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小学儿童性别认同与异性交往发展
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摘要
性别认同是儿童社会化过程中的重要内容,异性交往是不同性别间的,不带性动机的一般的人际交往,是建立在性别认同基础上的社会交往。根据Egan和Perry的多维性别认同理论,研究小学儿童性别认同的五个方面(性别喜爱度、性别原型认知、性别角色优点、职业理想和同伴性别)与学校中异性交往的三种方式(冲突、合作和竞争)的发展与相互关系。
     在访谈、前测的基础上设计了男孩问卷和女孩问卷,随机抽取常州市觅渡桥小学和常州市第二实验小学三、四、五年级各一个班,共326名男女儿童的进行调查,发现(1)小学儿童的性别认同随年级的增长而变化,男生与女生有不同的发展趋势,在性别原型认知、性别角色优点、职业理想与同伴性别选择中都存在性别差异;(2)小学儿童在异性冲突的原因及冲突解决方式上存在性别差异和年级差异;在异性合作态度和合作期望中,四年级的儿童表现出了与其他年级的差异性;在竞争结果的预测中,女生在学习竞争中表现了更强的信心,男生在工作竞争中的信心更强;(3)儿童的性别认同与异性交往存在相关;(4)儿童的异性交往与性别认同受到不同的教育风格的影响。
Gender identity, on which communications without sex-motion is based, is one of the most important part in children's socialization. In Egan and Perry's theory of multi-dimension gender identity, there are about the development and the relationship between the five aspects (gender contentment, gender typicality, gender advantages, ideal for professions and peer membership) and the three means (conflicts, cooperations and competition) in opposite sex communications.
    After some interviews and pre-test, two questionnaires were designed for boys and girls respectively. The survey was conducted in both Miduqiao and the Second Experimental Primary School in Changzhou, in which three classes from Grade 3, Grade 4 and Grade 5,altogether 326 children were asked to fill in the questionnaires. The results are as follows. (1)Gender identity varies in different grades. Boys and girls have different trends and difference in gender typicality, gender advantages, idea for profession and in selecting gender of companions. (2)The reasons and methods of conflicts vary between different gender and grades. The children in Grade 4 have different characteristics in the attitude and expectations towards cooperations. It shows the girls have much stronger confidence in studying competition while the boys have much stronger confidence in working competition. (3)There is certain relationship between gender identity and opposite-sex communications. (4)Children's opposite-sex communications and gender identity are influence by different teaching styles.
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