配电线路在线故障识别与诊断方法研究
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摘要
电力线路是电网运行的命脉，它在输送电能的同时又相当脆弱，任何来自外力的破坏以及工作人员的错误操作，都有可能造成大面积停电，甚至电网瓦解，给社会经济和人民群众的生活带来巨大危害。因此，开展电力线路在线检测与诊断方法研究，对于及时处理故障，恢复系统正常运行，维护电力系统安全和用户经济利益都有非常重要的意义。
国内外对输电线路的在线检测与诊断研究较多，而对配电线路研究较少，并且偏重于线路发生故障后的诊断与定位，属于离线故障诊断。现有的监测装置和定位装置不能对配电线路的运行状态做到实时监测，也不能对线路的瞬时故障和特征不明显的高阻抗故障做到有效检测和诊断，更不具备对线路早期故障作出预报的功能。配电线路的一些早期故障若不能及时排除，很可能发展成为短路故障，给电力系统的安全运行造成危害。
针对目前没有配电线路在线监测、诊断及故障预报系统的情况，根据配电线路运行的稳态信息和暂态信息，本文提出了一套配电线路在线故障监测、诊断及预报系统的方案，并研发出监测装置，进行了挂网运行测试。主要研究内容包括：电压电流信息获取监测装置的研制；基于希尔伯特-黄变换的故障特征量抽取方法研究；提出了基于HPL方法的故障初步分类和详细分类方法；最后提出了根据零序瞬时功率方向定位故障线路的方法，并将故障诊断的结果通过无线网络传送给电力调度人员，为其制定应对措施提供决策依据。
具体内容和主要成果如下：
(1)利用配电线路故障信号包含的非基频暂态信息，结合希尔伯特-黄变换适用于非线性、非平稳信号分析的特点，提出了一套完整的配电线路在线监测和诊断方法。
(2)首次提出了基于希尔伯特-黄变换的故障特征向量抽取方法来提取配电线路故障信号暂态信息，把零序电压的一阶本征模态分量的瞬时幅值在一个周波内的采样值之和作为判断故障的依据。研究结果表明：这种方法不仅能够检测单相接地、两相短路接地等故障，也可以有效检测出配电线路中难以提取故障特征的高阻故障和间歇性故障。
(3)首次提出了HPL方法用于线路故障初步分类和详细分类。首先通过对三相电压和三相电流信号进行希尔伯特-黄变换，分别提取出故障三相电压和三相电流信号的高频成分；再利用其一阶和二阶本征模态分量的瞬时幅值构造出故障特征向量；然后采用主成分分析方法对故障特征向量实施降维，抽取出故障特征向量的主成分；最后基于最小二乘支持向量机对各种故障特征进行辨识，判断出配电线路故障类型。研究结果表明：该方法不仅能够有效辨识配电线路的高阻故障、间歇性故障和低阻故障，而且能对低阻故障的单相接地、两相短路、两相短路接地、三相短路或三相短路接地故障以较高的正确率进行分类。
(4)首次提出了根据零序瞬时功率方向定位故障线路的方法。首先抽取线路故障的零序电压和零序电流暂态分量，再计算零序瞬时功率，最后根据零序瞬时功率方向定位故障线路。通过仿真和现场测试表明：该方法能有效定位发生高阻故障或间歇性故障的线路，并根据线路故障类型做出两种决策：①对于接地或短路故障，隔离故障线路、传送故障位置；②对于高阻故障或间歇性故障，传送故障位置。大大缩短了故障查找时间，降低了线路故障所造成的影响。
(5)利用仿真数据和故障录波数据对文中所提出的配电线路故障检测的模型、方法，配电线路故障分类方法和故障线路定位方法进行了验证，PSCAD和Matlab仿真软件的仿真结果表明本文提出的算法正确可靠。进一步研制出监测装置进行挂网测试，受条件限制，只对高阻故障进行了现场试验，试验结果表明监测装置能较好地检测故障并定位故障线路，本文提出的配电线路在线监测、识别与诊断系统的方案可行。
Power line is very important in power system, and it takes the task of electricpower transmission. At the same time, power line is quite fragile, any damage fromoutside forces and wrong operation from staff, may cause widespread blackouts, andeven power grid collapse, which will bring great harm to the local economicdevelopment, people's life and social stability. Therefore, rapid detection and faultdiagnosis of power line fault has important significance for treating failure, restoring thenormal operation of power system, maintaining the security of power system andeconomic interests of users.
Fault detection and diagnosis for transmission line and distribution line is alwaysan interesting topic for power engineering personnel. More researches are placed ontransmission lines at home and abroad, and neglected distribution line. At present, thestudy of distribution line emphasis on diagnosis and location of line failure, whichbelong to offline fault diagnosis. Existing monitoring devices and positioning devicescan not monitor real-time situation.of distribution line, can not detect transient faultsand high impedance faults, and can not predict early failure of distribution line. If earlyfaiure can not be ruled out, it will develop into short-circuit fault, which will bring harmto safe operation of power system.
Online monitoring, diagnosis and fault prediction system of distribution lines is notrun in real system, in this case, this paper proposed a set of system solution includingonline state monitoring, diagnosis and foresting using the steady-state characteristicsand transient characteristics of distribution line fault information. A monitoring device,which is installed in the main line branch, is developed together with company. Themain contents of research include: The fault feature vectors are extracted byHilbert-Huang transform from voltage and current information; In order to determinefault type, HPL method is proposed to carry on preliminary classification and detailedclassification; Finally, zero-sequence instantaneous power direction is used to identifythe fault line, the results of fault diagnosis are transmitted by a wireless to powerdispatch staff, this results provide the basis for decision making. Details and mainresults are as follows:
(1) According to two facts that distribution line fault signal contains thenon-fundamental frequency transient information and Hilbert-Huang transform is applicable to analysize nonlinear, non-stationary signals, this paper proposed a systemfor online monitoring, classification, recognition of distribution line.
(2) The paper first proposed the use of Hilbert-Huang Transform method toextract transient information of the distribution line fault signal, that is, decompose thezero sequence voltage signal into intrinsic mode functions, obtain instantaneousamplitude of the first order intrinsic mode fuction using Hilbert transform, calculate thesummation of sampling value in one cycle, which is considered as criterion to judge linefault in distribution system. The results showed that: this method is not only able todetect high impedance fault and intermittent fault, which is difficult to effectivelyextract the fault characteristics of distribution line, it is effective to single phase toground, the two-phase short-circuit grounding fault and so on.
(3) This paper first proposed HPL method, which is used to premiliaryclassification and detailed classification for distribution line fault type. Three-phasevoltage and three-phase current are obtained from monitoring device. Once fault occurs,the high frequency components of fault signal are extracted from three-phase voltageand three-phase current using Hilbert-Huang transform, respectively. The instantaneousamplitude of the first two-order intrinsic mode fuction are used to form fault featurevectors, the dimensionality reduction of fault feature vectors is implemented byprincipal component analysis approach, the principal component obtained are used asthe input vector to least squares support vector machines for various fault featuresidentification, determine the fault type of the distribution line. The results show that:this method can not only recognize high impedance faults, intermittent faults and lowresistance faults, but also recognize single-phase short-circuit fault, two-phaseshort-circuit, two-phase short circuit to ground, three-phase short-circuit or three-phaseshort-circuit ground fault.
(4) This paper first proposed zero-sequence instantaneous power direction in theincipient fault diagnosis of distribution lines, main lines branch of zero-sequencevoltage and zero-sequence current of main line branches are used to extract the transientcomponent of fault, calculate the zero-sequence instantaneous power. According to thezero sequence instantaneous power direction, the fault line is identified. The simulationand field test results show that: this method can effectively identify high impedancefaults and intermittent faults, and give two operating options:①For grounding orshort-circuit fault, isolate the fault line and give the fault position at the same time.②For high impedance fault and intermittent fault, transmit fault location. The method greatly reduces maintenance time and lower fault impact.
(5) The proposed algorithms are verified by using the simulation data andmeasured data. The field test is carried out together with company. The methology offault detection, classification and recognition is validated by using simulation softwareof PSCAD and Matlab under the conditions of high impedance fault, intermittent faultand low resistance fault, the simulation results verify the correctness of the proposedmethod; Because some key techniques are not resolved in the application, this paperonly validates high impedance in field test, the result also shows the effectiveness of theproposed method.
国内外对输电线路的在线检测与诊断研究较多，而对配电线路研究较少，并且偏重于线路发生故障后的诊断与定位，属于离线故障诊断。现有的监测装置和定位装置不能对配电线路的运行状态做到实时监测，也不能对线路的瞬时故障和特征不明显的高阻抗故障做到有效检测和诊断，更不具备对线路早期故障作出预报的功能。配电线路的一些早期故障若不能及时排除，很可能发展成为短路故障，给电力系统的安全运行造成危害。
针对目前没有配电线路在线监测、诊断及故障预报系统的情况，根据配电线路运行的稳态信息和暂态信息，本文提出了一套配电线路在线故障监测、诊断及预报系统的方案，并研发出监测装置，进行了挂网运行测试。主要研究内容包括：电压电流信息获取监测装置的研制；基于希尔伯特-黄变换的故障特征量抽取方法研究；提出了基于HPL方法的故障初步分类和详细分类方法；最后提出了根据零序瞬时功率方向定位故障线路的方法，并将故障诊断的结果通过无线网络传送给电力调度人员，为其制定应对措施提供决策依据。
具体内容和主要成果如下：
(1)利用配电线路故障信号包含的非基频暂态信息，结合希尔伯特-黄变换适用于非线性、非平稳信号分析的特点，提出了一套完整的配电线路在线监测和诊断方法。
(2)首次提出了基于希尔伯特-黄变换的故障特征向量抽取方法来提取配电线路故障信号暂态信息，把零序电压的一阶本征模态分量的瞬时幅值在一个周波内的采样值之和作为判断故障的依据。研究结果表明：这种方法不仅能够检测单相接地、两相短路接地等故障，也可以有效检测出配电线路中难以提取故障特征的高阻故障和间歇性故障。
(3)首次提出了HPL方法用于线路故障初步分类和详细分类。首先通过对三相电压和三相电流信号进行希尔伯特-黄变换，分别提取出故障三相电压和三相电流信号的高频成分；再利用其一阶和二阶本征模态分量的瞬时幅值构造出故障特征向量；然后采用主成分分析方法对故障特征向量实施降维，抽取出故障特征向量的主成分；最后基于最小二乘支持向量机对各种故障特征进行辨识，判断出配电线路故障类型。研究结果表明：该方法不仅能够有效辨识配电线路的高阻故障、间歇性故障和低阻故障，而且能对低阻故障的单相接地、两相短路、两相短路接地、三相短路或三相短路接地故障以较高的正确率进行分类。
(4)首次提出了根据零序瞬时功率方向定位故障线路的方法。首先抽取线路故障的零序电压和零序电流暂态分量，再计算零序瞬时功率，最后根据零序瞬时功率方向定位故障线路。通过仿真和现场测试表明：该方法能有效定位发生高阻故障或间歇性故障的线路，并根据线路故障类型做出两种决策：①对于接地或短路故障，隔离故障线路、传送故障位置；②对于高阻故障或间歇性故障，传送故障位置。大大缩短了故障查找时间，降低了线路故障所造成的影响。
(5)利用仿真数据和故障录波数据对文中所提出的配电线路故障检测的模型、方法，配电线路故障分类方法和故障线路定位方法进行了验证，PSCAD和Matlab仿真软件的仿真结果表明本文提出的算法正确可靠。进一步研制出监测装置进行挂网测试，受条件限制，只对高阻故障进行了现场试验，试验结果表明监测装置能较好地检测故障并定位故障线路，本文提出的配电线路在线监测、识别与诊断系统的方案可行。
Power line is very important in power system, and it takes the task of electricpower transmission. At the same time, power line is quite fragile, any damage fromoutside forces and wrong operation from staff, may cause widespread blackouts, andeven power grid collapse, which will bring great harm to the local economicdevelopment, people's life and social stability. Therefore, rapid detection and faultdiagnosis of power line fault has important significance for treating failure, restoring thenormal operation of power system, maintaining the security of power system andeconomic interests of users.
Fault detection and diagnosis for transmission line and distribution line is alwaysan interesting topic for power engineering personnel. More researches are placed ontransmission lines at home and abroad, and neglected distribution line. At present, thestudy of distribution line emphasis on diagnosis and location of line failure, whichbelong to offline fault diagnosis. Existing monitoring devices and positioning devicescan not monitor real-time situation.of distribution line, can not detect transient faultsand high impedance faults, and can not predict early failure of distribution line. If earlyfaiure can not be ruled out, it will develop into short-circuit fault, which will bring harmto safe operation of power system.
Online monitoring, diagnosis and fault prediction system of distribution lines is notrun in real system, in this case, this paper proposed a set of system solution includingonline state monitoring, diagnosis and foresting using the steady-state characteristicsand transient characteristics of distribution line fault information. A monitoring device,which is installed in the main line branch, is developed together with company. Themain contents of research include: The fault feature vectors are extracted byHilbert-Huang transform from voltage and current information; In order to determinefault type, HPL method is proposed to carry on preliminary classification and detailedclassification; Finally, zero-sequence instantaneous power direction is used to identifythe fault line, the results of fault diagnosis are transmitted by a wireless to powerdispatch staff, this results provide the basis for decision making. Details and mainresults are as follows:
(1) According to two facts that distribution line fault signal contains thenon-fundamental frequency transient information and Hilbert-Huang transform is applicable to analysize nonlinear, non-stationary signals, this paper proposed a systemfor online monitoring, classification, recognition of distribution line.
(2) The paper first proposed the use of Hilbert-Huang Transform method toextract transient information of the distribution line fault signal, that is, decompose thezero sequence voltage signal into intrinsic mode functions, obtain instantaneousamplitude of the first order intrinsic mode fuction using Hilbert transform, calculate thesummation of sampling value in one cycle, which is considered as criterion to judge linefault in distribution system. The results showed that: this method is not only able todetect high impedance fault and intermittent fault, which is difficult to effectivelyextract the fault characteristics of distribution line, it is effective to single phase toground, the two-phase short-circuit grounding fault and so on.
(3) This paper first proposed HPL method, which is used to premiliaryclassification and detailed classification for distribution line fault type. Three-phasevoltage and three-phase current are obtained from monitoring device. Once fault occurs,the high frequency components of fault signal are extracted from three-phase voltageand three-phase current using Hilbert-Huang transform, respectively. The instantaneousamplitude of the first two-order intrinsic mode fuction are used to form fault featurevectors, the dimensionality reduction of fault feature vectors is implemented byprincipal component analysis approach, the principal component obtained are used asthe input vector to least squares support vector machines for various fault featuresidentification, determine the fault type of the distribution line. The results show that:this method can not only recognize high impedance faults, intermittent faults and lowresistance faults, but also recognize single-phase short-circuit fault, two-phaseshort-circuit, two-phase short circuit to ground, three-phase short-circuit or three-phaseshort-circuit ground fault.
(4) This paper first proposed zero-sequence instantaneous power direction in theincipient fault diagnosis of distribution lines, main lines branch of zero-sequencevoltage and zero-sequence current of main line branches are used to extract the transientcomponent of fault, calculate the zero-sequence instantaneous power. According to thezero sequence instantaneous power direction, the fault line is identified. The simulationand field test results show that: this method can effectively identify high impedancefaults and intermittent faults, and give two operating options:①For grounding orshort-circuit fault, isolate the fault line and give the fault position at the same time.②For high impedance fault and intermittent fault, transmit fault location. The method greatly reduces maintenance time and lower fault impact.
(5) The proposed algorithms are verified by using the simulation data andmeasured data. The field test is carried out together with company. The methology offault detection, classification and recognition is validated by using simulation softwareof PSCAD and Matlab under the conditions of high impedance fault, intermittent faultand low resistance fault, the simulation results verify the correctness of the proposedmethod; Because some key techniques are not resolved in the application, this paperonly validates high impedance in field test, the result also shows the effectiveness of theproposed method.
引文
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