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黄药子致肝毒性/配伍当归后减毒的亚细胞机制及毒性成分体外代谢研究
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摘要
黄药子始载于唐代孙思邈的《千金要方·月令》,多用于治疗瘿瘤(甲状腺肿),现代临床上也用于治疗食管癌、肝癌及甲状腺肿瘤等病症,由于黄药子突出的药用价值,使其临床应用增多,在获得可靠的疗效的同时也发现该药对肝脏具有一定的毒性。黄药子的毒性主要表现为能引起肝实质损伤,且损伤的程度和剂量与给药时间有关。文献报道因服用黄药子及其复方引起的药源性肝炎已达50余例,其中3例死亡。当黄药子配伍当归后,可明显减轻其对肝细胞的损害程度,并在一定程度上有增强疗效作用,但机制尚不明确。
     目的:研究黄药子致肝毒性及配伍当归减毒机制,减轻长期大量服用黄药子引起的严重的药源性肝损伤,使其不良反应更为明晰,也对临床合理、安全用药具有重要的指导意义。
     方法:本课题组在药理学实验研究的基础上,采用透射电镜、激光共聚焦扫描显微镜等研究手段从亚细胞层面对黄药子肝毒性及配伍当归减毒机制进行探讨;对黄药子及配伍当归后对细胞色素P450混合功能氧化酶亚型1A2、2E1、3A的影响进行研究;通过提取分离药效追踪的方式分离纯化得到其毒性成分-黄独乙素,以HPLC对黄独乙素在肝微粒体中代谢情况进行研究。
     结果:
     一结合前期研究基础,进一步深化黄药子致肝毒性血清酶学机制和细胞形态学研究,确定了其致毒机理与氧化应激有关。
     二以提取分离,药效追踪为指导原则,进行黄药子肝毒性成分的分离制备,结合~1H、~(13)C NMR,MS-ESI等现代波谱手段进行结构鉴定。确定了所得成分为二萜内酯类成分-黄独乙素。
     三观察黄药子及配伍当归对SD雄性大鼠的肝细胞内线粒体膜电离位及细胞内Ca~(2+)含量的影响,黄药子致细胞内游离Ca~(2+)含量增高及配伍后对肝损害进程中的细胞内钙超载有一定的抑制作用。
     四通过离体肝灌流观察到黄药子对离体肝脏的致毒作用,配伍当归后,对肝毒性有一定改善,说明当归除了通过P-糖蛋白机制外,还通过抗氧化、保护线粒体、平衡细胞内钙离子浓度来起到及抗肝损伤作用。
     五分析黄药子及配伍当归对SD雄性大鼠肝CYP450酶亚型的影响,探讨黄药子单用及配伍后对肝药酶的反作用。
     六制备肝微粒体,进行黄独乙素体外代谢研究,孵育60分钟,有四个代谢成分生成,分别为峰1、2、3、4。至180分钟,达到2号代谢成分峰最大生成量,可为在体药动学研究提供理论依据。
     结论:
     1.黄药子致肝毒性主要通过生成氧自由基损伤线粒体,造成细胞能量代谢障碍,启动线粒体依赖性细胞质凋亡通路,引起细胞凋亡。
     2.以体外代谢阐明了黄独乙素在肝微粒体中的代谢规律,为黄独乙素的毒代动力学研究奠定基础。
objective:
     In recent years Dioscorea bulbifera L.has been widely used for thetreatment of goiter and various cancers,particularly for the treatment ofcancers.However,in clinical application it is discovered Dioscoreabulbifera L.has a certain toxic reaction,which can cause damage of liverand kidney.The extent of damage is relevant to the doses and time.Thedamage of liver can be demonstrated in a short period while the damage ofkidneys appears after a long time.In the literature it is reported there are 50cases of drug induced hepatitis(3 persons died) for the use of Dioscoreabulbifera L.But it shows that the combination of Dioscorea bulbifera L andangelica could reduce the damage to liver cells more significantly than bysimply using.Dioscorea bulbifera L.can also release the damage to thekidney.When Dioscorea bulbifera L and angelica are combined,the degreeof liver-cell damage will be significantly reduced and to some extentefficacy could be enhanced,which the mechanism is not clear.So the studyof the mechanism is even more critical,not only for reducing the degree ofdrug-induced liver-injury in long-term use and making the adverse reactionsmore clear,but also for security agents in clinical.
     method:
     Based on the foundation of Pharmacology experimental reach,thisgroup carries on the discussion on the mechanism,facing the liver toxicityof Dioscorea bulbifera L.and reducing the poisonous while blends theangelica,from the subcellular layer,(by using shines through the electronicmicroscope,the laser altogether to focus and scanning microscope) andstudy the influence to cytochrome P450 mixing function oxydases hypo type1A2,2El,the 3A after blending the angelica and Dioscorea bulbifera L.Themetabolism situation in the liver microsome of its toxic ingredient-Diosbulbin-B,obtained by separation-purification the element through theway of extraction-separation-drug-efficacy-tracing,conducts the research.
     results:
     1.On the foundation of early period research and the further research ofthe blood-serum-zymology-mechanism of Dioscorea bulbifera L.to causethe liver toxic and the cytomorphology,it is certain that the poisonousmechanism is related to oxidized stress concerns.
     2.Taking withdraws,separation and drug-efficacy tracing as the guidingprinciple,the separation-preparation of the liver toxic ingredient ofDioscorea bulbifera L.is carried on.Unifying the modern spectrummethods like 1H,13C NMR,MS-ESI and so on to carry on the structureappraisal,it is determined that the obtained ingredient is two tie lactoneclass ingredient:Diosbulbin-B.
     3.The line plastochondria membrane potential and the Ca2+ density inthe cell:Observing the change of plastochondria membrane electricitydislocation and the content of the Ca2+ in the male SD rats liver-cell causedby Dioscorea bulbifera L.and after blends the angelica,the mechanism ofthe poison and the reducing poisonous after blended of Dioscorea bulbiferaL.could be explained from the subcellular stratification plane.
     4.The exsomatize liver fills:to observe the poisonous function ofDioscorea bulbifera L.and after blend the angelica to the exsomatize liver.Analysis the results both joining the medicine into the perfusate directly tocarry on the circulation and in the body experimental,the toxigenicityfunction of the toxic ingredient of Dioscorea bulbifera L.is caused mainlythrough the mixing function oxydases metabolism in the liver cell,but notthrough metabolism of colony bacteria and intestines cells.After blendingthe angelica the liver toxicity has certain improvement explains thatangelica also has function of the oxidation resistance and the liver damageprotection besides the P-glycoprotein mechanism
     5.Analyzes the influence of Dioscorea bulbifera L.and blends theangelica to CYP450 enzyme hypo type in the liver of the male clean SD rats,discussing the enzyme reaction to liver medicine ofDioscorea bulbifera L.and after blends.
     6.Preparing liver microsome,carrying on the vitro metabolism researchof Diosbulbin-B,fosters 60 minutes,altogether four metabolism-ingredientare produced,respectively be peak 1,2,3,4,which can provide the theorybasis for medicine kinematics research in the body.
     Conclusion:
     1.Dioscorea bulbifera L-induced liver toxicity,mainly throughgeneration of oxygen free radicals damage the mitochondria,resulting incellular energy metabolism,mitochondria-dependent cytoplasmic activatedapoptosis pathway,causing cell apoptosis
     2.To clarify the in vitro metabolism in Dioscorea bulbifera B livermicrosomes in the metabolism for Dioscorea bulbifera B pharmacokineticsof the drug lay the foundation for research.
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