压裂井射孔设计方法及其软件研制
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摘要
射孔是油气井的主要完井方式之一,在世界石油工业中得到了广泛的应用。在影响油气井产能的射孔参数中,射孔枪以及射孔弹性能(包括孔密、孔深、孔径、压实伤害)对射孔后油油井产能的影响是十分明显的,优良的射孔弹性能是保证获得油油井高产能的先决条件。但对于需要压裂投产井,压裂液和支撑剂是通过孔眼输送到地层中,因此射孔参数与地层的沟通情况一方面影响着液体的输送和压裂施工及压后产能的发挥、另一方面也影响着裂缝的起裂和压裂效果。因此如何根据具体的储层特征和后续压裂施工工艺的要求,优化选择射孔参数以获得完善的井底沟通条件,一直是国内外油田工程师关心的问题,并进行了大量的理论、现场和试验研究。
本文主要通过国内外射孔技术与理论的现状分析。针对油田压裂投产的需要,通过射孔参数对油井产能的规律研究、射孔参数对裂缝起裂的影响、射孔参数对压裂施工的影响分析、负压设计方法研究,提出了适合于压裂井射孔参数设计方法和原则。并在射孔优化设计理论研究的基础上,开发了相应的油井射孔优化设计软件,这对于提高油田技术经济效益和射孔优化设计水平具有重要意义。
Perforating Completion, one of the main well completion techniques, has been widely used in petroleum industry. The perforating parameters which affect oil and gas well deliverbilities largely include the performance data of perforation guns and charges such as shot density, penetration,entrance hole diameter and compacted zone damage, It take a vital role to determine the well producvitities. An excellent performance of perforating charges provide a prerequisite to assure a higher production, however, for fracturing wells, fluid pads and propellents are pumped into formation through perforations, so the communication ability between perforations and formation not noly have an important effect on the fluid transportation, fracturing operation and the productivity after fracturing, but also influence the initation behavior of fracture and production enhancement. How to optimize the perforating parameters to get a good communication between wellbore and formation accoording to practical formation characteristics and the need of post-treatment of fracturing becomes a big concern for oilfield engineers, and much work about theory,test and field application have been carried out.In this paper, to meet the demands of oilfield fracturing treatments, the status of theories and perforating techniques for fracturing wells has been analyed acoording related reports. The study of relationship of perforating parameters and well productivity has been accomplished, the effect of perforation scheme on the initation of fracture and the fracturing operations also
has been studied, the method of underbalanced pressure design to get a clean perforation tunnel has been carried out as well. After the comprehensive research works, the method and principle of perforating design for fracturing wells have been put forword, and a commerical computer software of perforating optimization for fracturing wells had also developed based on the theoretical study of perforating optimization to meet demands of fracturing. This study should play a important role for improving technical economy efficiency of oilfield and promoting the perforating techniques and have a very important significance to guide the oilfield operations.
本文主要通过国内外射孔技术与理论的现状分析。针对油田压裂投产的需要,通过射孔参数对油井产能的规律研究、射孔参数对裂缝起裂的影响、射孔参数对压裂施工的影响分析、负压设计方法研究,提出了适合于压裂井射孔参数设计方法和原则。并在射孔优化设计理论研究的基础上,开发了相应的油井射孔优化设计软件,这对于提高油田技术经济效益和射孔优化设计水平具有重要意义。
Perforating Completion, one of the main well completion techniques, has been widely used in petroleum industry. The perforating parameters which affect oil and gas well deliverbilities largely include the performance data of perforation guns and charges such as shot density, penetration,entrance hole diameter and compacted zone damage, It take a vital role to determine the well producvitities. An excellent performance of perforating charges provide a prerequisite to assure a higher production, however, for fracturing wells, fluid pads and propellents are pumped into formation through perforations, so the communication ability between perforations and formation not noly have an important effect on the fluid transportation, fracturing operation and the productivity after fracturing, but also influence the initation behavior of fracture and production enhancement. How to optimize the perforating parameters to get a good communication between wellbore and formation accoording to practical formation characteristics and the need of post-treatment of fracturing becomes a big concern for oilfield engineers, and much work about theory,test and field application have been carried out.In this paper, to meet the demands of oilfield fracturing treatments, the status of theories and perforating techniques for fracturing wells has been analyed acoording related reports. The study of relationship of perforating parameters and well productivity has been accomplished, the effect of perforation scheme on the initation of fracture and the fracturing operations also
has been studied, the method of underbalanced pressure design to get a clean perforation tunnel has been carried out as well. After the comprehensive research works, the method and principle of perforating design for fracturing wells have been put forword, and a commerical computer software of perforating optimization for fracturing wells had also developed based on the theoretical study of perforating optimization to meet demands of fracturing. This study should play a important role for improving technical economy efficiency of oilfield and promoting the perforating techniques and have a very important significance to guide the oilfield operations.
引文
[1] 潘迎德等。使油井产能最高的射孔参数优选[J].西南石油学院学报,1990,12(2):27～36.
[2] 李开泰,黄艾香,黄庆怀.有限元方法及其应用[M].西安:西安交通大学出版社,1984:107～2 18。
[3] 李海涛,王永清.预测气井射孔最大无砂负压的方法研究[J].天然气工业,1999.5
[4] 李海涛,王永清.确定油井射孔最大付压的新方法研究[J].石油钻采工艺,1997.8
[5] 李海涛,王永清.压裂施工井的射孔优化设计方法口[J].天然气工业,1999.5
[6] Klotz, .J. A., Krueger, R. F, Pye, D. S.: "Effect of Perforation Damage on Well Productivity," J. Pet. Tech. (Nov. 1974), 1303-1314.
[7] Tariq, S.M.: "Evaluation of Flow Characteristics of Perforation Including Nonlinear Effects Using Finite-Element Hethod," Paper SPE 12781 presented at the 1984 California Regional Meeting, Long Beach, CA, April 11-13.
[8] Tadq, S.M., Ichara, M.J. and Ayestaran, L.: "Performance of Perforated Completions in the Presence of Common Heterogeneities: Anisotropy, Laminations, or Natural Fractures," paper SPE 14320 presented at the 1985 SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition, Las Vegas, Nevada, Sept. 22-25.
[9] 唐愉拉,潘迎德:“有限元方法在射孔完井中的应用”,石油学报,1989年,10(3),48-57。
[10] 唐愉拉,潘迎德,祝渝培:“气井非达西流射孔完井的有限元数值模拟研究”,石油学报,1992年,13(4),85-96。
[11] Bradley. "Failure Of Inclined Boreholes". J. Energy Res. Tech.,1979
[12] C.H.Yew, Y.U. "Fracturing Of a Deviated Wells". SPE16930
[13] C.H.Yew, Y.Li. "On Fraemfing Design Of a Deviated Wells". SPE19722
[14] M.M.Hossain,M.K.Rahman,S.S.Rahman."A Comprehensive Monograph for Hydrnulic Fracture Initiation fromD eviated Wellbores under Arbitrary Stress Regimes". SPE54360
[15] M.M.Hossain,M.k.Rahman. "Hydraulic Fracture Initiation and Propagation:Roles Of Wellbore trajectory, Perforation and Stress Regmes". J.Pet.Sci.Eng.,2000,(27):129-149
[16] 余雄鹰等.“斜井的破裂压力和裂缝方位”.江汉石油学院学报.1994,16(3):57-60
[17] 黄荣樽.“水力压裂裂缝的起裂和扩展”.石油勘探与开发,1981(5)
[18] 陈勉,陈治喜,黄荣樽.“大斜度井水压裂缝起裂研究”.石油大学学报.1995,19(2):30-35
[19] 金衍,陈勉等.“大位移井的井壁稳定力学分析”.地质力学学报.1999,5(1):4-11
[20] 楼一珊等.“大斜度井泥页岩井壁稳定的力学分析”.江汉石油学院学报.1997,19(1):61-64
[21] 柳贡慧等.“考虑地应力影响下的射孔初始方位角的确定”.石油学报.2001,22(1):105-108
[22] 张士诚,王世贵等.“限流法压裂射孔方案优化设计”.石油钻采工艺.2000,22(2):60-63
[23] L.A.Behrmann,K.G.. Nolte. "Perforating Requirements foe Fracture Stimulations". SPE 59480,1999,228-234
[24] A.A.Daneshy. "Experimental Investigation of Hydraulic Fracturing Through Perforations". Trans AIME. Oct.1973 1201-1206
[25] L.A.Behrmann, J.L. Elbel. "Effect of Perforations On Fracture Initiation". SPE 20661
[26] L.Petitjean, B.Couet. "Modeling of Gas-driven Fracture Propagation for Oil and Gas Well Stimulation". SPE 28084
[27] J.B.Crump, M.W.Conway. "Effects of Perforation Entry Friction on Bottomhole Treating Analysis". SPE 15474
[28] D.D.Cramer, B.J.Titan. "The Application of Umited-Entry Techniques in Massive Hydauli Fracturing Treatments", SPE 16189
[29] C.M.Peason, A.J.Bond, M.E.Eclc. "Result of Stress-Oriented and Aligned Perforating in Fracturing Deviated Wells". SPE 22836
[30] C.M.Peason, A.J.Bond, M.E.Eck. "Optimal Fracture Stimulation of a Moderate Permeability Reservoir, Kuparuk River Unit". SPE 20707
[31] C.Guresbeck, R.E.Collins. "Particle Transport Through Perforations". AIME, Dec. 1982,857-865
[32] D.L.Lord, S.N.Shah. "Study of Perforation Friction Pressure Empolying a Large-Scale Fracturing Flow Simulator". SPE 28508
[33] C.A.M.Veeken, D.R.Davies. "Limited Communication Between Hydraulic Fracture and (Deviated) Wellbore". SPE 18982
[34] J.D.Willingham, H.C.Tan, L.R.Norman. "Perforation Fdction Pressure of Fracturing Fluid Slurries". SPE 25891
[35] C.M.Pearson, E.W.Reinbold. "An Investigation Into the Use of High Pressure Nitrogen Breakdown Treatments Prior to Hydraulic Fracturing". SPE35741
[36] L.L.Lacy. "Comparison of Hydraulic-Fracture Orientation Techniques". SPEFE, March, 1987,66-76'
[37] J.L.吉德利等:“水力压裂技术新发展”,北京,石油工业出版社,1995。
[38] Morgenthaler, L.H.: "Application of a Three-Dimensional Hydranlic Fracturing Simulators for Design of Acid Fracturing Treatment," SPE25413
[39] 胥耘、黄志强:“拟三维酸压设计软件研究与应用,”石油钻采工艺,1996年(第18卷)第1期.
[40] Perkins,T.K.,and Kern,L.R.: "Widths of Hydraulic Fractures," J.Petroleum Technology, Vol. 13,sept.1961,937-949.
[41] Nordgren,R.P.: "Propngation of a vertical Hydraulic Fractures," Society of Petroleum Engineers JoumaI,Vol.12,Aug.1972,306-314.
[42] Christianovich,S.A.,and Zheltov, Y.P.: "Formation of Vertical Fractures by Means of Highly Viscons Uquid, "Proceeding of the fourth World Petroleum Congress, Section Ⅱ ,Paper3.
[43] Christianovich,S.A.,and Zheltov, Y.P.: "Theoretical Principles of Hydraulic Fracturing of Oil Strate, "Fifth World Petroleum Congress,Section Ⅱ, Paper23.
[44] Geertsma, J.,and Deklerk, F.: "A Rapid Method of Pridicting Width and Extent of Hydraulically Induced Fractures," JPT.,Vol. 21, Dec.1969,1571-1582.
[45] Le-Tirant, P., and Dupuy, M.: "Dimensions of the Fractures Obtained by Hydraulic Fracturing of Oil-Bearing Formations," evue de linstitut Francais du Petuole, Jan, 1967, 44-98.
[46] Mcleod,H.O.,Jr.: "A Simplified Approach to Design of Fracturing Treatments Using High-Viscosity Cross-linked Fluids," SPE11614
[47] Van Eekelen: "Hydraulic Fracture Geometry: fracture Contain-ment in Layered Formation, "SPFJ.,Vol.22,1982,341-349.
[48] Advani,S.H.,GanggeRao, H.V.S.,Chang,H.Y.,Komar, C.A., and Khan, S.: "Hydraulic Fracture Modeling for the Eastem Gas Shales Project,"Proceeding,DOE Second Eastern Gas Shales symposium, Mlorgantown,1978,84-98.
[49] Advani,S.H., Chang,H.Y.,Komar, C.A.,and Stonesifer, R.: "Rock Mechanics Aspects of Hydraulic Fracturing in the Devonian Shale," Presented at the 21th Rock Mechancis Symposium,1980.
[50] Advani,S.H.,and Lee,J.K.: "Finite Element Model Simulations Associated with Hydranlic Fracturing," SPEJ.,Vol.22 ,1982.
[51] 中国航空研究院主编,应力强度因子手册,科学出版社,1981.
[52] Palmer, I.D.,and Craig,H.R.: Modeling Asymmefric Vertical Growth in Elongated Hydraulic Fractures and Application to first MWX Stimulation, SPE/DIE/GRI, 12879, 1984.
[53] 李宾元,裂缝中垂直裂缝高度的讨论,石油钻采工艺,1984年第五期.
[54] Palmer, I.D.,and Carroll, Jr.H.B.: "Numerical Solution for Height and Elongated Hydraulic Fractures,"SPE/DOE 11627,1983.
[55] Gdanski,R.D.,and Lee,W.S.: "On the Design of Fracture Acidizing Treatments,"SPE 18895,1989.
[56] Michael J.Economides and Kenneth G. Nolte: 油藏增产技术,石油工业出版社,1990.
[57] 王鸿勋,李平.“水力压裂过程中井筒温度的数值计算方法,“石油学报,1987.4
[58] Cleary, M.P.: "Comprehensive Design Formulae for Hydraulic Fracturing,"Spe 9259, Sept.1980.
[59] Settari, A., and Cleary, M.P.: "Three-Dimensional Simulation of Hydraulic Fuactudng," JPT., Vol.36 July 1984,1177-1190.
[60] Settari, A., and Cleary, M.R: "Development and Testing of a Pseudo-Three Dimensional Model of Hydraulic Fracture Geometry (P3DH),"SPE 10505, 1982.
[61] Palmer, I.D., and Carrol, H.B., Jr.: "Numedcal Solution for Height and Elongated Hydraulic Fracture Propagation in the Presence of Stress Variations," SPE/DOE 10849,1982.
[62] Palmer, I.D., and Carrol, H.B., Jr.: "Numerical Solution for Height of Elongated Hydraulic Fracture,"SPEJ.,Vol.23,Dec. 1983.
[2] 李开泰,黄艾香,黄庆怀.有限元方法及其应用[M].西安:西安交通大学出版社,1984:107～2 18。
[3] 李海涛,王永清.预测气井射孔最大无砂负压的方法研究[J].天然气工业,1999.5
[4] 李海涛,王永清.确定油井射孔最大付压的新方法研究[J].石油钻采工艺,1997.8
[5] 李海涛,王永清.压裂施工井的射孔优化设计方法口[J].天然气工业,1999.5
[6] Klotz, .J. A., Krueger, R. F, Pye, D. S.: "Effect of Perforation Damage on Well Productivity," J. Pet. Tech. (Nov. 1974), 1303-1314.
[7] Tariq, S.M.: "Evaluation of Flow Characteristics of Perforation Including Nonlinear Effects Using Finite-Element Hethod," Paper SPE 12781 presented at the 1984 California Regional Meeting, Long Beach, CA, April 11-13.
[8] Tadq, S.M., Ichara, M.J. and Ayestaran, L.: "Performance of Perforated Completions in the Presence of Common Heterogeneities: Anisotropy, Laminations, or Natural Fractures," paper SPE 14320 presented at the 1985 SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition, Las Vegas, Nevada, Sept. 22-25.
[9] 唐愉拉,潘迎德:“有限元方法在射孔完井中的应用”,石油学报,1989年,10(3),48-57。
[10] 唐愉拉,潘迎德,祝渝培:“气井非达西流射孔完井的有限元数值模拟研究”,石油学报,1992年,13(4),85-96。
[11] Bradley. "Failure Of Inclined Boreholes". J. Energy Res. Tech.,1979
[12] C.H.Yew, Y.U. "Fracturing Of a Deviated Wells". SPE16930
[13] C.H.Yew, Y.Li. "On Fraemfing Design Of a Deviated Wells". SPE19722
[14] M.M.Hossain,M.K.Rahman,S.S.Rahman."A Comprehensive Monograph for Hydrnulic Fracture Initiation fromD eviated Wellbores under Arbitrary Stress Regimes". SPE54360
[15] M.M.Hossain,M.k.Rahman. "Hydraulic Fracture Initiation and Propagation:Roles Of Wellbore trajectory, Perforation and Stress Regmes". J.Pet.Sci.Eng.,2000,(27):129-149
[16] 余雄鹰等.“斜井的破裂压力和裂缝方位”.江汉石油学院学报.1994,16(3):57-60
[17] 黄荣樽.“水力压裂裂缝的起裂和扩展”.石油勘探与开发,1981(5)
[18] 陈勉,陈治喜,黄荣樽.“大斜度井水压裂缝起裂研究”.石油大学学报.1995,19(2):30-35
[19] 金衍,陈勉等.“大位移井的井壁稳定力学分析”.地质力学学报.1999,5(1):4-11
[20] 楼一珊等.“大斜度井泥页岩井壁稳定的力学分析”.江汉石油学院学报.1997,19(1):61-64
[21] 柳贡慧等.“考虑地应力影响下的射孔初始方位角的确定”.石油学报.2001,22(1):105-108
[22] 张士诚,王世贵等.“限流法压裂射孔方案优化设计”.石油钻采工艺.2000,22(2):60-63
[23] L.A.Behrmann,K.G.. Nolte. "Perforating Requirements foe Fracture Stimulations". SPE 59480,1999,228-234
[24] A.A.Daneshy. "Experimental Investigation of Hydraulic Fracturing Through Perforations". Trans AIME. Oct.1973 1201-1206
[25] L.A.Behrmann, J.L. Elbel. "Effect of Perforations On Fracture Initiation". SPE 20661
[26] L.Petitjean, B.Couet. "Modeling of Gas-driven Fracture Propagation for Oil and Gas Well Stimulation". SPE 28084
[27] J.B.Crump, M.W.Conway. "Effects of Perforation Entry Friction on Bottomhole Treating Analysis". SPE 15474
[28] D.D.Cramer, B.J.Titan. "The Application of Umited-Entry Techniques in Massive Hydauli Fracturing Treatments", SPE 16189
[29] C.M.Peason, A.J.Bond, M.E.Eclc. "Result of Stress-Oriented and Aligned Perforating in Fracturing Deviated Wells". SPE 22836
[30] C.M.Peason, A.J.Bond, M.E.Eck. "Optimal Fracture Stimulation of a Moderate Permeability Reservoir, Kuparuk River Unit". SPE 20707
[31] C.Guresbeck, R.E.Collins. "Particle Transport Through Perforations". AIME, Dec. 1982,857-865
[32] D.L.Lord, S.N.Shah. "Study of Perforation Friction Pressure Empolying a Large-Scale Fracturing Flow Simulator". SPE 28508
[33] C.A.M.Veeken, D.R.Davies. "Limited Communication Between Hydraulic Fracture and (Deviated) Wellbore". SPE 18982
[34] J.D.Willingham, H.C.Tan, L.R.Norman. "Perforation Fdction Pressure of Fracturing Fluid Slurries". SPE 25891
[35] C.M.Pearson, E.W.Reinbold. "An Investigation Into the Use of High Pressure Nitrogen Breakdown Treatments Prior to Hydraulic Fracturing". SPE35741
[36] L.L.Lacy. "Comparison of Hydraulic-Fracture Orientation Techniques". SPEFE, March, 1987,66-76'
[37] J.L.吉德利等:“水力压裂技术新发展”,北京,石油工业出版社,1995。
[38] Morgenthaler, L.H.: "Application of a Three-Dimensional Hydranlic Fracturing Simulators for Design of Acid Fracturing Treatment," SPE25413
[39] 胥耘、黄志强:“拟三维酸压设计软件研究与应用,”石油钻采工艺,1996年(第18卷)第1期.
[40] Perkins,T.K.,and Kern,L.R.: "Widths of Hydraulic Fractures," J.Petroleum Technology, Vol. 13,sept.1961,937-949.
[41] Nordgren,R.P.: "Propngation of a vertical Hydraulic Fractures," Society of Petroleum Engineers JoumaI,Vol.12,Aug.1972,306-314.
[42] Christianovich,S.A.,and Zheltov, Y.P.: "Formation of Vertical Fractures by Means of Highly Viscons Uquid, "Proceeding of the fourth World Petroleum Congress, Section Ⅱ ,Paper3.
[43] Christianovich,S.A.,and Zheltov, Y.P.: "Theoretical Principles of Hydraulic Fracturing of Oil Strate, "Fifth World Petroleum Congress,Section Ⅱ, Paper23.
[44] Geertsma, J.,and Deklerk, F.: "A Rapid Method of Pridicting Width and Extent of Hydraulically Induced Fractures," JPT.,Vol. 21, Dec.1969,1571-1582.
[45] Le-Tirant, P., and Dupuy, M.: "Dimensions of the Fractures Obtained by Hydraulic Fracturing of Oil-Bearing Formations," evue de linstitut Francais du Petuole, Jan, 1967, 44-98.
[46] Mcleod,H.O.,Jr.: "A Simplified Approach to Design of Fracturing Treatments Using High-Viscosity Cross-linked Fluids," SPE11614
[47] Van Eekelen: "Hydraulic Fracture Geometry: fracture Contain-ment in Layered Formation, "SPFJ.,Vol.22,1982,341-349.
[48] Advani,S.H.,GanggeRao, H.V.S.,Chang,H.Y.,Komar, C.A., and Khan, S.: "Hydraulic Fracture Modeling for the Eastem Gas Shales Project,"Proceeding,DOE Second Eastern Gas Shales symposium, Mlorgantown,1978,84-98.
[49] Advani,S.H., Chang,H.Y.,Komar, C.A.,and Stonesifer, R.: "Rock Mechanics Aspects of Hydraulic Fracturing in the Devonian Shale," Presented at the 21th Rock Mechancis Symposium,1980.
[50] Advani,S.H.,and Lee,J.K.: "Finite Element Model Simulations Associated with Hydranlic Fracturing," SPEJ.,Vol.22 ,1982.
[51] 中国航空研究院主编,应力强度因子手册,科学出版社,1981.
[52] Palmer, I.D.,and Craig,H.R.: Modeling Asymmefric Vertical Growth in Elongated Hydraulic Fractures and Application to first MWX Stimulation, SPE/DIE/GRI, 12879, 1984.
[53] 李宾元,裂缝中垂直裂缝高度的讨论,石油钻采工艺,1984年第五期.
[54] Palmer, I.D.,and Carroll, Jr.H.B.: "Numerical Solution for Height and Elongated Hydraulic Fractures,"SPE/DOE 11627,1983.
[55] Gdanski,R.D.,and Lee,W.S.: "On the Design of Fracture Acidizing Treatments,"SPE 18895,1989.
[56] Michael J.Economides and Kenneth G. Nolte: 油藏增产技术,石油工业出版社,1990.
[57] 王鸿勋,李平.“水力压裂过程中井筒温度的数值计算方法,“石油学报,1987.4
[58] Cleary, M.P.: "Comprehensive Design Formulae for Hydraulic Fracturing,"Spe 9259, Sept.1980.
[59] Settari, A., and Cleary, M.P.: "Three-Dimensional Simulation of Hydraulic Fuactudng," JPT., Vol.36 July 1984,1177-1190.
[60] Settari, A., and Cleary, M.R: "Development and Testing of a Pseudo-Three Dimensional Model of Hydraulic Fracture Geometry (P3DH),"SPE 10505, 1982.
[61] Palmer, I.D., and Carrol, H.B., Jr.: "Numedcal Solution for Height and Elongated Hydraulic Fracture Propagation in the Presence of Stress Variations," SPE/DOE 10849,1982.
[62] Palmer, I.D., and Carrol, H.B., Jr.: "Numerical Solution for Height of Elongated Hydraulic Fracture,"SPEJ.,Vol.23,Dec. 1983.