石油化工行业典型火灾事故数值模拟研究
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摘要
石油化工行业由于其行业的特殊性,极易发生火灾爆炸事故。在各种灾害事故类型中火灾事故占有相当大比例。火灾主要是由可燃液体和气体泄漏后遇到点火源发生燃烧而引起的,这些可燃液体和气体泄漏后在开放环境中发生火灾产生巨大破坏作用,造成人员伤亡和财产损失。相对于爆炸和毒气泄漏,可燃液体和气体火灾的直接破坏范围不大,但是火焰直接接触设备和容器表面,以及热辐射对相邻设备和容器产生的影响,使得事故范围和破坏程度升级。根据石油化工行业火灾燃烧的特性,本文采用计算机数值模拟技术对典型的池火灾和喷射火灾进行数值模拟研究。
本文根据目前池火灾和喷射火国内外的研究现状及发展情况,对现有池火灾和喷射火的理论模型进行了比较和分析,对比分析各种经验模型的适用范围,描述了池火灾和喷射火燃烧特征和伤害模型。应用化学流体力学基本定律,建立了火灾过程的基本控制方程组,并根据适当的条件选择辐射模型。建立物理模型,做出合理假设,确定初始和边界条件。利用CFD技术计算模拟了开放环境中大型液池发生的池火灾和高压输送管道气体泄漏引起的喷射火事故类型。其中,对池火灾进行了无风、常风和变化风速三种工况下的模拟研究;对喷射火在自然风的外界因素影响作用下,进行了不同压力输送管道的模拟研究。分析模拟结果得到两种灾害形式下火焰形状、火焰温度、流场以及热辐射的变化趋势。在此基础上,讨论了火灾热辐射的分布规律以及不同因素对它的影响。根据研究结果,可以对石油化工行业装置的合理设计和布局,预测、预防和控制火灾事故的发生及火灾场景下应急救援措施的制定,以及减少火灾、爆炸等事故造成的人员伤亡、财产损失提供指导。确保石油化工行业的安全生产,维护社会的稳定,具有重要的经济和现实意义。
Due to the particularity of petrochemical industry, fire and explosion accidents are easily happened. In various types of disasters and accidents, fire accident occupies a considerable proportion. Fire mainly by leakage of flammable liquids and gases encountered after the occurrence of ignition sources caused by burning, these took place in an open environment could be devastating fires, cause casualties and property losses. Relative to the bombings and gas leak, flammable liquids and gases direct damage range is not big fire. But the flame direct contact with equipment and tank surface, and thermal radiation of adjacent equipment and container influence make accidents range and extent of damage to upgrade. According to petrochemical fires burning characteristics, this paper adopts computer numerical simulation technology to typical pool fire and jet fire numerical simulation.
Based on the present research situation and development of the current pool fire and jet fire both at home and abroad, comparison and analysis of the existing pool fire and jet fire on theoretical model, contrast analysis of various experience model applicable scope, describe pool fire and jet fire burning characteristics and damage model. A series of governing equations describing the process of pool fire are formulated by elemental rule of chemical fluid mechanics, and radiation models are selected according to appropriate conditions. Physical model is established and rational assumption is made to determine preliminary and boundary conditions. Using CFD technology simulating open environment medium-large liquid pools the pool fire and high pressure occurred caused pipeline gas leakage of jet fire caused accident type. Among them, are researched for pool fire with no-wind, often wind and change wind, three working conditions of wind simulation study; The fire in natural wind to jet fire that under the influence of the external influence factors on different simulation research of pressure pipeline. Analysis the simulation results obtained under two kinds of disasters form flame shape, the flame temperature and flow and thermal radiation change tendency. On this basis, discusses the distribution law and fire radiation effects of different factors on it. According to the research results of petrochemical industry, the reasonable design and layout device, prediction, prevent and control the fire accident and emergency rescue measures under fire scenario, and reduce the formulation of fire, explosion, etc accident casualties and property losses provide guidance. It has important economic and realistic significance to ensure the safety of petrochemical industry production and maintain social stability.
本文根据目前池火灾和喷射火国内外的研究现状及发展情况,对现有池火灾和喷射火的理论模型进行了比较和分析,对比分析各种经验模型的适用范围,描述了池火灾和喷射火燃烧特征和伤害模型。应用化学流体力学基本定律,建立了火灾过程的基本控制方程组,并根据适当的条件选择辐射模型。建立物理模型,做出合理假设,确定初始和边界条件。利用CFD技术计算模拟了开放环境中大型液池发生的池火灾和高压输送管道气体泄漏引起的喷射火事故类型。其中,对池火灾进行了无风、常风和变化风速三种工况下的模拟研究;对喷射火在自然风的外界因素影响作用下,进行了不同压力输送管道的模拟研究。分析模拟结果得到两种灾害形式下火焰形状、火焰温度、流场以及热辐射的变化趋势。在此基础上,讨论了火灾热辐射的分布规律以及不同因素对它的影响。根据研究结果,可以对石油化工行业装置的合理设计和布局,预测、预防和控制火灾事故的发生及火灾场景下应急救援措施的制定,以及减少火灾、爆炸等事故造成的人员伤亡、财产损失提供指导。确保石油化工行业的安全生产,维护社会的稳定,具有重要的经济和现实意义。
Due to the particularity of petrochemical industry, fire and explosion accidents are easily happened. In various types of disasters and accidents, fire accident occupies a considerable proportion. Fire mainly by leakage of flammable liquids and gases encountered after the occurrence of ignition sources caused by burning, these took place in an open environment could be devastating fires, cause casualties and property losses. Relative to the bombings and gas leak, flammable liquids and gases direct damage range is not big fire. But the flame direct contact with equipment and tank surface, and thermal radiation of adjacent equipment and container influence make accidents range and extent of damage to upgrade. According to petrochemical fires burning characteristics, this paper adopts computer numerical simulation technology to typical pool fire and jet fire numerical simulation.
Based on the present research situation and development of the current pool fire and jet fire both at home and abroad, comparison and analysis of the existing pool fire and jet fire on theoretical model, contrast analysis of various experience model applicable scope, describe pool fire and jet fire burning characteristics and damage model. A series of governing equations describing the process of pool fire are formulated by elemental rule of chemical fluid mechanics, and radiation models are selected according to appropriate conditions. Physical model is established and rational assumption is made to determine preliminary and boundary conditions. Using CFD technology simulating open environment medium-large liquid pools the pool fire and high pressure occurred caused pipeline gas leakage of jet fire caused accident type. Among them, are researched for pool fire with no-wind, often wind and change wind, three working conditions of wind simulation study; The fire in natural wind to jet fire that under the influence of the external influence factors on different simulation research of pressure pipeline. Analysis the simulation results obtained under two kinds of disasters form flame shape, the flame temperature and flow and thermal radiation change tendency. On this basis, discusses the distribution law and fire radiation effects of different factors on it. According to the research results of petrochemical industry, the reasonable design and layout device, prediction, prevent and control the fire accident and emergency rescue measures under fire scenario, and reduce the formulation of fire, explosion, etc accident casualties and property losses provide guidance. It has important economic and realistic significance to ensure the safety of petrochemical industry production and maintain social stability.
引文
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