电厂锅炉辐射换热模型化和掺烧褐煤的试验研究
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摘要
为缓解东北地区电站燃煤供应紧张问题,充分利用价格低廉而储藏丰富的褐煤,本文开展了烟煤锅炉掺烧褐煤的研究工作。针对在中储式制粉系统烟煤锅炉中大比例掺烧褐煤时,制粉系统容易出现爆炸、干燥出力不足以及因混煤热值降低影响锅炉带大负荷等问题,在系统分析和理论计算基础上,本文提出利用转向室与磨煤机入口之间的压差,在不需要其他动力设备的情况下,抽取中温炉烟掺入中储式制粉系统的改造技术。在锅炉辐射换热模型化方面,对考虑各向同性散射特性的辐射换热区域法进行了较深入的分析与研究,进一步论证了该项改造技术的可行性。
在辐射换热的各种数学模型中,区域法的机理严密,精度最高,迄今为止仍被作为其他辐射传热计算模型的检验基准。本文以区域法的辐射交换面积为基础,对于一维体系,导出了各向同性散射介质中辐射直接交换面积的解析表达式,便于准确地分析辐射换热问题。将二维和三维规则体系的辐射直接交换面积积分函数分别归结为四类基本形式,有益于程序结构的条理化、编程的简化和错误的查找。对于规则的二维和三维封闭体系,以形心距为线索和充分利用广义对称性,免除了辐射直接交换面积的大量重复计算。
在辐射交换面积叠加处理方法基础上,本文从辐射传热机理出发,定义了散射热流密度这一新概念,并给出其矩阵表达式,引入到辐射全交换面积的推导过程中。得出各向同性散射介质参与条件下辐射全交换面积各分块矩阵以及总矩阵的合成。由于散射热流密度的物理意义明确,使得推导过程十分简单,便于对辐射全交换面积物理意义的理解与分析。
在辐射换热网络法基础上,参照表面分析方法,借助于容积散射热阻和等效发射率,在三元体系中定性分析了散射介质参与的辐射换热问题。分析表明,当考虑参与介质的散射特性时,由于容积单元散射热阻的存在,使得容积单元与其他换热单元之间总热阻增大,因此介质的散射削弱了辐射热交换。模拟结果还表明,考虑参与介质的散射特性后,容积单元-容积单元的辐射全交换面积增大,表面单元-容积单元的辐射全交换面积减小；参与介质的散射作用越强,忽略介质散射导致的计算误差越大。
本文以清河发电责任有限公司8号炉HG-670/140-9型自然循环煤粉锅炉为研究对象,建立了各向同性散射介质参与的区域法辐射换热模型,模拟结果表明锅炉掺烧褐煤和中温炉烟再循环利用后,低温燃烧对缓解锅炉严重结焦十分有利,从而论证了中储式制粉系统锅炉掺烧褐煤改造技术的可行性。经现场试验研究,本文提出制粉系统末端湿烟气含氧量不大于16%的防爆技术指标是可行的。灰色综合评判结果进一步表明该技术能够实现在中储式制粉系统烟煤锅炉中大比例掺烧褐煤。本文的研究成果同时解决了此类型锅炉普遍存在的再热蒸汽温度偏低和过热器吸热量不足的技术问题。
When the coal powder blended with high content of lignite burned in the bituminous boilers with bin-feeder coal pulverizing systems, which is extensively being used in the power plants, it is very common to see the problems of the coal powder exploration, the insufficient drying output and the undercapacity caused by the low-heat value of the blended coal. In order to enable this combustion technology with low-heat value lignite which is cheaper and abundant in northeastern part of China, based on the systematic analysis and theoretical calculation, a new method to mix some hot flue gas from the reversing chamber into the coal pulverizing system by the local pressure difference without any extra pumping equipment is proposed in the industrial application. In the modeling of the radiant heat transfer in the combustion chamber with zone method, a relatively thorough analysis is conducted, in which the isotropic scattering media is well considered.
Within all the state-of-art mathematical models of the radiation heat transfer, the zone method is the most accurate and robust, which is commonly being used as the reference to verify the other models. In this study, based on the radiant exchange area of the zone method, a 1-D analytical expression is deducted for the direct exchange area which subjects to the scattering participant media. This formula is much convenient to accurately analyze the radiant heat transfer in scattering media. The integration functions of the radiant exchange area in the 2-D and 3-D systems are summarized into four categories, which is helpful to the structural programming, program simplification and program debug. In the regular 2-D or 3-D system, an effective calculation method is proposed based on the principles of general symmetry of the matrix of direct exchange areas and the equal distances of the geographic center, which can avoid the huge calculation of the direct exchange areas.
Based on both the superposition method and the radiation heat transfer mechanism, the Scattering Heat Flux Density is proposed and defined in the radiant exchange area calculation. The matrix expression is applied in the calculation of the total heat exchange areas. The individual matrix equations and total matrix equations of total exchange areas are derived in an enclosure with isotropic scattering media. Due to the clear physics and the simple deduction, this Scattering Heat Flux Density is very useful in the analysis of total radiant heat exchange area.
With the volume scattering resistance and the equivalent volume emissivity in the three-element system, the radiant heat transfer in scattering media is analyzed qualitatively based on the radiation network method and the surface analysis method. The analytical results show that, when the scattering media is involved, the radiant heat transfer between the volume unit and surface unit is degraded because of the scattering thermal resistance of the volume unit. It is also shown that, when the scattering media is presented, the volume-to-volume total radiant exchange area becomes greater, while the surface-to-volume total exchange area becomes smaller, compared with those without the scattering media involved. The stronger the scattering effect of the participant media, the larger error from the calculation without scattering effect considered.
The radiant heat transfer with zone method in isotropic scattering media is established to simulate the temperature profile of the HG-670/140-9 boiler with natural circulation in Qing-He Electric Power Generation Co. Ltd. The numerical simulations show that the low-temperature combustion with blending lignite and recirculating hot flue gas can relieve the slag growing. The feasibility of this new combustion solution is verified. The measurement results show that, the oxygen content of the wet gas is below 16% at the outlet of the coal pulverizing system, which is safe in terms of coal powder explosion. Through the grey relation analysis, it is feasible to blend the coal powder with large ratio of lignite in the bituminous boiler with bin-feeder coal pulverizing system. With this new combustion method, the other common problems in the similar types of the boilers, such as the lower temperature of reheated steam and the insufficient heat absorption of the superheater, can be solved too.
在辐射换热的各种数学模型中,区域法的机理严密,精度最高,迄今为止仍被作为其他辐射传热计算模型的检验基准。本文以区域法的辐射交换面积为基础,对于一维体系,导出了各向同性散射介质中辐射直接交换面积的解析表达式,便于准确地分析辐射换热问题。将二维和三维规则体系的辐射直接交换面积积分函数分别归结为四类基本形式,有益于程序结构的条理化、编程的简化和错误的查找。对于规则的二维和三维封闭体系,以形心距为线索和充分利用广义对称性,免除了辐射直接交换面积的大量重复计算。
在辐射交换面积叠加处理方法基础上,本文从辐射传热机理出发,定义了散射热流密度这一新概念,并给出其矩阵表达式,引入到辐射全交换面积的推导过程中。得出各向同性散射介质参与条件下辐射全交换面积各分块矩阵以及总矩阵的合成。由于散射热流密度的物理意义明确,使得推导过程十分简单,便于对辐射全交换面积物理意义的理解与分析。
在辐射换热网络法基础上,参照表面分析方法,借助于容积散射热阻和等效发射率,在三元体系中定性分析了散射介质参与的辐射换热问题。分析表明,当考虑参与介质的散射特性时,由于容积单元散射热阻的存在,使得容积单元与其他换热单元之间总热阻增大,因此介质的散射削弱了辐射热交换。模拟结果还表明,考虑参与介质的散射特性后,容积单元-容积单元的辐射全交换面积增大,表面单元-容积单元的辐射全交换面积减小；参与介质的散射作用越强,忽略介质散射导致的计算误差越大。
本文以清河发电责任有限公司8号炉HG-670/140-9型自然循环煤粉锅炉为研究对象,建立了各向同性散射介质参与的区域法辐射换热模型,模拟结果表明锅炉掺烧褐煤和中温炉烟再循环利用后,低温燃烧对缓解锅炉严重结焦十分有利,从而论证了中储式制粉系统锅炉掺烧褐煤改造技术的可行性。经现场试验研究,本文提出制粉系统末端湿烟气含氧量不大于16%的防爆技术指标是可行的。灰色综合评判结果进一步表明该技术能够实现在中储式制粉系统烟煤锅炉中大比例掺烧褐煤。本文的研究成果同时解决了此类型锅炉普遍存在的再热蒸汽温度偏低和过热器吸热量不足的技术问题。
When the coal powder blended with high content of lignite burned in the bituminous boilers with bin-feeder coal pulverizing systems, which is extensively being used in the power plants, it is very common to see the problems of the coal powder exploration, the insufficient drying output and the undercapacity caused by the low-heat value of the blended coal. In order to enable this combustion technology with low-heat value lignite which is cheaper and abundant in northeastern part of China, based on the systematic analysis and theoretical calculation, a new method to mix some hot flue gas from the reversing chamber into the coal pulverizing system by the local pressure difference without any extra pumping equipment is proposed in the industrial application. In the modeling of the radiant heat transfer in the combustion chamber with zone method, a relatively thorough analysis is conducted, in which the isotropic scattering media is well considered.
Within all the state-of-art mathematical models of the radiation heat transfer, the zone method is the most accurate and robust, which is commonly being used as the reference to verify the other models. In this study, based on the radiant exchange area of the zone method, a 1-D analytical expression is deducted for the direct exchange area which subjects to the scattering participant media. This formula is much convenient to accurately analyze the radiant heat transfer in scattering media. The integration functions of the radiant exchange area in the 2-D and 3-D systems are summarized into four categories, which is helpful to the structural programming, program simplification and program debug. In the regular 2-D or 3-D system, an effective calculation method is proposed based on the principles of general symmetry of the matrix of direct exchange areas and the equal distances of the geographic center, which can avoid the huge calculation of the direct exchange areas.
Based on both the superposition method and the radiation heat transfer mechanism, the Scattering Heat Flux Density is proposed and defined in the radiant exchange area calculation. The matrix expression is applied in the calculation of the total heat exchange areas. The individual matrix equations and total matrix equations of total exchange areas are derived in an enclosure with isotropic scattering media. Due to the clear physics and the simple deduction, this Scattering Heat Flux Density is very useful in the analysis of total radiant heat exchange area.
With the volume scattering resistance and the equivalent volume emissivity in the three-element system, the radiant heat transfer in scattering media is analyzed qualitatively based on the radiation network method and the surface analysis method. The analytical results show that, when the scattering media is involved, the radiant heat transfer between the volume unit and surface unit is degraded because of the scattering thermal resistance of the volume unit. It is also shown that, when the scattering media is presented, the volume-to-volume total radiant exchange area becomes greater, while the surface-to-volume total exchange area becomes smaller, compared with those without the scattering media involved. The stronger the scattering effect of the participant media, the larger error from the calculation without scattering effect considered.
The radiant heat transfer with zone method in isotropic scattering media is established to simulate the temperature profile of the HG-670/140-9 boiler with natural circulation in Qing-He Electric Power Generation Co. Ltd. The numerical simulations show that the low-temperature combustion with blending lignite and recirculating hot flue gas can relieve the slag growing. The feasibility of this new combustion solution is verified. The measurement results show that, the oxygen content of the wet gas is below 16% at the outlet of the coal pulverizing system, which is safe in terms of coal powder explosion. Through the grey relation analysis, it is feasible to blend the coal powder with large ratio of lignite in the bituminous boiler with bin-feeder coal pulverizing system. With this new combustion method, the other common problems in the similar types of the boilers, such as the lower temperature of reheated steam and the insufficient heat absorption of the superheater, can be solved too.
引文
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