旅游公共服务供给机制研究
摘要
随着大众旅游业的发展,如何为公众提供更公正、更高效、更有质量的旅游公共服务,已成为现阶段我国政府面临的一个重要课题。由于我国旅游公共服务的发展历史很短、存在问题较多,供给水平偏低,且国内外目前尚缺乏对其进行系统和深入的研究,基于实践需要和目前理论研究不足的事实,论文从机制层面考虑旅游公共服务的供给问题,力图进行前沿性、创新性和应用性的探索,希望能真实探析和把握问题的实质,通过对旅游公共服务供给机制进行系统分析和规范性的构建,初步形成旅游公共服务供给机制理论分析框架,以期为我国旅游公共服务建设实践提供理论基础,推进我国旅游业发展中政府职能的转变,满足多样化的旅游公共服务需求,以达到增进我国旅游公共服务供给有效性的目的。
论文按照旅游公共服务是什么(内容)、由谁提供(主体)和怎么提供(方式)这样的一个逻辑线索来组织全文的架构。具体而言,本研究主要包括以下三个部分。
第一部分,基础理论部分,即第2章。在国内外旅游公共服务的相关研究和相关理论基础上,对旅游公共服务的范畴进行了全新的界定。接着进一步分析了旅游公共服务特殊性质,并对旅游公共服务与一般公共服务的关系、旅游公共服务与旅游服务的关系等相关概念进行辨析,从而为后文研究奠定理论基础。
第二部分,机制探讨部分。这是论文的核心和研究重点,内容包括第3、4、5、6章。论文第3章尝试以旅游公共服务有效供给分析作为供给机制设计的逻辑起点,实现旅游公共服务的单一供给机制到复合供给机制的转变,达到提高效率的目的。通过对旅游公共服务供给机制设计的分析,本文构建出旅游公共服务供给机制分析的概念模型,以此为后文研究提供理论立足点和奠定逻辑线索。接着论文第4章较为详细地探讨了旅游公共服务的政府供给机制、市场供给机制和社会供给机制等三大供给机制;每种供给机制按照各自主体供给的动力和原因(可行性)、有效供给的条件和效率以及有效供给的机制安排加以分析。论文第5章构建旅游公共服务复合供给机制并对复合供给机制下可能的运行模式进行深入探讨,其中还包括了对复合供给机制的效应和政府在复合供给机制中的职能与角色转化分析,最后结合专家调研对具体的旅游公共服务(或服务项目)有效供给模式进行甄别选择。论文第6章在理论上从激励机制、创新机制和保障机制三个方面分析旅游公共服务有效供给机制的运行保障。
第三部分,案例分析部分。论文最后以厦门市旅游公共服务建设为例对前文的理论成果及结论进行验证和应用分析。通过对厦门市旅游公共服务供给和建设状况的调查,揭示存在的问题及其原因,构建厦门旅游公共服务有效供给机制的概念模型,进而对厦门旅游公共服务供给机制的优化提出对策建议,为政府决策提供参考。厦门市旅游公共服务供给过程中所凸现的一些问题,某种程度上也是我国目前旅游公共服务建设中存在的一些共性问题。对优化厦门市旅游公共服务有效供给机制的探索,无疑对提高我国其他地区旅游公共服务建设水平和实现有效供给具有重要的参考价值和借鉴意义。
本研究主要从以下几个方面做创新性探索。首先,全面系统的对旅游公共服务的内涵范畴进行全新界定。其次,在机制探讨部分,构建了旅游公共服务供给机制分析的概念模型;根据公共产品等理论对旅游政府、市场、社会供给的旅游公共服务范围进行探讨和识别;根据理论分析构建了在复合供给机制框架下旅游公共服务有效供给的多种可能的运作模式;再次,案例分析部分中首次将IPA诊断分析方法运用到旅游公共服务的供给绩效评价方面,并构建出厦门市旅游公共服务有效供给机制的概念模型。总的来说,目前本课题的研究仍有很大的探讨空间,有待今后进一步研究。
Along with the development of economy and society, tourism demand of public increases continually, and the request of tourism public service is becoming more and more intense and urgent. How to adapt to this new trend, and provide more impartial and high-efficiency's tourism public service, are becoming important issues for the government at present. Since the short history of Chinese tourism public service, the existing troubles, the low supply level, and lacking of systematical and further study at home and abroad at present. Under this circumstance, the dissertation studies the tourism public service from the perspective of mechanism, attempts to use the relevant disciplines and theories of economics and management, learns from advanced theories, experiences and methods both at home and abroad, strives to grasp the essence of the problem. It analyzes the mechanism of tourism public service systematically, and has formed a mechanism theoretical analysis frame for tourism public service preliminarily, guides the practice of Chinese tourism public service building, promotes the transition of governmental function; enhance the validity of tourism public service supplies.
This dissertation makes the text frame according to the clue of what is tourism public service (content); who provides (main body) and how to provide (methods). Specific as: basic theory, consideration of mechanism and analysis of cases.
1. Basic theory. It is Chapter 2. Based on the relevant researches and theories of tourism public service, this paper makes a creative definition of tourism public service. Then, it analyzes the Special Properties of tourism public service (productive and social; public and profit), considers some relevant definitions such as tourism public service and public service to make the basis of subsequent researches.
2. Consideration of mechanism. It is the core of this paper and key of research, which includes chapter 3,4,5,6. This paper attempts to make the logic Starting Point of Supply Mechanism designing from the analysis of effective supply of tourism public service. It considers that it can realize the transformation of tourism public service from single to compound supply mechanism. Based on the analysis of supply mechanism designing of tourism public service, this dissertation makes the conceptual model of the tourism public service supply, which is the basis of subsequent research. According to the logical arrangement of the conceptual model of the tourism public service supply, chapter 4 is discussing the three supply mechanisms of tourism public service in detail, government supply mechanism, market supply mechanism, and society supply mechanism. Each of these mechanisms is analyzed by its own feasibility, condition and arrangement. It is proposed in chapter 5 that we should set up compound supply mechanism of tourism public service, and analyzed the transformation of the role and functions of the government in the compound supply mechanism of tourism public service. The compound supply mechanism of tourism public service can be further subdivided into three catalogs as government-dominated, market-dominated and society-voluntarily, and ten types of modes in detail. At the last part, it gives the best choice of supply mode based on the concrete investigation of tourism supply service (or service project). In chapter 6, it analyzed the guarantee of the supply mechanism of tourism public service from three aspects in theory such as stimulus, innovation and guarantee mechanism.
3. Analysis of cases. This dissertation makes the case study of the construction of tourism public service in Xiamen to test and analyze the theoretical result and conclusion. It analyzes the situation of tourism public service supply and mechanism construction in Xiamen, reveals the problems and reasons, and makes the efficient mechanism function analysis graph of tourism public service in Xiamen, based on the information collected by literature retrieval, spot investigation and questionnaire. Further more, it is proposed some suggestions for the government of optimization of tourism public service mechanism in Xiamen. The problems in the progress of tourism public service supply in Xiamen are the common problems in the construction of Chinese tourism public service. The exploration of optimization of tourism public service mechanism in Xiamen is undoubted significant to improve the construction of tourism public service in some other area in China.
The research has made the following innovations. First, this dissertation makes a creative definition of tourism public service. Second, it makes the conceptual model of the tourism public service supply, which is the basis of subsequent research. Third, it suggests that the compound supply mechanism of tourism supply service can be further subdivided into three catalogs as government-dominated, market-dominated and society-voluntarily, and ten types of modes in detail, like the graphic shows. In the end, it makes the efficient mechanism function analysis graph and operation model of tourism public service in Xiamen. Generally, it still needs to study further in this dissertation in the future.
论文按照旅游公共服务是什么(内容)、由谁提供(主体)和怎么提供(方式)这样的一个逻辑线索来组织全文的架构。具体而言,本研究主要包括以下三个部分。
第一部分,基础理论部分,即第2章。在国内外旅游公共服务的相关研究和相关理论基础上,对旅游公共服务的范畴进行了全新的界定。接着进一步分析了旅游公共服务特殊性质,并对旅游公共服务与一般公共服务的关系、旅游公共服务与旅游服务的关系等相关概念进行辨析,从而为后文研究奠定理论基础。
第二部分,机制探讨部分。这是论文的核心和研究重点,内容包括第3、4、5、6章。论文第3章尝试以旅游公共服务有效供给分析作为供给机制设计的逻辑起点,实现旅游公共服务的单一供给机制到复合供给机制的转变,达到提高效率的目的。通过对旅游公共服务供给机制设计的分析,本文构建出旅游公共服务供给机制分析的概念模型,以此为后文研究提供理论立足点和奠定逻辑线索。接着论文第4章较为详细地探讨了旅游公共服务的政府供给机制、市场供给机制和社会供给机制等三大供给机制;每种供给机制按照各自主体供给的动力和原因(可行性)、有效供给的条件和效率以及有效供给的机制安排加以分析。论文第5章构建旅游公共服务复合供给机制并对复合供给机制下可能的运行模式进行深入探讨,其中还包括了对复合供给机制的效应和政府在复合供给机制中的职能与角色转化分析,最后结合专家调研对具体的旅游公共服务(或服务项目)有效供给模式进行甄别选择。论文第6章在理论上从激励机制、创新机制和保障机制三个方面分析旅游公共服务有效供给机制的运行保障。
第三部分,案例分析部分。论文最后以厦门市旅游公共服务建设为例对前文的理论成果及结论进行验证和应用分析。通过对厦门市旅游公共服务供给和建设状况的调查,揭示存在的问题及其原因,构建厦门旅游公共服务有效供给机制的概念模型,进而对厦门旅游公共服务供给机制的优化提出对策建议,为政府决策提供参考。厦门市旅游公共服务供给过程中所凸现的一些问题,某种程度上也是我国目前旅游公共服务建设中存在的一些共性问题。对优化厦门市旅游公共服务有效供给机制的探索,无疑对提高我国其他地区旅游公共服务建设水平和实现有效供给具有重要的参考价值和借鉴意义。
本研究主要从以下几个方面做创新性探索。首先,全面系统的对旅游公共服务的内涵范畴进行全新界定。其次,在机制探讨部分,构建了旅游公共服务供给机制分析的概念模型;根据公共产品等理论对旅游政府、市场、社会供给的旅游公共服务范围进行探讨和识别;根据理论分析构建了在复合供给机制框架下旅游公共服务有效供给的多种可能的运作模式;再次,案例分析部分中首次将IPA诊断分析方法运用到旅游公共服务的供给绩效评价方面,并构建出厦门市旅游公共服务有效供给机制的概念模型。总的来说,目前本课题的研究仍有很大的探讨空间,有待今后进一步研究。
Along with the development of economy and society, tourism demand of public increases continually, and the request of tourism public service is becoming more and more intense and urgent. How to adapt to this new trend, and provide more impartial and high-efficiency's tourism public service, are becoming important issues for the government at present. Since the short history of Chinese tourism public service, the existing troubles, the low supply level, and lacking of systematical and further study at home and abroad at present. Under this circumstance, the dissertation studies the tourism public service from the perspective of mechanism, attempts to use the relevant disciplines and theories of economics and management, learns from advanced theories, experiences and methods both at home and abroad, strives to grasp the essence of the problem. It analyzes the mechanism of tourism public service systematically, and has formed a mechanism theoretical analysis frame for tourism public service preliminarily, guides the practice of Chinese tourism public service building, promotes the transition of governmental function; enhance the validity of tourism public service supplies.
This dissertation makes the text frame according to the clue of what is tourism public service (content); who provides (main body) and how to provide (methods). Specific as: basic theory, consideration of mechanism and analysis of cases.
1. Basic theory. It is Chapter 2. Based on the relevant researches and theories of tourism public service, this paper makes a creative definition of tourism public service. Then, it analyzes the Special Properties of tourism public service (productive and social; public and profit), considers some relevant definitions such as tourism public service and public service to make the basis of subsequent researches.
2. Consideration of mechanism. It is the core of this paper and key of research, which includes chapter 3,4,5,6. This paper attempts to make the logic Starting Point of Supply Mechanism designing from the analysis of effective supply of tourism public service. It considers that it can realize the transformation of tourism public service from single to compound supply mechanism. Based on the analysis of supply mechanism designing of tourism public service, this dissertation makes the conceptual model of the tourism public service supply, which is the basis of subsequent research. According to the logical arrangement of the conceptual model of the tourism public service supply, chapter 4 is discussing the three supply mechanisms of tourism public service in detail, government supply mechanism, market supply mechanism, and society supply mechanism. Each of these mechanisms is analyzed by its own feasibility, condition and arrangement. It is proposed in chapter 5 that we should set up compound supply mechanism of tourism public service, and analyzed the transformation of the role and functions of the government in the compound supply mechanism of tourism public service. The compound supply mechanism of tourism public service can be further subdivided into three catalogs as government-dominated, market-dominated and society-voluntarily, and ten types of modes in detail. At the last part, it gives the best choice of supply mode based on the concrete investigation of tourism supply service (or service project). In chapter 6, it analyzed the guarantee of the supply mechanism of tourism public service from three aspects in theory such as stimulus, innovation and guarantee mechanism.
3. Analysis of cases. This dissertation makes the case study of the construction of tourism public service in Xiamen to test and analyze the theoretical result and conclusion. It analyzes the situation of tourism public service supply and mechanism construction in Xiamen, reveals the problems and reasons, and makes the efficient mechanism function analysis graph of tourism public service in Xiamen, based on the information collected by literature retrieval, spot investigation and questionnaire. Further more, it is proposed some suggestions for the government of optimization of tourism public service mechanism in Xiamen. The problems in the progress of tourism public service supply in Xiamen are the common problems in the construction of Chinese tourism public service. The exploration of optimization of tourism public service mechanism in Xiamen is undoubted significant to improve the construction of tourism public service in some other area in China.
The research has made the following innovations. First, this dissertation makes a creative definition of tourism public service. Second, it makes the conceptual model of the tourism public service supply, which is the basis of subsequent research. Third, it suggests that the compound supply mechanism of tourism supply service can be further subdivided into three catalogs as government-dominated, market-dominated and society-voluntarily, and ten types of modes in detail, like the graphic shows. In the end, it makes the efficient mechanism function analysis graph and operation model of tourism public service in Xiamen. Generally, it still needs to study further in this dissertation in the future.
引文
[1]刘小军.对加强旅游公共服务的思考[J].旅游调研,2007,(9):12-13
[2]王志发.在2008年全国旅游工作会议[EB].www.bk.gov.cn/bktrip/Article/gg/200801/168.htm,2008-01-19/2008-01-25
[3]杨军.“X效率”与旅游公共服务[N].中国旅游报,2007-3-5(10)
[4]王志发.在贵州省第二届旅游产业发展大会上的讲话[EB].http://www.cnta.gov.cn/news_detail/newsshow.asp?id=A20071219943143499457,2007-12-19
[5]邵琪伟.在国家旅游局党组传达贯彻十七大精神会议上的讲话[J].旅游调研,2008,(1):1
[6]王志发.中国加速迈向世界旅游强国[EB].http://www.chinanews.com.cn/cj/cytx/news/2007/11-06/1070141.shtml,2007-11-06
[7]邵琪伟.建设和谐旅游,促进共同繁荣[EB].http://www.lpb.gov.cn/show.asp?id=1004,2007-06-15
[8]李志刚.桂林旅游发展专题研究(2005-2006)[M].北京:中国旅游出版社,2007.
[9]Ernst J.,Whose utility? The social impact of public utility privatization and regulation in Britain[M],Bucking-ham:Open university press,1995.
[10]Christopher Hood,Paradoxes of public-sector managerialism,old public management and public services[J].International Public Management Journal 2000(3)1-22.
[11]Riccardo Fiorito,Tryphon Kollintzas.Public goods,merit goods,and the relation between private and government consumption[J].European Economic Rewiew,2004,(48):1367-1398.
[12]Patrick Francois'Public servicemotivation'as an argument for governmentprovision[J].Journal of Public Economics,2000,(78):275-299.
[13]孟春等.在结构性改革中优化公共服务[J].国家行政学院学报,2004,(4):15-17
[14]蔡晶晶.西方可抉择公共服务供给机制的经验透视[J].东南学术,2008,(1):80-87.
[15]陈振明.加强对公共服务提供机制与方式的研究[J].东南学术,2007,(2):69-76.
[16]张文礼,吴光芸.论服务型政府与公共服务的有效供给[J].兰州大学学报(社会科学版),2007,(3):96-102
[17]Alchain,A.A.The Basis of Some Recent Advances in the Theory of Management of the Firm"[J].Journal of Industrial Economics,1965,(14):30-44.
[18]Alchain,Armen,A,and Demsetz,Harold.Production,Information Costs,and Economic Organization[J].American Economic Review,1972,(62):777-795.
[19]BeesleyM.and Littlechild S.Privatization:principles,problems and priorties,Lloyds bank review[M].Reprinted in bishop,1994.
[20]Mc David,James,Shick.George.privatization versus Union Management cooperation:The Effects of Competition in Service Efficiency in Municipalities[J].Canadian Public Administration,1987,(30):472-488
[21]Gonzalez,R,Mehay,S.Economies of city size in a price-searcher model of local government[J].Public Finance,1987,(42):235-249
[22]Miranda Rowan,Andersen Karlyn.Alterative service Delivery in Local Government Municipal Yearbook(1982-1992)[M].Washington:International City/County Management Association,1994.
[23](美)约瑟夫·E·斯蒂格利茨.社会主义向何处去——经济体制转型的理论与证据[M].长春:吉林人民出版社,1998.
[24]Bush,W,and Denzau,A.The voting behavior of bureaucrats and public sector growth.In T.Borcherding(Ed.),Budgets and bureaucrats:The sources of government growth.Durham:Duke University Press.(1977).
[25]Miller J Gary,Terry M.Moe.Bureaucrats,Legislators,and the Size of Government.The American Political Science Review,Vo.l 77,No.2.(Jun.,1983),pp.297-322.
[26](美)E.S.萨瓦斯.民营化与公私部门的伙伴关系[M].北京:中国人民大学出版社,2002.
[27]Hart Oliver,Andrei Shleifer,Robert Vishny.The Proper Scope of Government:Theory and an Application to Prisons[J].Quarterly Journal of Economics,1997,112(4):1127-1161
[28]JamesM.Ferris and ElizabethGraddy,OrganizationalChoices forPublic Service Supply[J].Journal of Law,Economics & Organization,1994,(1):126-141.
[29]Musgrave R A.The voluntary exchange theory of public economy[J].Quarterly Journal Economics,1939(2):213.237.
[30]Ostrom,V.&Ostrom.Public Goods and Public Choices,in Alternatives for Delivering Public Services:Toward Improved Performance[M].NewYork:Westview Press,1977.
[31]欧文.E.休斯.公共管理导论[M].北京:中国人民大学出版社,2001.
[32]宋世明.西方公共服务市场化对中国行政改革的启示[J].理论学刊,1999,(3):106-108
[33]陈振明.竞争性政府——市场机制与工商管理技术在公共部门管理中的应用[M].北京:中国人民大学出版社,2006.
[34]杨大明.明理识途,尽心履职,切实加强旅游公共服务[EB/OL].http://www.sxtour.gov.cn/tour_netpaperview.asp?id=55,2006-05-10
[35]世博会课题组.世博旅游公共服务体系研究[EB/OL].http://lyw.sh.gov.cn/research/index_42.aspx,2008-1-16
[36]Vinka Cetinski;Sanda Weber.Marketing Turizma Zemalja S.E.I.Tourism Marketing of C.E.I.countries-Possibilities of cooperation in health tourism[J].Tourism and hospitality management,1996,(2):25-29
[37]James Elliott,Tourism:Polities and public sector management,Londonan d New York:Routledgo,1997.
[38]Bill Bramwel,Allgela Sharman,Coaboration in local tourism policymaking[J].Annals of To urism Research,2001(2):392-415.
[39]匡林.公私合营国家旅游促销方向[N].中国旅游报,2001-1-22(3)
[40]郝索.外国旅游管理体制比较研究及对我国旅游业改制的启示[J].人文杂志,2001,(3):79-83.
[41]张俐俐,袁国宏.论行业协会在我国旅游管理体制演进中的作用[J].社会科学家,2002,(06):30-34
[42]谢朝武,郑向敏.奥运旅游安全管理研究[J].体育文化导刊,2003(12):28-30
[43]Chris Cooper,John F,David G,Stephen W.Tourism principles & practice[M].UK:Pitman.1993.
[44]Kari Aanonsen.National cooperation and strategic alliances-the tourism business in Norway enters the net Information communication technologies in tourism,1997,1:109
[45]张凌云.试论有关旅游业在地区经济发展中的地位和产业政策的几个问题[J].旅游学刊,2000,(1):10-14
[46]朱正萱.经济全球化时代政府的重要职责——组织公共信息物品的供给[J].经济师,2002,(10):14-15
[47]周进步,王崧.透视政府旅游管理职能[J].浙江经济,2002,(14):13-14.
[48]钱益春.旅游基础设施融资模式初探[J].特区经济,2006,(9):241
[49]马波.中国旅游业转型发展的若干重要问题[J].旅游学刊,2007,(12):12-17
[50]Reston.VA.Ontario:American Association for Leisure and.Recreation.The Study of Leisure[M].Don Mills:Oxford University Press,1994.
[51]Sessoms,H.D.,Leisure Service(6~(th)),Englewood Cliffs,NJ Prentice Hall,Inc.,1984
[52]Gratton,Taylor.Sport and Recreation An Economic Analysis[M].London E.&F.N.Spon Ltd.,1985.
[53]王宁.略论休闲经济[J].中山大学学报,2000,(3):13-16
[54]可妍.休闲服务供给的中外比较研究[D].北京第二外国语学院.2006.
[55]卿前龙.休闲服务的经济学分析[D].华南师范大学,2005.
[56]王健民.旅游研究的成熟度要体系学界对业界的熟悉[J].旅游学刊 2007,(1):7-8
[57]Samuelson,Paul A.The Pure Theory of Public Expenditure[J].Review of Economics and Statistics,1954,(36):387-398
[58]James M.Buchanan.An Economic Theory of Clubs[J].Economics,1965,32(February)
[59]陈振明.非市场缺陷的政治经济学分析——公共选择和政策分析学者的政府失败论[J].中国社会科学,1998(6):57
[60]Holzer M,Callahan K.Government at Work:Best Practices and Model Programs[M].California:SAGE Publications,1998.
[61]国家行政学院.西方国家行政改革述评[M].北京:国家行政学院出版社,1998.
[62]C.Hood.A Public management for all seasons[M].Public Administration,1991
[63]黄新华等.公共部门经济学[M].上海:上海人民出版社,2006.
[64]俞可平.治理与善治[M].北京:社会科学文献出版利,2000.
[65]格里·斯托克.作为理论的治理:五个观点[J].国际社会科学(中文版),1999,(2):19-30
[66]T·W·舒尔茨.制度与人的经济价值的不断提高[J].选自:财产权利与制度变迁[M].上海:上海人民出版社、上海三联书店(中译本).1994.
[67]L·E·戴维斯,D·C·诺斯.制度变迁的理论[M].转引自:财产权利与制度变迁[M].上海:上海人民出版社、上海三联书店(中译本,1994).
[68]曼瑟尔·奥尔森.集体行动的逻辑[M].上海:上海三联书店、上海人民出版社,1995.
[69](美)斯蒂格利茨.经济学[M].北京:中国人民大学出版社.1997.
[70](美)J.M.布坎南著,穆怀朋等译.民主财政论——财政制度和个人选择[M].北京:商务印书馆.1993.
[71]Atkinson,Anthony B.& Nicholas H.Stem.Pigou,taxation and public goods[J].Review of Economic Studies,1974,41(1):119-128
[72](南)斯韦托扎尔·平乔维奇著,蒋琳琦译.产权经济学[M].北京:经济科学出版社,1999.
[73](美)J.M.布坎南著,张成福译.公共财政[M].北京:中国财政经济出版社,1991.
[74](美)斯蒂格里茨著,梁小民、黄险峰译.经济学[M].北京:中国人民大学出版社,2000.
[75](美)奥斯特洛姆、C.M.蒂伯特、R.瓦伦著.大城市地区的政府组织[M].转引自M.麦金尼斯主编.多中心体制与地方公共经济[M].上海:上海三联书店,2000.
[76]登哈特 新公共服务.服务而不是掌舵[M].北京:中国人民大学出版社,2004.
[77]欧文·E·休斯.公共管理导论[M].北京:中国人民大学出版社,2001.
[78]曹闻民.论公共服务改革中的政府责任[J].中国行政管理,2000,(10):40-42
[79]宿一兵.美国公共服务理论对中国农村公共服务改革之启示[J].湖南农业大学学报(社会科学版),2005.(06):8-10
[80]句华.公共服务中的市场机制:理论、方式与技术[M].北京:北京大学出版社,2006.
[81]唐娟.政府治理论[M].北京:中国社会科学出版社,2006.
[82]马庆钰.公共服务的理性及其运作框架[J].国家行政学院学报,2005.(02):19-22
[83]文森特·奥斯特罗姆,埃莉诺·奥斯特罗姆.公益物品与公共选择[J].选自迈克尔·麦金尼斯主编多中心体制与地方公共经济[M].上海:三联书店出版社,2000.
[84]徐小青.中国农村公共服务[M].北京:中国发展出版社,2002.
[85]冯云廷.城市公共服务体制:理论探索与实践[M].北京:中国财政经济出版社,2004.
[86]旅游服务基础术语GB/T16766—1997[S].
[87]David Hume.An Enquiry Concerning the Principles of Morals[M].Lodon:Oxford University Press,1975.
[88]哈尔.瓦里安.微观经济学(高级教程.第三版)[M].北京:经济科学出版社,1997.
[89]李军鹏.论公共需求与供给:公共行政研究的基本主题[J].天津行政学院学报,2001(01):9.
[90]Bazelay.M.Breaking.Bureaucracy:A New Vision for managing In Government[M].Berkeley:University of Californian Press,1992.
[91]迈克尔·麦金尼斯,多中心体制与地方公共经济 上海三联书店 2000版.
[92](美)埃莉诺·奥斯特罗姆、Larry Schreoder,Susan wynne.制度激励与可持续发展[M].上海:上海三联书店,2000.
[93]樊丽明.中国公共品市场与自愿供给分析[D].厦门大学,2003.
[94]樊丽明,石绍宾.公共品供给机制:作用边界变迁及影响因素[J].当代经济科学,2006,(01):63-68
[95]樊勇明,杜莉.公共经济学[M].上海:复旦大学出版社,2001.
[96]埃利诺·奥斯特罗姆.公共事物的治理之道[M].上海:三联书店出版社,2000.
[97]席恒著.公与私:公共事业运行机制研究[M].北京:商务印书馆,2003.
[98]楚永生,张宪昌.公共物品供给的动态化视角研究[J].现代经济探讨,2005,(03):18-21
[99]许峰 转型视角下我国自助旅游发展研究 旅游科学 2006 04
[100]廖嵘.从公共产品的供给看政府职能的转变[D].重庆大学,2005.
[101]殷国玺,徐斌,胡瑞嫒,郭相平.风景区委托代理管理模型探讨——以南京钟山风景区为例[J].水利经济,2005,(6):59-62
[102]张俐俐.旅游行政管理[M].北京:高等教育出版社,2002.
[103]池雄标.论政府旅游营销行为的理论依据[J].旅游学刊,2003,(03):58-61
[104]郭寻.旅游经济运行中政府规制初探[J].东南亚纵横,2006,(10):73-77
[105](美)斯蒂格利茨.政府为什么干预经济[M].北京:中国物资出版社,1998.
[106]查尔斯.林德布洛姆.政治与市场:世界的政治——经济制度[M].上海:三联书店,1992.
[107]许彬.公共经济学导论——以公共产品为中心的一种研究[M].黑龙江人民出版社,2003.(12).
[108]萨缪尔森,诺德豪斯.经济学(12版)[M].北京:中国发展出版社,1992.
[109]梁修存,丁登山.区域旅游开发的政府行为问题研究[J].生产力研究,2002,(01):99-102
[110]章尚正.“政府主导型”旅游发展战略的反思[J].旅游学刊,1998,(06):21-22
[111]郭小聪主编.政府经济学[M].中国人民大学出版社,2003.
[112]曾国安著 政府经济学[M].湖北人民出版社,2002
[113]李应博.我国农业信息服务体系研究[D].中国农业大学,2005.
[114]国家旅游局规划发展与财务司.2007中国旅游投资报告[M].北京:中国旅游出版社,2007.
[115]叶文辉.城市公共产品供给的市场化与公共服务的效率改善[J].江西社会科学,2004,(04):130-133
[116](英)亚当·斯密.国民财富的性质和原因的研究(国富论)[M].北京:商务印书馆,2003.
[117]Anwar Shah,On the Design of Economic Constitutions[M],Canadian Journal of Economics,Canadian Economics Association,1996(29):614-18.
[118]匡林.旅游业政府主导型旅游发展战略研究[M].北京:中国旅游出版社,2001.
[119]刘婧.旅游投资——晋商资本新流向[J].旅游时代,2006,(04):24-27
[120]句华.公共服务市场化的内涵和动因[J].社会科学战线,2003,(3):49-52
[121]林家彬.对“城市经营”热的透视与思考[J].城市规划汇刊,2004,(01):10-14
[122]John Hilke.Competition in Government-Financial Services[M].Westport C T:Greenwood,1992.
[123]Goldin,Kenneth D.,Equal Access VS Selective Access;A Critique of Public Goods Theory,Public Choice,29(spring),1979
[124]席恒著.利益、权力与责任—公共物品供给机制研究[M].中国社会科学出版社,2006
[125]Demsetz,H.The Private Production of Public goods[J].Journal of Law and Economics,1970,13(October)
[126]A.A.阿尔钦.产权:一个经典注释[M].转引自:R.科斯、D.诺斯.财产权与制度变迁——产权学派与新制度学派译文集[M].三联书店,1994.
[127]李晟之.西部生态旅游投资与社会发展研究经济[J].体制改革,2006,(01):138-142
[128]蒋洪.财政学[M].上海:上海财经大学出版社,2001.
[129](日)植草益.微观规制经济学[M].北京:中国发展出版社,1992.
[130](美)Y.巴泽尔.产权的经济分析[M].上海:上海三联书店,上海人民出版社,1997.
[131]Shleifer Andrei.State versus private ownership[J].The Journal of Economic Perspectives,1998,12(4):133-150
[132]王海燕,魏谦.什刹海胡同游2008年实施特许经营[EB/OL].http://ly.beijing.cn/lykx/n214056599.shtml,2007-12-25
[133]孙艳红.乡村旅游开发效率机制分析[J].河南师范大学学报,2006,(03):125-127
[134]Breyer.S.Regulation and Its Reform[M].Cambridge:Harvard University Press,1982.
[135]魏翔,朱德良.基于公共经济学的旅游经济政府规制研究[J].经济问题探索2005(12):109-111
[136]江明融.公共服务均等化研究[D].厦门大学博士论文,2007.
[137](美)戴维·奥斯本,特德·盖布勒.改革政府:企业精神如何改革着公营部门[M].北 京:中国人民大学出版社,2001.
[138](美)道格拉斯·C.诺斯,罗华平等译.经济史中的结构与变迁[M].上海:人民出版社,1994.
[139]黄耀军,黄瑞庆.公共产品实验研究概述[J].经济学动态,2001,(10):84-86
[140]Dawes,R.M,Thaler,R.H.Anomalies:Cooperation[J].Journal of Economic Perspectives,1988.(2):187-197
[141]Australian Bureau of Statistics.State of the Environment Tasmania.[EB/OL].http://soer.justice.tas.gov.au/2003/source/388/index.php,2006-12-14
[142]北京志愿者协会.北京志愿服务事业发展规划(2006—2008)[EB/OL].http://www.xcgqt.org.cn/Pagetwo/ArticleContent.asp?code=100092.1667,2006-04-20
[143]Olson,Mancur.The Logic of Collective Action[M].Harvard:Harvard University Press,1965.
[144]Becker,Gary S.A theory of social interactions[J].Journal of Political Economy,1974,(82):1063-1093
[145]Talbot Page,Louis Putterman,Bulent Unel.Voluntary Association in Public Goods Experiments:Reciprocity,Mimicry and Efficiency[J].The Economic Journal,2005,(506):1032-1053
[146]龙新民,陈湘满,张萤.西方公共产品私人提供实验研究最新进展[J].湘潭大学学报(哲学社会科学版),2006,(5):53-57
[147]Sugden,Robert.Reciprocity:the supply of public goods through voluntary contributions [J].Economic Journal,1984,(94)
[148](英)查尔斯·汉迪.超越确定性:组织变革的观念[M].北京:华夏出版社,2000.
[149]马伊里,杨团.公司与社会公益[M].北京:华夏出版社,2002.
[150]Wuthnow,Robert.Between Statesand Markets:the Voluntary Sectorin Comparative Perspective[M].Princeton,N.J.:Princeton University Press.1991.
[151]陈建勤.2010年上海世博会旅游设施配置对策[J].上海大学学报(社会科学版),2003,(6):100-105
[152]毛卫东.我国旅游咨询中心发展中亟待解决的两个问题[N].中国旅游报,2007-10-24.
[153]Hansman,Henry.The role of Nonprofit Enterprise[J].Yale Law Journal,1980,(89)
[154]方中权,陈雪花.法国旅游办公室的功能及启示[J].世界地理研究,2007,(02):61-65
[155]Salamon,L.M.The Rise of the Nonprofit Sector.Foreign Affairs[J].1994,73(4):16-39.
[156]吴伟.非营利组织的资金来源——国外的经验与启示[J].中州学刊,2007,(04):99-103
[157]张洪武.NPO经费来源:发达国家的经验与我国的现实选择[J].重庆社会科学,2007,(08):99-103
[158]方巧.旅游行业协会比较研究[D].西北大学,2005.
[159]席恒,雷晓康.公共管理的方法论基础:从成本收益分析到合作收益分析[J].江苏行政学院学报,2006,(04):87-92.
[160]李子飞.城市政府的公共服务供给创新[D].厦门大学,2005
[161]吴文洁.国外非营利组织的发展及启示[J].商业时代,2006,(29):8-9
[162]世界自然基金会.九寨沟老年传统手工艺团队亮相游客中心[EB/OL].http://www.wwfchina.org/wwfpress/presscenter/pressdetail.shtm?id=535,2007-08-16
[163]张广瑞,魏小安等.2003—2005中国旅游发展:分析与预测[M].北京:社会科学文献出版社,2005.
[164]伊甸社会福利基金会.无障碍旅游信息网站[EB/OL]http://eatc.eden.org.tw:2480,
[165]伊甸社会福利基金会.脚踏希望、轮走台湾——环台公益旅行行程表[EB/OL].http://edenblog.eden.org.tw/index.php?op=ViewArticle&artieleId=144&blogId=1,2007-8-19
[166]长春政报.旅游彩票将在我省(吉林)公开发售[EB/OL].www.zfcpw.com/Article/cs/200602/1717.html,2006-2-9
[167]邓国胜.非营利组织评估[M].北京:社会科学文献出版社,2001.
[168]陈芳.旅游景区治理模式的选择[D].厦门大学,2006.
[169]周春梅.公共服务外包委托—代理问题研究[D].燕山大学,2006.
[170]马惠娣,刘耳.西方休闲学研究述评[J].自然辩证法研究,2001,(05):45-49
[171]王玉明.论政府供给型制度创新[J].学海,2005,(2):108
[172](德)柯武刚,史漫飞.制度经济学:社会秩序与公共政策[M].北京:商务印书馆,2000.
[173]L.v.贝塔朗菲,魏宏森等译.一般系统论——基础、发展和应用[M].北京:清华大学出版社.1987.
[174]Robert Eyestone.The Threads of Public Policy:A Study in Policy Leadership,.Indianapolis:The Bobbs-Merrill Company,Inc.,1971
[175]李树民,陈实.论西部旅游业实施政府主导型战略的宏观分析[J].人文杂志,2002,(05):66-68
[176]Martilla J.A.,James J.C.Importance-performance analysis[J].Journal of Marketing,1977,41(1):77-79.
[177]Baloglu S,Love C.Association meeting planners perceived performance of Las Vegas:an importance-performance analysis[J].Journal of Convention & Exhibition Management,2003,5(1),13-27.
[2]王志发.在2008年全国旅游工作会议[EB].www.bk.gov.cn/bktrip/Article/gg/200801/168.htm,2008-01-19/2008-01-25
[3]杨军.“X效率”与旅游公共服务[N].中国旅游报,2007-3-5(10)
[4]王志发.在贵州省第二届旅游产业发展大会上的讲话[EB].http://www.cnta.gov.cn/news_detail/newsshow.asp?id=A20071219943143499457,2007-12-19
[5]邵琪伟.在国家旅游局党组传达贯彻十七大精神会议上的讲话[J].旅游调研,2008,(1):1
[6]王志发.中国加速迈向世界旅游强国[EB].http://www.chinanews.com.cn/cj/cytx/news/2007/11-06/1070141.shtml,2007-11-06
[7]邵琪伟.建设和谐旅游,促进共同繁荣[EB].http://www.lpb.gov.cn/show.asp?id=1004,2007-06-15
[8]李志刚.桂林旅游发展专题研究(2005-2006)[M].北京:中国旅游出版社,2007.
[9]Ernst J.,Whose utility? The social impact of public utility privatization and regulation in Britain[M],Bucking-ham:Open university press,1995.
[10]Christopher Hood,Paradoxes of public-sector managerialism,old public management and public services[J].International Public Management Journal 2000(3)1-22.
[11]Riccardo Fiorito,Tryphon Kollintzas.Public goods,merit goods,and the relation between private and government consumption[J].European Economic Rewiew,2004,(48):1367-1398.
[12]Patrick Francois'Public servicemotivation'as an argument for governmentprovision[J].Journal of Public Economics,2000,(78):275-299.
[13]孟春等.在结构性改革中优化公共服务[J].国家行政学院学报,2004,(4):15-17
[14]蔡晶晶.西方可抉择公共服务供给机制的经验透视[J].东南学术,2008,(1):80-87.
[15]陈振明.加强对公共服务提供机制与方式的研究[J].东南学术,2007,(2):69-76.
[16]张文礼,吴光芸.论服务型政府与公共服务的有效供给[J].兰州大学学报(社会科学版),2007,(3):96-102
[17]Alchain,A.A.The Basis of Some Recent Advances in the Theory of Management of the Firm"[J].Journal of Industrial Economics,1965,(14):30-44.
[18]Alchain,Armen,A,and Demsetz,Harold.Production,Information Costs,and Economic Organization[J].American Economic Review,1972,(62):777-795.
[19]BeesleyM.and Littlechild S.Privatization:principles,problems and priorties,Lloyds bank review[M].Reprinted in bishop,1994.
[20]Mc David,James,Shick.George.privatization versus Union Management cooperation:The Effects of Competition in Service Efficiency in Municipalities[J].Canadian Public Administration,1987,(30):472-488
[21]Gonzalez,R,Mehay,S.Economies of city size in a price-searcher model of local government[J].Public Finance,1987,(42):235-249
[22]Miranda Rowan,Andersen Karlyn.Alterative service Delivery in Local Government Municipal Yearbook(1982-1992)[M].Washington:International City/County Management Association,1994.
[23](美)约瑟夫·E·斯蒂格利茨.社会主义向何处去——经济体制转型的理论与证据[M].长春:吉林人民出版社,1998.
[24]Bush,W,and Denzau,A.The voting behavior of bureaucrats and public sector growth.In T.Borcherding(Ed.),Budgets and bureaucrats:The sources of government growth.Durham:Duke University Press.(1977).
[25]Miller J Gary,Terry M.Moe.Bureaucrats,Legislators,and the Size of Government.The American Political Science Review,Vo.l 77,No.2.(Jun.,1983),pp.297-322.
[26](美)E.S.萨瓦斯.民营化与公私部门的伙伴关系[M].北京:中国人民大学出版社,2002.
[27]Hart Oliver,Andrei Shleifer,Robert Vishny.The Proper Scope of Government:Theory and an Application to Prisons[J].Quarterly Journal of Economics,1997,112(4):1127-1161
[28]JamesM.Ferris and ElizabethGraddy,OrganizationalChoices forPublic Service Supply[J].Journal of Law,Economics & Organization,1994,(1):126-141.
[29]Musgrave R A.The voluntary exchange theory of public economy[J].Quarterly Journal Economics,1939(2):213.237.
[30]Ostrom,V.&Ostrom.Public Goods and Public Choices,in Alternatives for Delivering Public Services:Toward Improved Performance[M].NewYork:Westview Press,1977.
[31]欧文.E.休斯.公共管理导论[M].北京:中国人民大学出版社,2001.
[32]宋世明.西方公共服务市场化对中国行政改革的启示[J].理论学刊,1999,(3):106-108
[33]陈振明.竞争性政府——市场机制与工商管理技术在公共部门管理中的应用[M].北京:中国人民大学出版社,2006.
[34]杨大明.明理识途,尽心履职,切实加强旅游公共服务[EB/OL].http://www.sxtour.gov.cn/tour_netpaperview.asp?id=55,2006-05-10
[35]世博会课题组.世博旅游公共服务体系研究[EB/OL].http://lyw.sh.gov.cn/research/index_42.aspx,2008-1-16
[36]Vinka Cetinski;Sanda Weber.Marketing Turizma Zemalja S.E.I.Tourism Marketing of C.E.I.countries-Possibilities of cooperation in health tourism[J].Tourism and hospitality management,1996,(2):25-29
[37]James Elliott,Tourism:Polities and public sector management,Londonan d New York:Routledgo,1997.
[38]Bill Bramwel,Allgela Sharman,Coaboration in local tourism policymaking[J].Annals of To urism Research,2001(2):392-415.
[39]匡林.公私合营国家旅游促销方向[N].中国旅游报,2001-1-22(3)
[40]郝索.外国旅游管理体制比较研究及对我国旅游业改制的启示[J].人文杂志,2001,(3):79-83.
[41]张俐俐,袁国宏.论行业协会在我国旅游管理体制演进中的作用[J].社会科学家,2002,(06):30-34
[42]谢朝武,郑向敏.奥运旅游安全管理研究[J].体育文化导刊,2003(12):28-30
[43]Chris Cooper,John F,David G,Stephen W.Tourism principles & practice[M].UK:Pitman.1993.
[44]Kari Aanonsen.National cooperation and strategic alliances-the tourism business in Norway enters the net Information communication technologies in tourism,1997,1:109
[45]张凌云.试论有关旅游业在地区经济发展中的地位和产业政策的几个问题[J].旅游学刊,2000,(1):10-14
[46]朱正萱.经济全球化时代政府的重要职责——组织公共信息物品的供给[J].经济师,2002,(10):14-15
[47]周进步,王崧.透视政府旅游管理职能[J].浙江经济,2002,(14):13-14.
[48]钱益春.旅游基础设施融资模式初探[J].特区经济,2006,(9):241
[49]马波.中国旅游业转型发展的若干重要问题[J].旅游学刊,2007,(12):12-17
[50]Reston.VA.Ontario:American Association for Leisure and.Recreation.The Study of Leisure[M].Don Mills:Oxford University Press,1994.
[51]Sessoms,H.D.,Leisure Service(6~(th)),Englewood Cliffs,NJ Prentice Hall,Inc.,1984
[52]Gratton,Taylor.Sport and Recreation An Economic Analysis[M].London E.&F.N.Spon Ltd.,1985.
[53]王宁.略论休闲经济[J].中山大学学报,2000,(3):13-16
[54]可妍.休闲服务供给的中外比较研究[D].北京第二外国语学院.2006.
[55]卿前龙.休闲服务的经济学分析[D].华南师范大学,2005.
[56]王健民.旅游研究的成熟度要体系学界对业界的熟悉[J].旅游学刊 2007,(1):7-8
[57]Samuelson,Paul A.The Pure Theory of Public Expenditure[J].Review of Economics and Statistics,1954,(36):387-398
[58]James M.Buchanan.An Economic Theory of Clubs[J].Economics,1965,32(February)
[59]陈振明.非市场缺陷的政治经济学分析——公共选择和政策分析学者的政府失败论[J].中国社会科学,1998(6):57
[60]Holzer M,Callahan K.Government at Work:Best Practices and Model Programs[M].California:SAGE Publications,1998.
[61]国家行政学院.西方国家行政改革述评[M].北京:国家行政学院出版社,1998.
[62]C.Hood.A Public management for all seasons[M].Public Administration,1991
[63]黄新华等.公共部门经济学[M].上海:上海人民出版社,2006.
[64]俞可平.治理与善治[M].北京:社会科学文献出版利,2000.
[65]格里·斯托克.作为理论的治理:五个观点[J].国际社会科学(中文版),1999,(2):19-30
[66]T·W·舒尔茨.制度与人的经济价值的不断提高[J].选自:财产权利与制度变迁[M].上海:上海人民出版社、上海三联书店(中译本).1994.
[67]L·E·戴维斯,D·C·诺斯.制度变迁的理论[M].转引自:财产权利与制度变迁[M].上海:上海人民出版社、上海三联书店(中译本,1994).
[68]曼瑟尔·奥尔森.集体行动的逻辑[M].上海:上海三联书店、上海人民出版社,1995.
[69](美)斯蒂格利茨.经济学[M].北京:中国人民大学出版社.1997.
[70](美)J.M.布坎南著,穆怀朋等译.民主财政论——财政制度和个人选择[M].北京:商务印书馆.1993.
[71]Atkinson,Anthony B.& Nicholas H.Stem.Pigou,taxation and public goods[J].Review of Economic Studies,1974,41(1):119-128
[72](南)斯韦托扎尔·平乔维奇著,蒋琳琦译.产权经济学[M].北京:经济科学出版社,1999.
[73](美)J.M.布坎南著,张成福译.公共财政[M].北京:中国财政经济出版社,1991.
[74](美)斯蒂格里茨著,梁小民、黄险峰译.经济学[M].北京:中国人民大学出版社,2000.
[75](美)奥斯特洛姆、C.M.蒂伯特、R.瓦伦著.大城市地区的政府组织[M].转引自M.麦金尼斯主编.多中心体制与地方公共经济[M].上海:上海三联书店,2000.
[76]登哈特 新公共服务.服务而不是掌舵[M].北京:中国人民大学出版社,2004.
[77]欧文·E·休斯.公共管理导论[M].北京:中国人民大学出版社,2001.
[78]曹闻民.论公共服务改革中的政府责任[J].中国行政管理,2000,(10):40-42
[79]宿一兵.美国公共服务理论对中国农村公共服务改革之启示[J].湖南农业大学学报(社会科学版),2005.(06):8-10
[80]句华.公共服务中的市场机制:理论、方式与技术[M].北京:北京大学出版社,2006.
[81]唐娟.政府治理论[M].北京:中国社会科学出版社,2006.
[82]马庆钰.公共服务的理性及其运作框架[J].国家行政学院学报,2005.(02):19-22
[83]文森特·奥斯特罗姆,埃莉诺·奥斯特罗姆.公益物品与公共选择[J].选自迈克尔·麦金尼斯主编多中心体制与地方公共经济[M].上海:三联书店出版社,2000.
[84]徐小青.中国农村公共服务[M].北京:中国发展出版社,2002.
[85]冯云廷.城市公共服务体制:理论探索与实践[M].北京:中国财政经济出版社,2004.
[86]旅游服务基础术语GB/T16766—1997[S].
[87]David Hume.An Enquiry Concerning the Principles of Morals[M].Lodon:Oxford University Press,1975.
[88]哈尔.瓦里安.微观经济学(高级教程.第三版)[M].北京:经济科学出版社,1997.
[89]李军鹏.论公共需求与供给:公共行政研究的基本主题[J].天津行政学院学报,2001(01):9.
[90]Bazelay.M.Breaking.Bureaucracy:A New Vision for managing In Government[M].Berkeley:University of Californian Press,1992.
[91]迈克尔·麦金尼斯,多中心体制与地方公共经济 上海三联书店 2000版.
[92](美)埃莉诺·奥斯特罗姆、Larry Schreoder,Susan wynne.制度激励与可持续发展[M].上海:上海三联书店,2000.
[93]樊丽明.中国公共品市场与自愿供给分析[D].厦门大学,2003.
[94]樊丽明,石绍宾.公共品供给机制:作用边界变迁及影响因素[J].当代经济科学,2006,(01):63-68
[95]樊勇明,杜莉.公共经济学[M].上海:复旦大学出版社,2001.
[96]埃利诺·奥斯特罗姆.公共事物的治理之道[M].上海:三联书店出版社,2000.
[97]席恒著.公与私:公共事业运行机制研究[M].北京:商务印书馆,2003.
[98]楚永生,张宪昌.公共物品供给的动态化视角研究[J].现代经济探讨,2005,(03):18-21
[99]许峰 转型视角下我国自助旅游发展研究 旅游科学 2006 04
[100]廖嵘.从公共产品的供给看政府职能的转变[D].重庆大学,2005.
[101]殷国玺,徐斌,胡瑞嫒,郭相平.风景区委托代理管理模型探讨——以南京钟山风景区为例[J].水利经济,2005,(6):59-62
[102]张俐俐.旅游行政管理[M].北京:高等教育出版社,2002.
[103]池雄标.论政府旅游营销行为的理论依据[J].旅游学刊,2003,(03):58-61
[104]郭寻.旅游经济运行中政府规制初探[J].东南亚纵横,2006,(10):73-77
[105](美)斯蒂格利茨.政府为什么干预经济[M].北京:中国物资出版社,1998.
[106]查尔斯.林德布洛姆.政治与市场:世界的政治——经济制度[M].上海:三联书店,1992.
[107]许彬.公共经济学导论——以公共产品为中心的一种研究[M].黑龙江人民出版社,2003.(12).
[108]萨缪尔森,诺德豪斯.经济学(12版)[M].北京:中国发展出版社,1992.
[109]梁修存,丁登山.区域旅游开发的政府行为问题研究[J].生产力研究,2002,(01):99-102
[110]章尚正.“政府主导型”旅游发展战略的反思[J].旅游学刊,1998,(06):21-22
[111]郭小聪主编.政府经济学[M].中国人民大学出版社,2003.
[112]曾国安著 政府经济学[M].湖北人民出版社,2002
[113]李应博.我国农业信息服务体系研究[D].中国农业大学,2005.
[114]国家旅游局规划发展与财务司.2007中国旅游投资报告[M].北京:中国旅游出版社,2007.
[115]叶文辉.城市公共产品供给的市场化与公共服务的效率改善[J].江西社会科学,2004,(04):130-133
[116](英)亚当·斯密.国民财富的性质和原因的研究(国富论)[M].北京:商务印书馆,2003.
[117]Anwar Shah,On the Design of Economic Constitutions[M],Canadian Journal of Economics,Canadian Economics Association,1996(29):614-18.
[118]匡林.旅游业政府主导型旅游发展战略研究[M].北京:中国旅游出版社,2001.
[119]刘婧.旅游投资——晋商资本新流向[J].旅游时代,2006,(04):24-27
[120]句华.公共服务市场化的内涵和动因[J].社会科学战线,2003,(3):49-52
[121]林家彬.对“城市经营”热的透视与思考[J].城市规划汇刊,2004,(01):10-14
[122]John Hilke.Competition in Government-Financial Services[M].Westport C T:Greenwood,1992.
[123]Goldin,Kenneth D.,Equal Access VS Selective Access;A Critique of Public Goods Theory,Public Choice,29(spring),1979
[124]席恒著.利益、权力与责任—公共物品供给机制研究[M].中国社会科学出版社,2006
[125]Demsetz,H.The Private Production of Public goods[J].Journal of Law and Economics,1970,13(October)
[126]A.A.阿尔钦.产权:一个经典注释[M].转引自:R.科斯、D.诺斯.财产权与制度变迁——产权学派与新制度学派译文集[M].三联书店,1994.
[127]李晟之.西部生态旅游投资与社会发展研究经济[J].体制改革,2006,(01):138-142
[128]蒋洪.财政学[M].上海:上海财经大学出版社,2001.
[129](日)植草益.微观规制经济学[M].北京:中国发展出版社,1992.
[130](美)Y.巴泽尔.产权的经济分析[M].上海:上海三联书店,上海人民出版社,1997.
[131]Shleifer Andrei.State versus private ownership[J].The Journal of Economic Perspectives,1998,12(4):133-150
[132]王海燕,魏谦.什刹海胡同游2008年实施特许经营[EB/OL].http://ly.beijing.cn/lykx/n214056599.shtml,2007-12-25
[133]孙艳红.乡村旅游开发效率机制分析[J].河南师范大学学报,2006,(03):125-127
[134]Breyer.S.Regulation and Its Reform[M].Cambridge:Harvard University Press,1982.
[135]魏翔,朱德良.基于公共经济学的旅游经济政府规制研究[J].经济问题探索2005(12):109-111
[136]江明融.公共服务均等化研究[D].厦门大学博士论文,2007.
[137](美)戴维·奥斯本,特德·盖布勒.改革政府:企业精神如何改革着公营部门[M].北 京:中国人民大学出版社,2001.
[138](美)道格拉斯·C.诺斯,罗华平等译.经济史中的结构与变迁[M].上海:人民出版社,1994.
[139]黄耀军,黄瑞庆.公共产品实验研究概述[J].经济学动态,2001,(10):84-86
[140]Dawes,R.M,Thaler,R.H.Anomalies:Cooperation[J].Journal of Economic Perspectives,1988.(2):187-197
[141]Australian Bureau of Statistics.State of the Environment Tasmania.[EB/OL].http://soer.justice.tas.gov.au/2003/source/388/index.php,2006-12-14
[142]北京志愿者协会.北京志愿服务事业发展规划(2006—2008)[EB/OL].http://www.xcgqt.org.cn/Pagetwo/ArticleContent.asp?code=100092.1667,2006-04-20
[143]Olson,Mancur.The Logic of Collective Action[M].Harvard:Harvard University Press,1965.
[144]Becker,Gary S.A theory of social interactions[J].Journal of Political Economy,1974,(82):1063-1093
[145]Talbot Page,Louis Putterman,Bulent Unel.Voluntary Association in Public Goods Experiments:Reciprocity,Mimicry and Efficiency[J].The Economic Journal,2005,(506):1032-1053
[146]龙新民,陈湘满,张萤.西方公共产品私人提供实验研究最新进展[J].湘潭大学学报(哲学社会科学版),2006,(5):53-57
[147]Sugden,Robert.Reciprocity:the supply of public goods through voluntary contributions [J].Economic Journal,1984,(94)
[148](英)查尔斯·汉迪.超越确定性:组织变革的观念[M].北京:华夏出版社,2000.
[149]马伊里,杨团.公司与社会公益[M].北京:华夏出版社,2002.
[150]Wuthnow,Robert.Between Statesand Markets:the Voluntary Sectorin Comparative Perspective[M].Princeton,N.J.:Princeton University Press.1991.
[151]陈建勤.2010年上海世博会旅游设施配置对策[J].上海大学学报(社会科学版),2003,(6):100-105
[152]毛卫东.我国旅游咨询中心发展中亟待解决的两个问题[N].中国旅游报,2007-10-24.
[153]Hansman,Henry.The role of Nonprofit Enterprise[J].Yale Law Journal,1980,(89)
[154]方中权,陈雪花.法国旅游办公室的功能及启示[J].世界地理研究,2007,(02):61-65
[155]Salamon,L.M.The Rise of the Nonprofit Sector.Foreign Affairs[J].1994,73(4):16-39.
[156]吴伟.非营利组织的资金来源——国外的经验与启示[J].中州学刊,2007,(04):99-103
[157]张洪武.NPO经费来源:发达国家的经验与我国的现实选择[J].重庆社会科学,2007,(08):99-103
[158]方巧.旅游行业协会比较研究[D].西北大学,2005.
[159]席恒,雷晓康.公共管理的方法论基础:从成本收益分析到合作收益分析[J].江苏行政学院学报,2006,(04):87-92.
[160]李子飞.城市政府的公共服务供给创新[D].厦门大学,2005
[161]吴文洁.国外非营利组织的发展及启示[J].商业时代,2006,(29):8-9
[162]世界自然基金会.九寨沟老年传统手工艺团队亮相游客中心[EB/OL].http://www.wwfchina.org/wwfpress/presscenter/pressdetail.shtm?id=535,2007-08-16
[163]张广瑞,魏小安等.2003—2005中国旅游发展:分析与预测[M].北京:社会科学文献出版社,2005.
[164]伊甸社会福利基金会.无障碍旅游信息网站[EB/OL]http://eatc.eden.org.tw:2480,
[165]伊甸社会福利基金会.脚踏希望、轮走台湾——环台公益旅行行程表[EB/OL].http://edenblog.eden.org.tw/index.php?op=ViewArticle&artieleId=144&blogId=1,2007-8-19
[166]长春政报.旅游彩票将在我省(吉林)公开发售[EB/OL].www.zfcpw.com/Article/cs/200602/1717.html,2006-2-9
[167]邓国胜.非营利组织评估[M].北京:社会科学文献出版社,2001.
[168]陈芳.旅游景区治理模式的选择[D].厦门大学,2006.
[169]周春梅.公共服务外包委托—代理问题研究[D].燕山大学,2006.
[170]马惠娣,刘耳.西方休闲学研究述评[J].自然辩证法研究,2001,(05):45-49
[171]王玉明.论政府供给型制度创新[J].学海,2005,(2):108
[172](德)柯武刚,史漫飞.制度经济学:社会秩序与公共政策[M].北京:商务印书馆,2000.
[173]L.v.贝塔朗菲,魏宏森等译.一般系统论——基础、发展和应用[M].北京:清华大学出版社.1987.
[174]Robert Eyestone.The Threads of Public Policy:A Study in Policy Leadership,.Indianapolis:The Bobbs-Merrill Company,Inc.,1971
[175]李树民,陈实.论西部旅游业实施政府主导型战略的宏观分析[J].人文杂志,2002,(05):66-68
[176]Martilla J.A.,James J.C.Importance-performance analysis[J].Journal of Marketing,1977,41(1):77-79.
[177]Baloglu S,Love C.Association meeting planners perceived performance of Las Vegas:an importance-performance analysis[J].Journal of Convention & Exhibition Management,2003,5(1),13-27.