变较大时，能更准确地测量电功率的采样方法，即用数字低通滤波器实现工频电参数的采样测量原理、方法、传递函数及软件编程示例。
系统采用并行数据通信总线实现与计算机系统通信的功能，并对通信的输出数据类型进行了定义。同时对影响系统测量准确度的原因进行了定性和定量的分析，给出了本系统测量方法的误差估计公式，测试结果表明本系统测量误差远远小于0.02％的予期指标。
The important study is the electric parameter measurement system which is achieved with Sigma-Delta A/D converter and DSP' sampling to three phrase Voltage and Current .Its function includes the measurement of current, voltage ,frequency , phrase , power , factor , active power and energy, reactive power and energy . The accuracy class of our system is 0.2 degree ,and its reactive accuracy class is 1.0 degree.
Configuration and principle of sigma-Delta A/D converter are simply analyzed in this paper, and the Sigma-Delta A/D converter is used in this measurement system. The history and development of digital sampling method are simply introduced in this paper. The important digital sampling' methods which include synchronous sampling method , asynchronous sampling method and quasi-synchronous sampling method are simply introduced and their specialties are compared in this paper . So it is put forward that sampling method which measurement time is shorter than one of the three sampling methods . It is a better measurement method than other three sampling methods in real time measurement and it is better in measuring electric power than others three sampling methods. It is that sampling method which achieves the measurement of electric parameter in digital lowpass filter .
It is introduced that principle of sampling method which is realized by the digital lowpass filter in this system . It is put forwards that design of method of the digital lowpass filter , it is presented that transfer function of the digital lowpass filter, and it is given that idea of software on the digital lowpass filter .
This measuring system of three phrase electrical parameter is made of Signa-Delta A/D converter of six channels and DSP processor . It is provided with function of others computer system's communication through parallel bus , and the types of output dataclass are defined.
It is analyzed that measurement error which influences the reliable degree of measurement on the system . It is given that error formula estimated on the measuring method used in the system , and imitating estimation is achieved on this error of measurement method through computer . It was indicated that error of measurement in this system arrives 0.2% degree .
引文
1 刘益成，罗维顺．信号处理与过抽样转换器．北京：电子工业出版社，1997
2 李庆波，王菽蓉，徐勇．采样计算式测量方法的特点及应用．电测与仪表．1999，(9)：4—6
3 P.S.Wright, P.Pickering. An Ac Voltage Based on a PWM DAC IEEE Trans on Instrum Meas, 1999,40(2):457--461
4 A.A.Girgis, J.Qiu. Measurement of parameters of aSlowly Time-Varying HighFrequency Transient.IEEE Trans on Instrum Meas 1989,38(6):1057-1063
5 C.H.Diy.Calculated Performance of A Digital Sampling Wattmeter Using Systematic Sampling.IEE Proc.SCIENCE 1982,129(3): 172--175
6 Gerand N.Stenbakken.Awideband Sampling Wattmeter IEEE Tras on Power Apparatus And System 1984, PAS-103(10):2919--2925
7 T.S.Rathoke.Theorems on Power Mean and RMS Values of Uniformly Sampled Periodic Signals IEE Proc.SCIENCE 1984 131(3):598-600
8 戴先中．准同步采样中的几个理论与实际问题．仪器仪表学报，1986，(2)：46-51
9 戴先中．准同步采样应用中的若干问题．电测与仪表，1988，(2)：16-18
10 王学伟．混合采样功率电能测量的理论与误差研究．哈尔滨理工大学博士研究生学位论文：2002．12：16-17
11 R.S.Turgel.Digital Sampling Wattmeter Using Method IEEE Trans on Instrum Meas,1974,23(4):337-341
12 F.J.J.Clarke,J.R.Stockton.Principles and Theory of Wattmeters Operating on The Basis of regulary Spaced Sample Pairs,Phy E:Sci Instrum 1982,(15):64
13 G.Andria etal.Windows and Interpolation Algorithms to Improve Electrical Measurement Accuracy.IEEE Trans on Instrum Meas, 1989, 38(4):856-863
14 Jian Qiu Zhang.Seppo J.Ovaska. An Adaptive Window Function Method for PoWer Measurement. IEEE Trans on Instrum Meas,2000, 49(6): 1194-1199
15 戴先中．准同步采样及其在非正弦功率测量中的应用．仪器仪表学报，1984，(4)：26-29
16 Xianzhong Dai.Quasi-Synchronous Sampling Algorithm and Its Application.IEEETrans instrum Meas, 1994, 43(2):204-209
17 Pan Wen.A Fast and High Precision Measurement of Distorted Power Based Digital Filtering Techniques.IEEE Trans on Instrum Meas, 1992, 41(3):403-406
18 C.Offelli, D.Petri.Interpolation Techiques for Real-Time Multifrequency Waveform Analysis.IEEE Trans on Instrum Meas, 1990,39(1): 106-111
19 AD公司元器件手册，1999
20 刘国琨．李洁馨．交流电功率测量中的滤波问题．电测与仪表，1988，(9)：5-8
21 王世一。数字信号处理北京：北京理工大学出版社，1999(2)：164-272
22 J.C.Candy and O.J.Benjamin.The structure of quantization noise from SigmaDelta moduation.IEEE Trans. Commn.sept, 1981, 29:1316-1323
23 J.C.Candy, Y.C.Ching and D.S.Alexander.Using triangularly weighted interpolation to get 13-bit PCM from a sigma_delta modulator. IEEE trans.commun, vol. COM-24:1268-1275
24 R.M.Gray.oversampled sigma-delta modulation. IEEE Trans Commun, 1987, 35(5): 481-489
25 D.Ansatssiou.Err diffusion coding for A/D conversion. IEEE Trans, Circuits Sys. 1989,36(9):1175-1186
26 T.Ritoniemi.T.Karema, and R.Tenhunen.The design of stable high order 1-bit sigma-delta modulators. IEEE Proc,1990,90(5): 3267-3270
27 J.c.candy.B.A.Wooley, and O.J.Benfamin.A voiceband code with digital filter.IEEE Trans.Commun, 1981, 29 (6):815-830
28 S.Chu and C.S.Bunus.Muimator filter designs using comb filter. IEEE Trans.Circuit Sys,1984,31 (31): 913-924
29 郭松林，张礼勇，林海军．∑—△A／D转换器的原理及分析．电测与仪表，2002，(11)：20-24
30 郑君里等．信号与系统．北京：高等教育出版社，1997
31 黄席椿，高明泉．滤波器综合法设计原理．北京：国防工业出版社，1982
32 邹鲲，袁俊泉，龚亨铱。MATLAB 6.x信号处理．北京：清华大学出版社，2002
33 苏晓生．掌握MATLAB 6.0及其工程应用．北京：科学出版社，2002
34 陈士衡，唐统一，张仲华等．近代电磁测量．北京：中国计量出版社，1992
35 国添栋．基于数字采样原理的工频电参数测量系统的研究．哈尔滨理工大学硕士研究生学位论文：2002，(5)
36 Analog Devices AD73360 data sheets
37 TMS320C2XX高速数字信号处理器原理与应用．北京：北京闻亭科技发展有限公司，1998
38 张雄伟，曹铁勇．DSP芯片的原理与开发应用．北京：电子工业出版社，2000
39 费业泰．误差理论与数据处理．北京：机械工业出版社，2000
40 梁原华等．非线性负载的电能计量分析．电测与仪表，1999，(7)：25-26
41 裴学元．FEE-3型工频基波电子电镀表的原理及用．电测与仪表，1996(1)：23-24
42 Qun Wang, Ning Wu, Zhang Wang. Aneuron Adaptive Detecting Approach of Harmonic Current for Apf and Its Realization of Analog Circuit.IEEE Trans.on Instrum.Meas.2001,50(1):77-84
43 F.So, D.Angelo.etal.NRc-NIST Comparison of Power Meter Calibrations at 60hz and Ranges up to, 600V, 100A.IEEE Trans.on Instrum Meas,2001,50(2):353-355
44 P.Zajee, J.Nastran.Power Calibrator Using Switched Mode Voltage Source.IEEE Trans.on Instrum.Meas.2000, 49(4):790-794
2 李庆波，王菽蓉，徐勇．采样计算式测量方法的特点及应用．电测与仪表．1999，(9)：4—6
3 P.S.Wright, P.Pickering. An Ac Voltage Based on a PWM DAC IEEE Trans on Instrum Meas, 1999,40(2):457--461
4 A.A.Girgis, J.Qiu. Measurement of parameters of aSlowly Time-Varying HighFrequency Transient.IEEE Trans on Instrum Meas 1989,38(6):1057-1063
5 C.H.Diy.Calculated Performance of A Digital Sampling Wattmeter Using Systematic Sampling.IEE Proc.SCIENCE 1982,129(3): 172--175
6 Gerand N.Stenbakken.Awideband Sampling Wattmeter IEEE Tras on Power Apparatus And System 1984, PAS-103(10):2919--2925
7 T.S.Rathoke.Theorems on Power Mean and RMS Values of Uniformly Sampled Periodic Signals IEE Proc.SCIENCE 1984 131(3):598-600
8 戴先中．准同步采样中的几个理论与实际问题．仪器仪表学报，1986，(2)：46-51
9 戴先中．准同步采样应用中的若干问题．电测与仪表，1988，(2)：16-18
10 王学伟．混合采样功率电能测量的理论与误差研究．哈尔滨理工大学博士研究生学位论文：2002．12：16-17
11 R.S.Turgel.Digital Sampling Wattmeter Using Method IEEE Trans on Instrum Meas,1974,23(4):337-341
12 F.J.J.Clarke,J.R.Stockton.Principles and Theory of Wattmeters Operating on The Basis of regulary Spaced Sample Pairs,Phy E:Sci Instrum 1982,(15):64
13 G.Andria etal.Windows and Interpolation Algorithms to Improve Electrical Measurement Accuracy.IEEE Trans on Instrum Meas, 1989, 38(4):856-863
14 Jian Qiu Zhang.Seppo J.Ovaska. An Adaptive Window Function Method for PoWer Measurement. IEEE Trans on Instrum Meas,2000, 49(6): 1194-1199
15 戴先中．准同步采样及其在非正弦功率测量中的应用．仪器仪表学报，1984，(4)：26-29
16 Xianzhong Dai.Quasi-Synchronous Sampling Algorithm and Its Application.IEEETrans instrum Meas, 1994, 43(2):204-209
17 Pan Wen.A Fast and High Precision Measurement of Distorted Power Based Digital Filtering Techniques.IEEE Trans on Instrum Meas, 1992, 41(3):403-406
18 C.Offelli, D.Petri.Interpolation Techiques for Real-Time Multifrequency Waveform Analysis.IEEE Trans on Instrum Meas, 1990,39(1): 106-111
19 AD公司元器件手册，1999
20 刘国琨．李洁馨．交流电功率测量中的滤波问题．电测与仪表，1988，(9)：5-8
21 王世一。数字信号处理北京：北京理工大学出版社，1999(2)：164-272
22 J.C.Candy and O.J.Benjamin.The structure of quantization noise from SigmaDelta moduation.IEEE Trans. Commn.sept, 1981, 29:1316-1323
23 J.C.Candy, Y.C.Ching and D.S.Alexander.Using triangularly weighted interpolation to get 13-bit PCM from a sigma_delta modulator. IEEE trans.commun, vol. COM-24:1268-1275
24 R.M.Gray.oversampled sigma-delta modulation. IEEE Trans Commun, 1987, 35(5): 481-489
25 D.Ansatssiou.Err diffusion coding for A/D conversion. IEEE Trans, Circuits Sys. 1989,36(9):1175-1186
26 T.Ritoniemi.T.Karema, and R.Tenhunen.The design of stable high order 1-bit sigma-delta modulators. IEEE Proc,1990,90(5): 3267-3270
27 J.c.candy.B.A.Wooley, and O.J.Benfamin.A voiceband code with digital filter.IEEE Trans.Commun, 1981, 29 (6):815-830
28 S.Chu and C.S.Bunus.Muimator filter designs using comb filter. IEEE Trans.Circuit Sys,1984,31 (31): 913-924
29 郭松林，张礼勇，林海军．∑—△A／D转换器的原理及分析．电测与仪表，2002，(11)：20-24
30 郑君里等．信号与系统．北京：高等教育出版社，1997
31 黄席椿，高明泉．滤波器综合法设计原理．北京：国防工业出版社，1982
32 邹鲲，袁俊泉，龚亨铱。MATLAB 6.x信号处理．北京：清华大学出版社，2002
33 苏晓生．掌握MATLAB 6.0及其工程应用．北京：科学出版社，2002
34 陈士衡，唐统一，张仲华等．近代电磁测量．北京：中国计量出版社，1992
35 国添栋．基于数字采样原理的工频电参数测量系统的研究．哈尔滨理工大学硕士研究生学位论文：2002，(5)
36 Analog Devices AD73360 data sheets
37 TMS320C2XX高速数字信号处理器原理与应用．北京：北京闻亭科技发展有限公司，1998
38 张雄伟，曹铁勇．DSP芯片的原理与开发应用．北京：电子工业出版社，2000
39 费业泰．误差理论与数据处理．北京：机械工业出版社，2000
40 梁原华等．非线性负载的电能计量分析．电测与仪表，1999，(7)：25-26
41 裴学元．FEE-3型工频基波电子电镀表的原理及用．电测与仪表，1996(1)：23-24
42 Qun Wang, Ning Wu, Zhang Wang. Aneuron Adaptive Detecting Approach of Harmonic Current for Apf and Its Realization of Analog Circuit.IEEE Trans.on Instrum.Meas.2001,50(1):77-84
43 F.So, D.Angelo.etal.NRc-NIST Comparison of Power Meter Calibrations at 60hz and Ranges up to, 600V, 100A.IEEE Trans.on Instrum Meas,2001,50(2):353-355
44 P.Zajee, J.Nastran.Power Calibrator Using Switched Mode Voltage Source.IEEE Trans.on Instrum.Meas.2000, 49(4):790-794