中国农业技术引进研究
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摘要
引进国外农业技术是全球经济技术一体化发展过程中的各个国家所采取的一种普遍做法。虽然农业技术的扩散与应用一直伴随着悠久的农业发展过程,但是对于有计划、有目的和有制度保证的技术引进而言,却往往是一个国家在其特定时期所采取的一种国家战略。自改革开放以来,我国打开了与世界各国全方位接触的大门,在输出了一大批前往发达国家的去学习他人先进技术和发展理念的高层次人才的同时,也通过制定和实施更为优惠的政策,引进来大量的国际资本,参加到经济发展之中,并且取得了巨大成效,经济总量不断增长,社会发展进步显著。但是,客观的看,我国与世界发达国家之间的差距依然存在,要赶上世界平均发展水平的路途还较为遥远(在2050年左右,达到中等发达水平)。为此,保持与世界发达国家的紧密接触,通过多种渠道、途径和方式,大量学习和引进他们的先进技术,依然是我们所不能忽视的一种赶超策略,这也是我国在未来政策走向中坚持改革开放信念不动摇的出发点之所在。
我国是一个农业大国,农业是国民经济发展基础。虽然在漫长的中华民族发展历程中,基于传统农业的卓越成就,曾经形成了灿烂的中华文明,但进入工业文明后,由于各种原因,我国的农业发展与整体社会经济一样,陷入了落后的境地。尤其是农业发展在无法获得更多工业装备和技术支撑的情况下,农业发展水平更为让人忧虑,也更难以和持续的承受起13亿多的人口消费和社会经济转型发展的重任。为此,引进国外先进农业技术,也成为实现我国农业跨越发展的重要举措。
本文在系统梳理国内外研究文献的基础上,运用文献法、调查法、计量法和比较研究等多种方法,对我国农业技术引进问题进行了较为系统的研究。全文共分8章内容。第一章为导言,主要描述本文的研究背景、研究目的与意义,以及对国内外研究文献进行梳理,确立研究的基本框架。第二章是研究的理论基础,主要围绕农业技术引进主题,通过对技术引进、技术扩散以及国际技术经济贸易和贸易效应等方面相关理论的介绍,探寻本文研究的理论支撑点。第三章是对农业技术与农业技术引进的一般分析,主要介绍了农业技术的本质特征、技术引进与技术进步以及农业技术引进的一般方法。第四章是对我国农业技术引进的轨迹进行了分析,并对其不同阶段所具有的特征特点进行了归纳。第五章是对农业引进技术的消化、吸收与创新管理进行了研究,这是依循技术引进是为了加快本国技术进步这一终极目标,从而需要消化吸收和实现二次创新来展开的,即按照系统化的技术引进逻辑来对农业技术引进的后续关联环节来进行的。第六章是对农业引进技术的示范推广进行分析,主要围绕引进来的农业技术在农业生产过程中如何发挥效用来做出相应的分析。第七章,农业技术引进对我国农业科技进步、农民收入、农业总产值、农业生产效益的溢出效应进行实证检验。第八章是国外引进农业技术的经验与启示。主要对印度、日本、美国和欧盟等相关国家在引进国外农业技术过程中的一些做法进行分析,并从中寻找成功的经验和对我国的启示。第九章是我国引进国际先进农业技术的战略思路与政策设计,分别从政策设计的基本思路、技术引进的基本原则以及未来农业技术引进的政策建议进行了分析与研究。
通过研究,本文在以下方面取得了一定程度和具有新意的研究成果：
一是研究选题具有新颖性。技术引进是技术在不同地域空间上的一种扩散形式,如跨越了国界、地区范围等。对于技术扩散与应用问题的研究,相对具有较多的文献资料。对于工业技术引进领域,也有相关的学者进行了研究,对技术引进效应也作了一定的分析。但在农业技术引进方面，虽然有个别学者从不同层次或者角度进行了适当的研究,但较为零散,缺乏系统性,尤其是这些研究大多局限于对技术引进环节方面的研究,从而系统性相对欠缺。本文是将农业技术引进作为一个系统性的问题展开专门研究,将技术引进放在一个实现农业技术进步的大的框架范围内予以分析,从而体现了研究选题以及选题视角上的新颖性。
二是研究内容具有开拓性。本文围绕农业技术引进这一核心问题,在分别分析农业技术引进、消化、吸收、再创新以及引进技术的示范推广等各个环节及其演进轨迹的基础上,对相互之间的联接进行了系统整合,使得研究对象与研究内容得到了有效拓展并更加丰富。同时,选择了发达国家或地区以及印度、巴西两个农业大国在引进国外农业技术方面所采取的主要做法并对其进行了梳理,确立了能够为我国农业技术引进政策所借鉴和具有启发价值的成功经验,进而给出了相关的对策建议和政策思考,构建了一个体系较为完备的农业技术引进问题研究的基本范式,体现了研究内容上的开拓性。
三是研究结论具有创新性。首先是归纳总结了农业技术引进的五类模式,尤其是基于国际技术经济一体化发展的新形势下,分析得出的“对外投资引进技术的‘迂回型’模式”,有效拓展了农业技术引进的思路与战略选择的空间。其次是对我国农业技术引进的历程所作出的分析并以案例方式介绍了不同时期农业技术引进的工作进展和效果体现,使得对我国农业技术引进的脉络与轨迹更加清晰。第三,准确计量农业技术引进对农业科技进步、农民收入、农业生产效益与效率的溢出效应性质与程度。第四,按照引进、消化吸收和再创新的逻辑,描绘了引进技术消化、吸收与创新的过程结构图,从各个环节所涉及到的行为目的、行为主体、执行方式和影响因素,清晰的勾勒了他们之间的内在关系,以及技术引进、消化、吸收与创新及其进化过程。第五,借助系统耗散结构理论,建立了农业引进技术消化、吸收与创新评价的一般分析框架,这对未来农业技术引进工作,提供了科学的评价思路。第六,提出了我国未来在实施农业技术引进工作中应该坚持的基本原则和所选择的重点领域以及应该采取的政策措施,这些政策建议对相关部门的政策制定,具有重要的参考价值。
The introduction of foreign agricultural technology is a common practice in each nation which is in the developing process of global economic integration. Though the diffusion and application of agricultural technology has been accompanied by the process of agricultural development,but the introduction of technology which is planned, targeted and ensured by a development system is not sustainable. Since the reform and opening up, China has opened the door to the world, exported large number of trained personnel, developed and implemented more preferential policies, introduced a large number of international capital and participated in the economic development. All of these have made great achievements, such as economic growth, social development and progress significantly. However, objectively speaking, the gap between China and the developed countries in the world there is still there, the road to catch up with the average development level of the world is still long (reach the level of moderately developed around2050). Therefore, to keep close contact with the developed countries in the world is still the strategy and starting point that we can't ignore.
China is a large agricultural country, has a long and brilliant history of Agriculture, but with the entrance of the industrial civilization, due to various reasons, the agricultural development of our country gradually backward, especially in the situation that cannot be supported with industrial equipment and technical conditions. Therefore, the introduction of advanced agricultural technology abroad has also become an important measure to realize the leaping development of agriculture in our country. we have studied the adoption of agricultural technology in China based on the review of domestic and foreign literature, using literature method, survey method, and so on. The full text is divided into8chapters.
The first chapter is introduction, background, purpose and significance of the research described in this paper, as well as the domestic and foreign research literature. All of these establishes a basic framework for research. The second chapter is the theory foundation of the research, mainly focus on the introduction of agricultural technology topics, the related theories of technology introduction, technology diffusion and international technology trade and economic and trade effects and other aspects of the introduction, supporting point to explore the theoretical. The third chapter is on the general analysis of agricultural technology and agricultural technology introduction, mainly introduces the general method of essential characteristics of agricultural technology, the introduction of technology and technological progress and the introduction of agricultural technology. The fourth chapter, analysis the process of China's agricultural technology introduction, summary the characteristics of different stages. The fifth chapter, Inspect the effect on the progress of agricultural science and technology, Chinese farmers' income, total output value of agriculture, agricultural production efficiency from the importance of agricultural technology. The sixth chapter, study the absorption and innovation of management of agricultural technology introduction to realize the digestion and absorption and the two innovation. The seventh chapter, analysis of demonstration and extension of agricultural technology, focuses on the corresponding analysis in the process of agricultural production. The eighth chapter is the experience and enlightenment of the introduction of agricultural technology abroad. Analysis on India, Japan, the United States and the European Union and other countries concerned in the introduction of some methods of foreign agricultural technology process, and find out the successful experience. The ninth chapter, put forward relevant policy suggestions.
I have got sort of innovative achievement from my own research.
The Importance of System Agricultural Technology.
Technology import is mode of transmission technology in different geographic space, such as across national boundaries, regions, and so on. On one hand, there are some literature about technology diffusion and application. On the another hand, some relevant scholars studied and analyzed industrial technology import, although there are some scholars researched in different levels and angles properly, the studies are scattered and lack of systematicness, especially those studies confined to the technology import link. This article is to research the agricultural technology import problem systematically, and analysis of the technology import in the realization of large range of agricultural technology progress. Thus reflects the novelty of research topic and topic selection perspective.
Build a Perfect Agriculture Technology Import Mode.
This paper surrounding agricultural technology to introduce the core issues, and on the basis of analysis of agricultural technology import, digestion, absorption and re-innovation, and the introduction of technology demonstration promotion of each link and its evolution, which make the research objects and research contents has been effectively expand and more rich. At the same time, we chose the developed countries or regions, and India, Brazil two agricultural country in introducing the main methods of foreign agricultural technology which have been summarized, established the enlightening value of successful experience which can reference by our country agricultural technology import policy, then, we can provide the relevant countermeasures and policy thinking. The last, we can build a perfect agricultural technology import mode. So, it embodies the pioneering research content.
The Innovative Ideas and Main Content.
The first is summarized five kinds of mode about agricultural technology import, especially based on the international economic integration technology development under the new situation, an analysis of "foreign investment introduction technology circuitous type mode", effectively expand the idea of agricultural technology import and a strategic choice for space. The second is make an analysis to our country agricultural technology import progress and introduce the progress and effect of agricultural technology transfer in different periods by the method of case. So, can be made to our country agriculture technology import trajectory more clearly. The third, accurately measurement of agricultural technology import to the agricultural scientific and technological progress, the farmers' income, agricultural production efficiency and the efficiency of the nature and degree of spillover effects. The fourth, according to the introduction, digestion, absorption, and re-innovation of logic, describes the process diagram of technology import, digestion, absorption and innovation, from the various links involved in the behavior goal, behavior subject, implementation methods and influencing factors, a clear outline of the intrinsic relationship between them had been made, as well as the technology introduction, digestion, absorption and innovation and its evolutionary process. The fifth, with the aid of dissipation structure theory, the establishment of the agricultural technology import of digestion, absorption and innovation evaluation analysis framework, for the future introduction of agricultural technology provides a scientific evaluation. The sixth, the future of China in the implementation of the agricultural technology import work should adhere to the basic principles, the choice of key areas. And should adopt policies and measures, the policy suggestions for relevant departments to policy making, which has important reference value.
我国是一个农业大国,农业是国民经济发展基础。虽然在漫长的中华民族发展历程中,基于传统农业的卓越成就,曾经形成了灿烂的中华文明,但进入工业文明后,由于各种原因,我国的农业发展与整体社会经济一样,陷入了落后的境地。尤其是农业发展在无法获得更多工业装备和技术支撑的情况下,农业发展水平更为让人忧虑,也更难以和持续的承受起13亿多的人口消费和社会经济转型发展的重任。为此,引进国外先进农业技术,也成为实现我国农业跨越发展的重要举措。
本文在系统梳理国内外研究文献的基础上,运用文献法、调查法、计量法和比较研究等多种方法,对我国农业技术引进问题进行了较为系统的研究。全文共分8章内容。第一章为导言,主要描述本文的研究背景、研究目的与意义,以及对国内外研究文献进行梳理,确立研究的基本框架。第二章是研究的理论基础,主要围绕农业技术引进主题,通过对技术引进、技术扩散以及国际技术经济贸易和贸易效应等方面相关理论的介绍,探寻本文研究的理论支撑点。第三章是对农业技术与农业技术引进的一般分析,主要介绍了农业技术的本质特征、技术引进与技术进步以及农业技术引进的一般方法。第四章是对我国农业技术引进的轨迹进行了分析,并对其不同阶段所具有的特征特点进行了归纳。第五章是对农业引进技术的消化、吸收与创新管理进行了研究,这是依循技术引进是为了加快本国技术进步这一终极目标,从而需要消化吸收和实现二次创新来展开的,即按照系统化的技术引进逻辑来对农业技术引进的后续关联环节来进行的。第六章是对农业引进技术的示范推广进行分析,主要围绕引进来的农业技术在农业生产过程中如何发挥效用来做出相应的分析。第七章,农业技术引进对我国农业科技进步、农民收入、农业总产值、农业生产效益的溢出效应进行实证检验。第八章是国外引进农业技术的经验与启示。主要对印度、日本、美国和欧盟等相关国家在引进国外农业技术过程中的一些做法进行分析,并从中寻找成功的经验和对我国的启示。第九章是我国引进国际先进农业技术的战略思路与政策设计,分别从政策设计的基本思路、技术引进的基本原则以及未来农业技术引进的政策建议进行了分析与研究。
通过研究,本文在以下方面取得了一定程度和具有新意的研究成果：
一是研究选题具有新颖性。技术引进是技术在不同地域空间上的一种扩散形式,如跨越了国界、地区范围等。对于技术扩散与应用问题的研究,相对具有较多的文献资料。对于工业技术引进领域,也有相关的学者进行了研究,对技术引进效应也作了一定的分析。但在农业技术引进方面，虽然有个别学者从不同层次或者角度进行了适当的研究,但较为零散,缺乏系统性,尤其是这些研究大多局限于对技术引进环节方面的研究,从而系统性相对欠缺。本文是将农业技术引进作为一个系统性的问题展开专门研究,将技术引进放在一个实现农业技术进步的大的框架范围内予以分析,从而体现了研究选题以及选题视角上的新颖性。
二是研究内容具有开拓性。本文围绕农业技术引进这一核心问题,在分别分析农业技术引进、消化、吸收、再创新以及引进技术的示范推广等各个环节及其演进轨迹的基础上,对相互之间的联接进行了系统整合,使得研究对象与研究内容得到了有效拓展并更加丰富。同时,选择了发达国家或地区以及印度、巴西两个农业大国在引进国外农业技术方面所采取的主要做法并对其进行了梳理,确立了能够为我国农业技术引进政策所借鉴和具有启发价值的成功经验,进而给出了相关的对策建议和政策思考,构建了一个体系较为完备的农业技术引进问题研究的基本范式,体现了研究内容上的开拓性。
三是研究结论具有创新性。首先是归纳总结了农业技术引进的五类模式,尤其是基于国际技术经济一体化发展的新形势下,分析得出的“对外投资引进技术的‘迂回型’模式”,有效拓展了农业技术引进的思路与战略选择的空间。其次是对我国农业技术引进的历程所作出的分析并以案例方式介绍了不同时期农业技术引进的工作进展和效果体现,使得对我国农业技术引进的脉络与轨迹更加清晰。第三,准确计量农业技术引进对农业科技进步、农民收入、农业生产效益与效率的溢出效应性质与程度。第四,按照引进、消化吸收和再创新的逻辑,描绘了引进技术消化、吸收与创新的过程结构图,从各个环节所涉及到的行为目的、行为主体、执行方式和影响因素,清晰的勾勒了他们之间的内在关系,以及技术引进、消化、吸收与创新及其进化过程。第五,借助系统耗散结构理论,建立了农业引进技术消化、吸收与创新评价的一般分析框架,这对未来农业技术引进工作,提供了科学的评价思路。第六,提出了我国未来在实施农业技术引进工作中应该坚持的基本原则和所选择的重点领域以及应该采取的政策措施,这些政策建议对相关部门的政策制定,具有重要的参考价值。
The introduction of foreign agricultural technology is a common practice in each nation which is in the developing process of global economic integration. Though the diffusion and application of agricultural technology has been accompanied by the process of agricultural development,but the introduction of technology which is planned, targeted and ensured by a development system is not sustainable. Since the reform and opening up, China has opened the door to the world, exported large number of trained personnel, developed and implemented more preferential policies, introduced a large number of international capital and participated in the economic development. All of these have made great achievements, such as economic growth, social development and progress significantly. However, objectively speaking, the gap between China and the developed countries in the world there is still there, the road to catch up with the average development level of the world is still long (reach the level of moderately developed around2050). Therefore, to keep close contact with the developed countries in the world is still the strategy and starting point that we can't ignore.
China is a large agricultural country, has a long and brilliant history of Agriculture, but with the entrance of the industrial civilization, due to various reasons, the agricultural development of our country gradually backward, especially in the situation that cannot be supported with industrial equipment and technical conditions. Therefore, the introduction of advanced agricultural technology abroad has also become an important measure to realize the leaping development of agriculture in our country. we have studied the adoption of agricultural technology in China based on the review of domestic and foreign literature, using literature method, survey method, and so on. The full text is divided into8chapters.
The first chapter is introduction, background, purpose and significance of the research described in this paper, as well as the domestic and foreign research literature. All of these establishes a basic framework for research. The second chapter is the theory foundation of the research, mainly focus on the introduction of agricultural technology topics, the related theories of technology introduction, technology diffusion and international technology trade and economic and trade effects and other aspects of the introduction, supporting point to explore the theoretical. The third chapter is on the general analysis of agricultural technology and agricultural technology introduction, mainly introduces the general method of essential characteristics of agricultural technology, the introduction of technology and technological progress and the introduction of agricultural technology. The fourth chapter, analysis the process of China's agricultural technology introduction, summary the characteristics of different stages. The fifth chapter, Inspect the effect on the progress of agricultural science and technology, Chinese farmers' income, total output value of agriculture, agricultural production efficiency from the importance of agricultural technology. The sixth chapter, study the absorption and innovation of management of agricultural technology introduction to realize the digestion and absorption and the two innovation. The seventh chapter, analysis of demonstration and extension of agricultural technology, focuses on the corresponding analysis in the process of agricultural production. The eighth chapter is the experience and enlightenment of the introduction of agricultural technology abroad. Analysis on India, Japan, the United States and the European Union and other countries concerned in the introduction of some methods of foreign agricultural technology process, and find out the successful experience. The ninth chapter, put forward relevant policy suggestions.
I have got sort of innovative achievement from my own research.
The Importance of System Agricultural Technology.
Technology import is mode of transmission technology in different geographic space, such as across national boundaries, regions, and so on. On one hand, there are some literature about technology diffusion and application. On the another hand, some relevant scholars studied and analyzed industrial technology import, although there are some scholars researched in different levels and angles properly, the studies are scattered and lack of systematicness, especially those studies confined to the technology import link. This article is to research the agricultural technology import problem systematically, and analysis of the technology import in the realization of large range of agricultural technology progress. Thus reflects the novelty of research topic and topic selection perspective.
Build a Perfect Agriculture Technology Import Mode.
This paper surrounding agricultural technology to introduce the core issues, and on the basis of analysis of agricultural technology import, digestion, absorption and re-innovation, and the introduction of technology demonstration promotion of each link and its evolution, which make the research objects and research contents has been effectively expand and more rich. At the same time, we chose the developed countries or regions, and India, Brazil two agricultural country in introducing the main methods of foreign agricultural technology which have been summarized, established the enlightening value of successful experience which can reference by our country agricultural technology import policy, then, we can provide the relevant countermeasures and policy thinking. The last, we can build a perfect agricultural technology import mode. So, it embodies the pioneering research content.
The Innovative Ideas and Main Content.
The first is summarized five kinds of mode about agricultural technology import, especially based on the international economic integration technology development under the new situation, an analysis of "foreign investment introduction technology circuitous type mode", effectively expand the idea of agricultural technology import and a strategic choice for space. The second is make an analysis to our country agricultural technology import progress and introduce the progress and effect of agricultural technology transfer in different periods by the method of case. So, can be made to our country agriculture technology import trajectory more clearly. The third, accurately measurement of agricultural technology import to the agricultural scientific and technological progress, the farmers' income, agricultural production efficiency and the efficiency of the nature and degree of spillover effects. The fourth, according to the introduction, digestion, absorption, and re-innovation of logic, describes the process diagram of technology import, digestion, absorption and innovation, from the various links involved in the behavior goal, behavior subject, implementation methods and influencing factors, a clear outline of the intrinsic relationship between them had been made, as well as the technology introduction, digestion, absorption and innovation and its evolutionary process. The fifth, with the aid of dissipation structure theory, the establishment of the agricultural technology import of digestion, absorption and innovation evaluation analysis framework, for the future introduction of agricultural technology provides a scientific evaluation. The sixth, the future of China in the implementation of the agricultural technology import work should adhere to the basic principles, the choice of key areas. And should adopt policies and measures, the policy suggestions for relevant departments to policy making, which has important reference value.
引文
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1. 柏振忠.农业技术引进对我国农业经济增长和农民增收的贡献研究[J].科技进步与对策,2010,(8)：93-96
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3. 陈丽珍、万君康.关于引进“适用技术”原则与提高我国技术竞争力的思考[J].国际贸易问题,2000,(12)：1-4.
4. 陈林光,赵芳.中国技术引进模式与策略的思考[J].国际经贸探索,1994(01)：25-31.
5. 程如烟.30年来中国国际科技合作战略和政策演变[J].中国科技论坛,2008(7)：7-11
6. 崔日明,赵勇.技术引进模式与东亚经济的发展[J].国际贸易问题,2007(2)：43-50.
7. 范小虎.国际技术转移及其方式的选择理论与实践研究[D].上海交通大学博士学位论文,2002.
8. 傅素英.中国农业技术国际转移问题研究[D].华中农业大学博十学位论文,2008.
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10.高雪莲,奉公.日本农业技术引进的历程及模式探讨[J].农业经济问题,2010,(2)：104-109.
11.郭剑雄.开放条件下的中国农业发展[M].北京：中国社会科学出版社,2004.
12.郭京京,吴晓波.产业集群的演进：二次创新和组织学习[J].科学学研究,2008,26(6)：1310-1315.
13.郭熙保,肖利平.后发优势、技术吸收能力与中国的经验[J].武汉大学学报(哲学社会科学版),2008,61(5)：614-619.
14.郭兴亮.国外先进技术与我国农业发展[J].西北农林科技大学学报(社会科学版),2002,2(3)：61-64
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22.科学技术部农村与社会发展司.新世纪农业科技工作纵谈[M/CD].2001年全国农业科学技术大会材料汇编(光盘).北京：中国农业出版社,2001.
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