采放比对煤与瓦斯突出危险性的影响
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摘要
放顶煤开采是十分重要的厚煤层采煤方法。煤与瓦斯突出(简称“突出”)煤层放顶煤开采在我国至今仍存在有利于抑制和增加突出危险性两种截然相反的学术观点；现行《煤矿安全规程》禁止突出煤层放顶煤开采及其采放比’确定依据也欠充分。本论文针对长壁式放顶煤开采采高一定不同采放比对突出危险性的影响进行了研究,以探索突出厚煤层放顶煤开采的安全性、可行性、存在问题及其防治对策,为其安全开采提供技术基础理论与依据。
在调查突出厚煤层放顶煤开采及研究现状基础上,从瓦斯地质、工程技术两方面分析了突出影响因素,发现该采煤方法的采放比技术参数对突出的影响效应复杂。放顶煤、采煤机割煤及炮采落煤工艺对突出影响存在差异,采放比是主要敏感安全参数,而放顶煤工作面宽度、支架高低位顶煤方式、回采速度等因素处于从属地位。
在总结长壁式放顶煤开采支承压力分布一般规律研究成果基础上,对初采期首轮放煤应力分布采用FLAC3D软件进行模拟,得到顶板来压前的初采期放顶煤围岩应力重新分布会导致采煤分层前、后方煤壁附近应力集中且工作面应力梯度有增大趋势；这与顶板来后的正常期随采高或采放厚度增加卸压区及集中应力区宽度增加、峰值应力集中系数及工作面应力梯度降低的趋势不同。
针对放顶煤开采复杂动、静态力学作用过程,基于瞬态动力运动方程采用有限元ANSYS10.0瞬态分析模块分析了某矿煤系条件采高2.5m、采放比1：3的初采期和及正常期放顶煤的应力、应变及弹性能释放演化分布等力学特征,以及不同采放比、顶板来压对其力学特征效应,发现初次放煤过程附近10m应力随时间变化,不同采放比应力峰值分布在放煤附近6m左右,工作面前、后方煤壁附近应力梯度增大。初采期首次放煤所释放弹性能是第二次放煤的3.5倍左右；采放比增加,放煤口附近20m范围内释放弹性能增加。初采期首次放顶煤在相同时间内采放比在1：3范围内增加不明显；超过1：3范围,其弹性能释放增加显著。放顶煤在顶板初次来压、周期来压和正常回采期弹性能释放分别分布在工作面前方25m、30m、40m,工作面中部较两侧释放多,且随采放比增加而增大。顶板来压时弹性能释放具有集中性,初次来压是正常回采的两倍多,且比周期来压时多；工作面附近煤体位移在顶板初次、周期来压期间显著增加。正常回采过程弹性能释放集中在工作面前方20m,且随采放比增加增幅减缓、释放范围有增加趋势；同时,工作面卸压区宽度增大、应力峰值集中系数减小。
基于初采期切眼简化为圆形巷道弹塑性、流变等理论分析：顶煤及切眼巷道两侧煤壁附近一定范围内产生卸压带；小采放比的顶煤处于切眼巷道卸压影响范围内时,放顶煤对突出危险影响小；反之,大采放比的顶煤处于切眼巷道产生的集中应力影响范围内时,放顶煤则增加了突出危险。
此外,基于煤层瓦斯含量满足朗格缪尔方程、瓦斯流动过程等温且符合达西定律条件,建立了工作面煤层支承压力与瓦斯渗流随时间变化的三维方程,采用ANSYS10.0热分析模块对放顶煤工作面切眼巷道、初采期放顶煤瓦斯流动场时空演化分布特征进行模拟,发现切眼巷道瓦斯排放宽度约为采高3倍,初采期首次放煤过程附近产生的瓦斯压力梯度比第二次放煤的瓦斯压力梯度大,首采放煤突出危险较第二次放煤突出危险大。
根据放数值模拟、理论分析及现场资料统计分析等综合研究,发现了采放比对煤与瓦斯突出危险性的影响规律。初采期,煤层厚度10m、采放比1：3以内,采放比对突出危险影响不大；超过此范围,采放比增加,突出危险性增大。正常回采期,采放比增大可以一定程度缓解地应力主导型突出危险。
基于突出矿井两级“四位一体”综合防治技术体系,初步总结出突出煤层放顶煤开采合理巷道布置、开采工艺参数等安全开采技术,提出了放顶煤开采工作面预测新要求,并在现场应用取得了良好效果。
放顶煤工作面预测钻孔应间隔10-15m布置两排分别控制顶煤与采煤分层,在切眼两帮及初次期工作面前方预测孔深不少于10m、正常回采期测孔6-8m。初采期放煤与采煤分别留10m、5m安全煤柱；正常回采过程预测超前及措施超前距较一般采煤工作面有所增加。
Top-coal caving mining is an important mining method. Top-coal caving mining of coal-gas outburst(Referred to as "outburst") still has two poles apart academic views that restrain and increase outburst danger; in "Safety Regulations in Coal Mine ",outburst coal top-coal caving mining is banned and the basis to determine the caving ratio is insufficient. The influence of the different caving ratio to the outburst risk was studied in the long wall top-coal caving mining with mining height constant. To explore the safety、feasibility、problems and prevention countermeasures of top-coal caving mining of outstanding thick coal seam and provide technical theory and basis for its safety mining.
On the basis of surveying top-coal caving mining in outburst thick coal seam and its research status, the influence of the outburst is analyzed from two aspects of gas geology and engineering technology. The influence effect of technical parameter of the caving ratio to the outburst is complex, and the influence of the top-coal caving, coal-winning-machine cutting coal and coal drop position to outburst exist differences. The caving ratio is the main sensitive safety parameters, and the other factors such as working face width, high-low coal mining, mining speed are in subordinate status.
Based on the summary long wall top coal caving mining process abutmdent pressure distribution general law research results, stress distribution is simulated by FLAC3D software at the first cutting coal, it is obtained that top-coal caving mining surrounding rock stress redistribution at the beginning of the period before the pressure coming to the roof will lead to stress near the wall concentrated that in the front and back of coal layer and working face stress gradient increased. It is different from the trend that the width of pressure relief area and stress concentration area increased and the peak stress concentration factor and working face stress gradient reduced with the mining height and the mining put thickness increasing during the normal stoping process behind the pressure coming to the roof.
According to complex dynamic and static mechanics process of the top-coal caving mining, based on the transient dynamic equation of motion and by using the finite element ANSYS10.0transient analysis module, the mechanics characteristics of top coal caving of stress, strain and elastic energy release evolution distribution are analyzed that are during the initial mining stage and normal phase with the mining height of2.5m and caving ratio of1:3. At the same time, the mechanical characteristics effect that the different caving ratio, roof pressure to it are analyzed. It found that the stress near10m changes during the first put coal process and the stress peak of different caving ratio distributed near the6m, and the stress gradient ahead and behind coal wall increases. The first time put coal release elastic energy of the initial mining stage is3.5times than the release elastic energy during the second time. With the caving ratio increasing, the release elastic near the caving range of20m increases. But at the same time of initial mining stage, if the caving ratio is less than1:3, the increase is not obvious, and if the caving ratio is more than1:3, the release elastic increases fast. The first and cycle pressure of top coal seam roof and the elastic energy release during normal stoping period distributed25m and30m,40m in front of the working, and the amount of central working face is more than both the two sides. And with the caving ratio increasing the release increases; the energy release has concentrated during the roof pressure, and the first weight is two times more than pressure of normal stoping, and it is more than cycle pressure; and the coal displacement near the working face during the first weight and periodic pressure increased significantly. The elastic energy release concentrated in the place20m in front of the working during normal stoping, and with the increase of caving ratio in put growth slowing, the increasing of release range have increase trend. But with the pressure relief zone width increasing, the peak stress concentration factor decreases.
Based on the theory analysis of elastic-plastic, rheological that the cut is simplified to circular roadway during initial mining stage:it produces pressure relief belt in a certain range of top coal and on both sides coal wall of the cutting eye roadway; when the top coal of small caving ratio is in the impact range of pressure relief of cutting eye roadway, the affect of the top coal to the outburst danger is small; On the other hand, the top coal of big caving ratio is in'the influence range of stress concentration of cutting eye roadway, the outburst dangerous is increased by top coal.
In addition, based on coal seam gas content meeting the Langmuir's equation, the process of gas flow is isothermal and according with Darcy law, the three-dimensional equation of the variation of working face coal abutment pressure and gas seepage with time is established. Using ANSYS10.0thermal analysis module, the evolution and distribution characteristics in time and space of the top coal caving mining face roadway and top-coal caving mining gas flow field during initial mining stage is simulated. It found that the gas emission width of cutting-hole roadway is about3times as mining height, the gas pressure gradient which is produced by the first coal caving is bigger than the one which is produced by the second coal caving during initial mining stage, and the outburst dangerous of the first coal caving is bigger than the second coal caving.
According to the comprehensive research of numerical simulation and theoretical analysis and field data statistical analysis, it is found that the influence law of the caving ratio to the coal-gas outburst danger. In the initial mining stage, if the coal seam thickness is10m and the caving ratio is less than1:3, The impact of the caving ratio to the outburst dangerous is not big; but if it is more than this range, the outburst dangerous increased with the caving ratio increasing. The increase of caving ratio can relieve dangerous of stress-leading outstanding during normal stoping stage.
Based on the comprehensive prevention and control technology system of the outburst mine two stage "quaternity", the paper preliminary summarized the reasonable roadway layout and mining technology parameters and the other safety mining technology, at the same time,put forward the new demand of forecast of top coal caving mining working face, and has obtained the good effect in the field application.
Forecast drilling should be decorated with two rows to respectively control top-coal mining and mining seam, and with the space between10m and15m. On both sides of the cut-hole and in the front of the working face during initial mining stage, the depth of prediction hole should not be less than10m, and the measuring hole should be6-8m in normal stoping period. Leave10m safety pillar when putting coal and leave5m safety pillar when coal mining during initial mining stage, the prediction advance distance and the measures advance distance arre increased than the average coalface.
在调查突出厚煤层放顶煤开采及研究现状基础上,从瓦斯地质、工程技术两方面分析了突出影响因素,发现该采煤方法的采放比技术参数对突出的影响效应复杂。放顶煤、采煤机割煤及炮采落煤工艺对突出影响存在差异,采放比是主要敏感安全参数,而放顶煤工作面宽度、支架高低位顶煤方式、回采速度等因素处于从属地位。
在总结长壁式放顶煤开采支承压力分布一般规律研究成果基础上,对初采期首轮放煤应力分布采用FLAC3D软件进行模拟,得到顶板来压前的初采期放顶煤围岩应力重新分布会导致采煤分层前、后方煤壁附近应力集中且工作面应力梯度有增大趋势；这与顶板来后的正常期随采高或采放厚度增加卸压区及集中应力区宽度增加、峰值应力集中系数及工作面应力梯度降低的趋势不同。
针对放顶煤开采复杂动、静态力学作用过程,基于瞬态动力运动方程采用有限元ANSYS10.0瞬态分析模块分析了某矿煤系条件采高2.5m、采放比1：3的初采期和及正常期放顶煤的应力、应变及弹性能释放演化分布等力学特征,以及不同采放比、顶板来压对其力学特征效应,发现初次放煤过程附近10m应力随时间变化,不同采放比应力峰值分布在放煤附近6m左右,工作面前、后方煤壁附近应力梯度增大。初采期首次放煤所释放弹性能是第二次放煤的3.5倍左右；采放比增加,放煤口附近20m范围内释放弹性能增加。初采期首次放顶煤在相同时间内采放比在1：3范围内增加不明显；超过1：3范围,其弹性能释放增加显著。放顶煤在顶板初次来压、周期来压和正常回采期弹性能释放分别分布在工作面前方25m、30m、40m,工作面中部较两侧释放多,且随采放比增加而增大。顶板来压时弹性能释放具有集中性,初次来压是正常回采的两倍多,且比周期来压时多；工作面附近煤体位移在顶板初次、周期来压期间显著增加。正常回采过程弹性能释放集中在工作面前方20m,且随采放比增加增幅减缓、释放范围有增加趋势；同时,工作面卸压区宽度增大、应力峰值集中系数减小。
基于初采期切眼简化为圆形巷道弹塑性、流变等理论分析：顶煤及切眼巷道两侧煤壁附近一定范围内产生卸压带；小采放比的顶煤处于切眼巷道卸压影响范围内时,放顶煤对突出危险影响小；反之,大采放比的顶煤处于切眼巷道产生的集中应力影响范围内时,放顶煤则增加了突出危险。
此外,基于煤层瓦斯含量满足朗格缪尔方程、瓦斯流动过程等温且符合达西定律条件,建立了工作面煤层支承压力与瓦斯渗流随时间变化的三维方程,采用ANSYS10.0热分析模块对放顶煤工作面切眼巷道、初采期放顶煤瓦斯流动场时空演化分布特征进行模拟,发现切眼巷道瓦斯排放宽度约为采高3倍,初采期首次放煤过程附近产生的瓦斯压力梯度比第二次放煤的瓦斯压力梯度大,首采放煤突出危险较第二次放煤突出危险大。
根据放数值模拟、理论分析及现场资料统计分析等综合研究,发现了采放比对煤与瓦斯突出危险性的影响规律。初采期,煤层厚度10m、采放比1：3以内,采放比对突出危险影响不大；超过此范围,采放比增加,突出危险性增大。正常回采期,采放比增大可以一定程度缓解地应力主导型突出危险。
基于突出矿井两级“四位一体”综合防治技术体系,初步总结出突出煤层放顶煤开采合理巷道布置、开采工艺参数等安全开采技术,提出了放顶煤开采工作面预测新要求,并在现场应用取得了良好效果。
放顶煤工作面预测钻孔应间隔10-15m布置两排分别控制顶煤与采煤分层,在切眼两帮及初次期工作面前方预测孔深不少于10m、正常回采期测孔6-8m。初采期放煤与采煤分别留10m、5m安全煤柱；正常回采过程预测超前及措施超前距较一般采煤工作面有所增加。
Top-coal caving mining is an important mining method. Top-coal caving mining of coal-gas outburst(Referred to as "outburst") still has two poles apart academic views that restrain and increase outburst danger; in "Safety Regulations in Coal Mine ",outburst coal top-coal caving mining is banned and the basis to determine the caving ratio is insufficient. The influence of the different caving ratio to the outburst risk was studied in the long wall top-coal caving mining with mining height constant. To explore the safety、feasibility、problems and prevention countermeasures of top-coal caving mining of outstanding thick coal seam and provide technical theory and basis for its safety mining.
On the basis of surveying top-coal caving mining in outburst thick coal seam and its research status, the influence of the outburst is analyzed from two aspects of gas geology and engineering technology. The influence effect of technical parameter of the caving ratio to the outburst is complex, and the influence of the top-coal caving, coal-winning-machine cutting coal and coal drop position to outburst exist differences. The caving ratio is the main sensitive safety parameters, and the other factors such as working face width, high-low coal mining, mining speed are in subordinate status.
Based on the summary long wall top coal caving mining process abutmdent pressure distribution general law research results, stress distribution is simulated by FLAC3D software at the first cutting coal, it is obtained that top-coal caving mining surrounding rock stress redistribution at the beginning of the period before the pressure coming to the roof will lead to stress near the wall concentrated that in the front and back of coal layer and working face stress gradient increased. It is different from the trend that the width of pressure relief area and stress concentration area increased and the peak stress concentration factor and working face stress gradient reduced with the mining height and the mining put thickness increasing during the normal stoping process behind the pressure coming to the roof.
According to complex dynamic and static mechanics process of the top-coal caving mining, based on the transient dynamic equation of motion and by using the finite element ANSYS10.0transient analysis module, the mechanics characteristics of top coal caving of stress, strain and elastic energy release evolution distribution are analyzed that are during the initial mining stage and normal phase with the mining height of2.5m and caving ratio of1:3. At the same time, the mechanical characteristics effect that the different caving ratio, roof pressure to it are analyzed. It found that the stress near10m changes during the first put coal process and the stress peak of different caving ratio distributed near the6m, and the stress gradient ahead and behind coal wall increases. The first time put coal release elastic energy of the initial mining stage is3.5times than the release elastic energy during the second time. With the caving ratio increasing, the release elastic near the caving range of20m increases. But at the same time of initial mining stage, if the caving ratio is less than1:3, the increase is not obvious, and if the caving ratio is more than1:3, the release elastic increases fast. The first and cycle pressure of top coal seam roof and the elastic energy release during normal stoping period distributed25m and30m,40m in front of the working, and the amount of central working face is more than both the two sides. And with the caving ratio increasing the release increases; the energy release has concentrated during the roof pressure, and the first weight is two times more than pressure of normal stoping, and it is more than cycle pressure; and the coal displacement near the working face during the first weight and periodic pressure increased significantly. The elastic energy release concentrated in the place20m in front of the working during normal stoping, and with the increase of caving ratio in put growth slowing, the increasing of release range have increase trend. But with the pressure relief zone width increasing, the peak stress concentration factor decreases.
Based on the theory analysis of elastic-plastic, rheological that the cut is simplified to circular roadway during initial mining stage:it produces pressure relief belt in a certain range of top coal and on both sides coal wall of the cutting eye roadway; when the top coal of small caving ratio is in the impact range of pressure relief of cutting eye roadway, the affect of the top coal to the outburst danger is small; On the other hand, the top coal of big caving ratio is in'the influence range of stress concentration of cutting eye roadway, the outburst dangerous is increased by top coal.
In addition, based on coal seam gas content meeting the Langmuir's equation, the process of gas flow is isothermal and according with Darcy law, the three-dimensional equation of the variation of working face coal abutment pressure and gas seepage with time is established. Using ANSYS10.0thermal analysis module, the evolution and distribution characteristics in time and space of the top coal caving mining face roadway and top-coal caving mining gas flow field during initial mining stage is simulated. It found that the gas emission width of cutting-hole roadway is about3times as mining height, the gas pressure gradient which is produced by the first coal caving is bigger than the one which is produced by the second coal caving during initial mining stage, and the outburst dangerous of the first coal caving is bigger than the second coal caving.
According to the comprehensive research of numerical simulation and theoretical analysis and field data statistical analysis, it is found that the influence law of the caving ratio to the coal-gas outburst danger. In the initial mining stage, if the coal seam thickness is10m and the caving ratio is less than1:3, The impact of the caving ratio to the outburst dangerous is not big; but if it is more than this range, the outburst dangerous increased with the caving ratio increasing. The increase of caving ratio can relieve dangerous of stress-leading outstanding during normal stoping stage.
Based on the comprehensive prevention and control technology system of the outburst mine two stage "quaternity", the paper preliminary summarized the reasonable roadway layout and mining technology parameters and the other safety mining technology, at the same time,put forward the new demand of forecast of top coal caving mining working face, and has obtained the good effect in the field application.
Forecast drilling should be decorated with two rows to respectively control top-coal mining and mining seam, and with the space between10m and15m. On both sides of the cut-hole and in the front of the working face during initial mining stage, the depth of prediction hole should not be less than10m, and the measuring hole should be6-8m in normal stoping period. Leave10m safety pillar when putting coal and leave5m safety pillar when coal mining during initial mining stage, the prediction advance distance and the measures advance distance arre increased than the average coalface.
引文
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