新型自然伽马测井响应的三维数值模拟以及数据合成与高分辨率处理技术
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摘要
在整个油气勘探和开发过程中，测井技术一直发挥着极其重要的作用，是进行岩性识别、油气层划分以及油气含量定量计算的有效手段。然而，近年来，国内油田均面临十分严峻的挑战，东部老油田已进入高含水后期开发，储采失衡矛盾日益突出，而作为石油战略接替区的西部石油资源在短期内又很难有大的突破。因此，迫切需要研究新技术有效开发隐蔽油气藏（页岩气、裂缝）和薄交互层油气等资源，增加可采储量，实现石油资源接替良性循环。新型高分辨率测井仪器的研发是解决勘探和评价这类非常规储层问题最为有效的方法，为此大庆钻探集团测井公司提出了建设0.2m分辨率测井平台研究任务，设法研制开发一套高分辨率测井系统，解决东部油田非常规油气层的勘探和评价问题。
针对0.2m分辨率测井平台中新型高分辨率自然伽马测井仪器研制工作的需要，本论文在伽马测井仪器响应3D数值模拟与参数优化、多探测器伽马测井响应合成以及高分辨率处理等方面展开了深入研究，并研制出相关软件。通过3D数值模拟技术系统考察了探测器尺寸、探测器屏蔽与否以及探测器位置变化等对测井响应的影响，设计最佳仪器参数；通过多探测器伽马测井响应合成，设法从相同尺寸的多探测器测量结果中获得受统计涨落和环境影响较小的原始伽马测井记录；最后利用自适应正则化反褶积处理理论研制出伽马测井资料高分辨率处理方法，获得0.2m分辨率的自然伽马测井曲线。论文主要内容总结如下：
一、新型高分辨率自然伽马测井响应的3D数值模拟与仪器参数优化。（第二章、第三章）
由于新型自然伽马探测器在NaI晶体外表面的一部分加装了屏蔽铅板，探测器只能接收到地层中的部分自然伽马射线。当仪器贴井壁时，放射性源的空间分布相对于仪器的对称性也遭到破坏，仪器响应的计算变成三维问题。为了能够快速有效地考察探测器上加装屏蔽铅板以及其居中和贴井壁等复杂情况下的仪器响应,基于单能窄束原理，用稳态扩散方程描述伽马光子密度的空间分布，根据扩散方程基本解、放射源空间分布、探测器位置和屏蔽情况，将屏蔽探测器上的总伽马通量表示成放射性地层中的有效探测区域上的体积分和晶体表面上有效接收面的面积分形式。并根据伽马射线传播路径和探测器屏蔽情况，给出有效探测区域的解析表达式，通过数值积分法计算任意复杂情况下探测器上的自然伽马通量，获得伽马测井响应的3D数值模拟算法。并通过数值模拟结果与模型井数据的对比验证了该算法的有效性。
在此基础上，利用3D数值模拟算法系统研究考察晶体形状（圆柱形晶体、方形晶体）、晶体尺寸（圆柱晶体长度以及直径、方形晶体边长以及棱长）、仪器在井轴中的位置（居中屏蔽探测器、贴井壁屏蔽探测器）、以及测速等不同情况下，自然伽马测井响应以及其纵向与径向积分微分几何因子，选择出最佳仪器参数。
二、多探测器伽马测井响应合成（第四章）
为克服长度较短的NaI晶体会导致计数率降低和统计涨落误差增大对测井质量的不利影响，新型自然伽马探测器利用4个结构和尺寸完全相同的探测器进行同时测量，获得4条相同分辨率的自然伽马测井曲线，但由于统计涨落误差以及井眼环境变化等不利影响，不同探测器的测量结果往往相差很大，为此，将相关加权处理与带通滤波相结合，研制出多探测器伽马测井响应合成曲线，获得受统计涨落和环境影响较小的原始伽马测井记录。
三、自然伽马测井曲线高分辨率处理技术（第五章）
在通过改变探测器结构改进伽马测井资料原始分辨率的基础上，利用Tikhonov正则化反演理论以及Morozev的偏差原理，进一步研制出自然伽马测井资料的自适应正则化反褶积处理技术，提高新型自然伽马探测器的纵向分辨率。理论与实际井场数据说明新型自然伽马探测器的纵向分辨率达到0.2m,比常规自然伽马测井仪器的分辨率高了3倍以上。
In the process of exploration and development of oil and gas, well loggingtechnology has been playing a significant role. It is an effective method to identifylithology, divide the reservoir, and calculate the hydrocarbone reserves. In recentyears, domestic oilfields are confronted with very severe challenges. Theproductivity of oil in convertional east old oilfields begin attenuation, because theexploited oil in these oilfields contains higher proportion water. While productivityof the new western oilfields can’t been enhanced in short term to make up for thedeficiency of oil productivity. Therefore,some new technologies must be studied toeffectively explore potential reservoirs such as shale gas, cracks and thinalternating layers of oil and gas resources, furthermore increase recoverablereserves and realize the growth of oil resources. The development of newhigh-resolution logging tool is one of most effective way to evaluate and exploitethese unconvertional reservoir. So the Wireline Logging Company, DaqingDrilling Engineering Company proposes a study task to develop a well loggingplatform having0.2m resolution in vertical direction, and try to develop ahigh-resolution logging system to solve the problems of exploration andevaluation of unconventional hydrocarbon reservoir in the eastern oil field
For the development of new type of high-resolution natural gamma well logging tool in the0.2m resolution of logging platform, this thesis mainly studythe3D numerical simulation of the tool responses and optimization of the toolparameter, the data synthesis of multi-detector gamma ray logs and high-resolutionprocessing of the logging data. The influences of changes in the shieldingcondition, size and location of the detector on the response of natural gamma raydetector are investigated systematically by the3D numerical simulation to realizethe optimal selection of instrument parameters. The data synthesis is applied to getthe raw gamma logs from the multi-detector measurement results so that they areaffected by less statistical fluctuations and environmental changes as less aspossible.. Finally, the method of adaptively regularized deconvolution is used toenhance the vertical resolution of the new type of GR tool and realize the goal ofthe0.2m vertical resolution of GR tool.The main contents of the thesis are summarized as follows
1）.The3D numerical simulation of the logging response and the optimization ofinstrument parameters for the new high-resolution gamma ray tool(chapter II、chapter III)
Due to the shielding stereotypes are installed on the outer surface of the NaIcrystal in the detector, So only the gamma rays emitted from parts of the layers canbe received. When the instrument is placed at the sidewall, the calculation of theinstrument becomes a three-dimensional simulation problem because of theunsymmetry of spatial distribution relative to the instrument. Fistly, the spatialdistribution of natural Gamma ray in radioactive formation can be described bysteady-state diffusion equation based on the theory of both single energy andnarrow-beam, And then, the total Gamma photon flux entering the surface of thedetector are expressed by the form of both the3D volume integral in theeffectively exploring domain in the formation of detector and2D surface integralon the effective detector surface. Finally, the effectively exploring domain isanalytically described by the propagation path of Gamma ray in the formation andboth shielding condition and location of the detector so that the flux in anycomplex conditions is efficiently computed by3D numerical method.
On this basis, The3D numerical simulation algorithm is used to investigatethe influence of changes in the size of the detector, the sharp of the detector, thelocation of detector at borehole axis or cling to borehole wall and logging velocityon the response of the natural Gamma logging tool, the integral and differencegeometric factor in the longitudinal and Radical direction, which help to choosethe best instrument parameters.
2）. The data synthesis of Multi-detector gamma ray log response (chapter IV)
The shorter NaI crystal will cause count rates to decrease and statisticalfluctuation errors to rise up, which affect the logging results. The new-type naturalGamma logging tool assemble4same detectors to achieve the4logs of Gammaray fluxes with high vertical resolution simultaneously. However, the results fromdifferent detectors are usually different due to the influence of statisticalfluctuations and Borehole environmental. So we use the correlation weightedmethod combined with low-pass filte technic to synthesize the four different logs,obtain an raw Gamma ray log less affected by the statistical fluctuation error andthe entironment.
3）.The high-resolution processing technology of Gamma ray logging data(chapterV)
On the basis of the improving the resolution of the raw Gamma logging databy changing the detector structure, We further develop a the adaptively regularizeddeconvolution processing technology to enhance its vertical resolution byTikhonov regularized inversion theory and Morozev deviation principle. Thetheoretical modeling and field results prove that the new Gamma ray tool has thevertical resolution up to0.2m, whose vertical resolution is about3times higherthan other conventional Gamma ray tools.
针对0.2m分辨率测井平台中新型高分辨率自然伽马测井仪器研制工作的需要，本论文在伽马测井仪器响应3D数值模拟与参数优化、多探测器伽马测井响应合成以及高分辨率处理等方面展开了深入研究，并研制出相关软件。通过3D数值模拟技术系统考察了探测器尺寸、探测器屏蔽与否以及探测器位置变化等对测井响应的影响，设计最佳仪器参数；通过多探测器伽马测井响应合成，设法从相同尺寸的多探测器测量结果中获得受统计涨落和环境影响较小的原始伽马测井记录；最后利用自适应正则化反褶积处理理论研制出伽马测井资料高分辨率处理方法，获得0.2m分辨率的自然伽马测井曲线。论文主要内容总结如下：
一、新型高分辨率自然伽马测井响应的3D数值模拟与仪器参数优化。（第二章、第三章）
由于新型自然伽马探测器在NaI晶体外表面的一部分加装了屏蔽铅板，探测器只能接收到地层中的部分自然伽马射线。当仪器贴井壁时，放射性源的空间分布相对于仪器的对称性也遭到破坏，仪器响应的计算变成三维问题。为了能够快速有效地考察探测器上加装屏蔽铅板以及其居中和贴井壁等复杂情况下的仪器响应,基于单能窄束原理，用稳态扩散方程描述伽马光子密度的空间分布，根据扩散方程基本解、放射源空间分布、探测器位置和屏蔽情况，将屏蔽探测器上的总伽马通量表示成放射性地层中的有效探测区域上的体积分和晶体表面上有效接收面的面积分形式。并根据伽马射线传播路径和探测器屏蔽情况，给出有效探测区域的解析表达式，通过数值积分法计算任意复杂情况下探测器上的自然伽马通量，获得伽马测井响应的3D数值模拟算法。并通过数值模拟结果与模型井数据的对比验证了该算法的有效性。
在此基础上，利用3D数值模拟算法系统研究考察晶体形状（圆柱形晶体、方形晶体）、晶体尺寸（圆柱晶体长度以及直径、方形晶体边长以及棱长）、仪器在井轴中的位置（居中屏蔽探测器、贴井壁屏蔽探测器）、以及测速等不同情况下，自然伽马测井响应以及其纵向与径向积分微分几何因子，选择出最佳仪器参数。
二、多探测器伽马测井响应合成（第四章）
为克服长度较短的NaI晶体会导致计数率降低和统计涨落误差增大对测井质量的不利影响，新型自然伽马探测器利用4个结构和尺寸完全相同的探测器进行同时测量，获得4条相同分辨率的自然伽马测井曲线，但由于统计涨落误差以及井眼环境变化等不利影响，不同探测器的测量结果往往相差很大，为此，将相关加权处理与带通滤波相结合，研制出多探测器伽马测井响应合成曲线，获得受统计涨落和环境影响较小的原始伽马测井记录。
三、自然伽马测井曲线高分辨率处理技术（第五章）
在通过改变探测器结构改进伽马测井资料原始分辨率的基础上，利用Tikhonov正则化反演理论以及Morozev的偏差原理，进一步研制出自然伽马测井资料的自适应正则化反褶积处理技术，提高新型自然伽马探测器的纵向分辨率。理论与实际井场数据说明新型自然伽马探测器的纵向分辨率达到0.2m,比常规自然伽马测井仪器的分辨率高了3倍以上。
In the process of exploration and development of oil and gas, well loggingtechnology has been playing a significant role. It is an effective method to identifylithology, divide the reservoir, and calculate the hydrocarbone reserves. In recentyears, domestic oilfields are confronted with very severe challenges. Theproductivity of oil in convertional east old oilfields begin attenuation, because theexploited oil in these oilfields contains higher proportion water. While productivityof the new western oilfields can’t been enhanced in short term to make up for thedeficiency of oil productivity. Therefore,some new technologies must be studied toeffectively explore potential reservoirs such as shale gas, cracks and thinalternating layers of oil and gas resources, furthermore increase recoverablereserves and realize the growth of oil resources. The development of newhigh-resolution logging tool is one of most effective way to evaluate and exploitethese unconvertional reservoir. So the Wireline Logging Company, DaqingDrilling Engineering Company proposes a study task to develop a well loggingplatform having0.2m resolution in vertical direction, and try to develop ahigh-resolution logging system to solve the problems of exploration andevaluation of unconventional hydrocarbon reservoir in the eastern oil field
For the development of new type of high-resolution natural gamma well logging tool in the0.2m resolution of logging platform, this thesis mainly studythe3D numerical simulation of the tool responses and optimization of the toolparameter, the data synthesis of multi-detector gamma ray logs and high-resolutionprocessing of the logging data. The influences of changes in the shieldingcondition, size and location of the detector on the response of natural gamma raydetector are investigated systematically by the3D numerical simulation to realizethe optimal selection of instrument parameters. The data synthesis is applied to getthe raw gamma logs from the multi-detector measurement results so that they areaffected by less statistical fluctuations and environmental changes as less aspossible.. Finally, the method of adaptively regularized deconvolution is used toenhance the vertical resolution of the new type of GR tool and realize the goal ofthe0.2m vertical resolution of GR tool.The main contents of the thesis are summarized as follows
1）.The3D numerical simulation of the logging response and the optimization ofinstrument parameters for the new high-resolution gamma ray tool(chapter II、chapter III)
Due to the shielding stereotypes are installed on the outer surface of the NaIcrystal in the detector, So only the gamma rays emitted from parts of the layers canbe received. When the instrument is placed at the sidewall, the calculation of theinstrument becomes a three-dimensional simulation problem because of theunsymmetry of spatial distribution relative to the instrument. Fistly, the spatialdistribution of natural Gamma ray in radioactive formation can be described bysteady-state diffusion equation based on the theory of both single energy andnarrow-beam, And then, the total Gamma photon flux entering the surface of thedetector are expressed by the form of both the3D volume integral in theeffectively exploring domain in the formation of detector and2D surface integralon the effective detector surface. Finally, the effectively exploring domain isanalytically described by the propagation path of Gamma ray in the formation andboth shielding condition and location of the detector so that the flux in anycomplex conditions is efficiently computed by3D numerical method.
On this basis, The3D numerical simulation algorithm is used to investigatethe influence of changes in the size of the detector, the sharp of the detector, thelocation of detector at borehole axis or cling to borehole wall and logging velocityon the response of the natural Gamma logging tool, the integral and differencegeometric factor in the longitudinal and Radical direction, which help to choosethe best instrument parameters.
2）. The data synthesis of Multi-detector gamma ray log response (chapter IV)
The shorter NaI crystal will cause count rates to decrease and statisticalfluctuation errors to rise up, which affect the logging results. The new-type naturalGamma logging tool assemble4same detectors to achieve the4logs of Gammaray fluxes with high vertical resolution simultaneously. However, the results fromdifferent detectors are usually different due to the influence of statisticalfluctuations and Borehole environmental. So we use the correlation weightedmethod combined with low-pass filte technic to synthesize the four different logs,obtain an raw Gamma ray log less affected by the statistical fluctuation error andthe entironment.
3）.The high-resolution processing technology of Gamma ray logging data(chapterV)
On the basis of the improving the resolution of the raw Gamma logging databy changing the detector structure, We further develop a the adaptively regularizeddeconvolution processing technology to enhance its vertical resolution byTikhonov regularized inversion theory and Morozev deviation principle. Thetheoretical modeling and field results prove that the new Gamma ray tool has thevertical resolution up to0.2m, whose vertical resolution is about3times higherthan other conventional Gamma ray tools.
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