高地应力软岩隧道超前应力释放变形控制机理及技术研究
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摘要
高地应力软岩地层进行隧道施工，常发生围岩大变形，严重影响正常施工。采用传统方式支护高应力软岩隧道难以达到理想的效果，探索有效的围岩变形控制技术已成为当务之急。超前应力释放是一种新兴的围岩支护理论，煤炭部门已提出相关支护技术对部分深埋软岩巷道进行支护。铁路隧道与煤矿巷道相比差别较大，无法直接套用，当前针对铁路隧道并无合适的超前应力释放技术。况且目前超前应力释放技术的作用机理尚不十分明确，使得相关控制理论不成熟，造成超前应力释放技术的应用有一定不确定性。
本文在充分调研国内外研究现状的基础上，以在建的兰渝铁路木寨岭和毛羽山隧道为依托工程，综合运用理论分析、数值仿真、现场试验和数理统计等手段，针对上述存在的问题进行了以下研究：
（1）采用正交试验设计结合有限元的方法，对高地应力软岩隧道变形影响因素进行研究，分析各因素对围岩变形影响的敏感性，通过调查兰渝铁路木寨岭隧道7号斜井变形原因，进一步确定各因素影响变形的主次关系，并根据研究结果，明确采用超前应力释放技术控制变形的必要性。
（2）建立隧道底鼓的力学模型，通过对模型的分析，明确了超前应力释放技术控制围岩变形的可行性，同时揭示了超前应力释放技术是以增大围岩塑性为代价减少围岩的变形。考虑超前应力释放实施过程中塑性区增大造成的围岩弱化，基于应变软化理论，推导了塑性区与支护变形压力的关系，依据结果曲线上的拐点，提出了超前应力释放需掌握“度”的原则，为超前应力释放技术的控制提供了理论基础。
（3）采用FLAC3D数值计算软件分析了超前应力释放技术对围岩应力分布及塑性区发展的影响，明确了超前应力释放的作用机理。
（4）结合高地应力软岩隧道的的特点，针对铁路隧道实际施工情况，提出三种超前应力释放技术措施——预留空间法、导洞超前法及钻孔法，根据本文提出的控制原则，对三种超前应力释放技术的关键参数进行优化，提出三种超前应力释放技术的最优设计方案。
（5）在兰渝铁路毛羽山隧道进行导洞超前法及预留空间法两种超前应力释放技术的现场试验，分析围岩变形和支护受力情况。结果表明，合理的超前应力释放技术可有效减小围岩变形，保证支护体系稳定。
本论文有图76幅，表29个，参考文献137篇。
The large deformation of surrounding rock often happens in the soft rock tunnel with highstress level construction, it seriously affected smooth construction. It can not achieve anideal effect by using traditional support pattern. Finding a valid deformation controltechnology becomes urgent affair. Stress pre-relief is a new support theory; the relatedtechnology has been applied on deep buried roadway by coal sector. But there is greatdifference between railway tunnel and roadway, can not apply mechanically. There is nosuitable stress pre-relief technology for railway tunnel. Moreover, the mechanisms of stresspre-relief remain unknown. It lead to the control theory is not mature and make thetechnology implementation with uncertainty.
This article base on research status, and Lan Yu railway Mu Zhai Ling and Mao YuShan tunnels are backing project. Aiming at the above problems, the following studies arecarried on by the way of comprehensive use theoretical analysis, numerical simulation, fieldtest, and quantity statistics.
(1)The deformation influence factors of soft rock tunnel with high stress level arestudied by combination of orthogonal test and finite element method, in order to analyze thefactors sensitivity of influence of surrounding rock. The reason of large deformation of MuZhai Ling tunnel No.7inclined shaft is investigated to make sure the primary and secondaryrelation of factors. According to the result, the article makes clear the necessity of usingstress pre-relief to control deformation.
(2)The model of tunnel floor heave is built, and the result clarify the feasibility ofcontrolling the deformation by stress pre-relief, and reveal the stress pre-relief will enlargeplastic zone. Considering surrounding rock weaken caused by plastic zone enlarged, whenthe stress pre-relief technology implement, based on strain softening model, the relationshipbetween plastic zone and support pressure is derived. According to the inflection point of theresult curve, proposed the control principle for stress pre-relief.
(3) Analyzing the influence of distribution of surrounding rock pressure and trend ofplastic zone for stress pre-relief by using the software FLAC3D, the result further clarify thetheory of stress pre-relief.
(4) Combining the character of soft rock tunnel with high stress level, aiming at railwaytfunnel construction situation, proposed three kinds of stress pre-relief technology,including reserve-space way, pilot-heading way, drill hole way, based on principle which has been put forward, the key parameters of three kinds of stress pre-relief technology areoptimized, and put forward optimal plans.
(5) The pilot-heading and reserve-space two kinds of stress pre-relief technology arecarried out in Lan Yu railway Mao Yu Shan tunnel. The tunnel deformation and the supportstress are analyzed. As the result, reasonable pre-relief technology can reduce thedeformation effectively and make sure the support system is stable.
本文在充分调研国内外研究现状的基础上，以在建的兰渝铁路木寨岭和毛羽山隧道为依托工程，综合运用理论分析、数值仿真、现场试验和数理统计等手段，针对上述存在的问题进行了以下研究：
（1）采用正交试验设计结合有限元的方法，对高地应力软岩隧道变形影响因素进行研究，分析各因素对围岩变形影响的敏感性，通过调查兰渝铁路木寨岭隧道7号斜井变形原因，进一步确定各因素影响变形的主次关系，并根据研究结果，明确采用超前应力释放技术控制变形的必要性。
（2）建立隧道底鼓的力学模型，通过对模型的分析，明确了超前应力释放技术控制围岩变形的可行性，同时揭示了超前应力释放技术是以增大围岩塑性为代价减少围岩的变形。考虑超前应力释放实施过程中塑性区增大造成的围岩弱化，基于应变软化理论，推导了塑性区与支护变形压力的关系，依据结果曲线上的拐点，提出了超前应力释放需掌握“度”的原则，为超前应力释放技术的控制提供了理论基础。
（3）采用FLAC3D数值计算软件分析了超前应力释放技术对围岩应力分布及塑性区发展的影响，明确了超前应力释放的作用机理。
（4）结合高地应力软岩隧道的的特点，针对铁路隧道实际施工情况，提出三种超前应力释放技术措施——预留空间法、导洞超前法及钻孔法，根据本文提出的控制原则，对三种超前应力释放技术的关键参数进行优化，提出三种超前应力释放技术的最优设计方案。
（5）在兰渝铁路毛羽山隧道进行导洞超前法及预留空间法两种超前应力释放技术的现场试验，分析围岩变形和支护受力情况。结果表明，合理的超前应力释放技术可有效减小围岩变形，保证支护体系稳定。
本论文有图76幅，表29个，参考文献137篇。
The large deformation of surrounding rock often happens in the soft rock tunnel with highstress level construction, it seriously affected smooth construction. It can not achieve anideal effect by using traditional support pattern. Finding a valid deformation controltechnology becomes urgent affair. Stress pre-relief is a new support theory; the relatedtechnology has been applied on deep buried roadway by coal sector. But there is greatdifference between railway tunnel and roadway, can not apply mechanically. There is nosuitable stress pre-relief technology for railway tunnel. Moreover, the mechanisms of stresspre-relief remain unknown. It lead to the control theory is not mature and make thetechnology implementation with uncertainty.
This article base on research status, and Lan Yu railway Mu Zhai Ling and Mao YuShan tunnels are backing project. Aiming at the above problems, the following studies arecarried on by the way of comprehensive use theoretical analysis, numerical simulation, fieldtest, and quantity statistics.
(1)The deformation influence factors of soft rock tunnel with high stress level arestudied by combination of orthogonal test and finite element method, in order to analyze thefactors sensitivity of influence of surrounding rock. The reason of large deformation of MuZhai Ling tunnel No.7inclined shaft is investigated to make sure the primary and secondaryrelation of factors. According to the result, the article makes clear the necessity of usingstress pre-relief to control deformation.
(2)The model of tunnel floor heave is built, and the result clarify the feasibility ofcontrolling the deformation by stress pre-relief, and reveal the stress pre-relief will enlargeplastic zone. Considering surrounding rock weaken caused by plastic zone enlarged, whenthe stress pre-relief technology implement, based on strain softening model, the relationshipbetween plastic zone and support pressure is derived. According to the inflection point of theresult curve, proposed the control principle for stress pre-relief.
(3) Analyzing the influence of distribution of surrounding rock pressure and trend ofplastic zone for stress pre-relief by using the software FLAC3D, the result further clarify thetheory of stress pre-relief.
(4) Combining the character of soft rock tunnel with high stress level, aiming at railwaytfunnel construction situation, proposed three kinds of stress pre-relief technology,including reserve-space way, pilot-heading way, drill hole way, based on principle which has been put forward, the key parameters of three kinds of stress pre-relief technology areoptimized, and put forward optimal plans.
(5) The pilot-heading and reserve-space two kinds of stress pre-relief technology arecarried out in Lan Yu railway Mao Yu Shan tunnel. The tunnel deformation and the supportstress are analyzed. As the result, reasonable pre-relief technology can reduce thedeformation effectively and make sure the support system is stable.
引文
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