不同生态区苜蓿根部入侵真菌研究
|
摘要
本研究以国内外41个紫花苜蓿(Medicago sativa L.)品种为材料,在河南省安阳壤土区、许昌壤土区、郑州砂壤土区种植,分别于2006-2007年的春、夏、秋季取样,分离、鉴定了它们的根部入侵真菌,结果表明:(1)3个区分别分离到10、16、10种根部入侵真菌。不同生长季节苜蓿根部入侵真菌区系中优势菌种各异。在安阳试验区,春、夏、秋3个季节共有的建群菌种为细交链孢(Alternaria alternate)和腐皮镰孢(Fusarium solani),其中春、夏季的优势菌种还包括半裸镰孢(F. semitectum)和尖孢镰孢(F. oxysporum),秋季还包括锐顶镰孢(F. acuminatum)和柱孢(Cylindrocarpon destructuns);许昌地区春、夏、秋3个季节共有的建群菌种为细交链孢和立枯丝核菌(Rhizoctonia solani),3个季节各具有的优势菌种为:春季,尖孢镰孢和腐皮镰孢,夏季,锐顶镰孢和尖孢镰孢,秋季,柱孢和锐顶镰孢;郑州春、夏、秋3个季节共有的建群菌种为细交链孢、尖孢镰孢和腐皮镰孢,春季的优势菌种还有花腐镰孢(F. anthium),夏、秋季均为灰色菌落(grey colony);(2)不同苜蓿品种在3个季节的入侵真菌种类和其分离率均有显著差异(P<0.05),根部带菌率也与生长季节、苜蓿品种有关,春季带菌率最低,夏、秋季带菌率相对较高。在安阳和许昌两个地区,均以秋季的带菌率最高,显著高于春季和夏季(P<0.05)。在安阳,春、夏、秋季分别以赛特(Sitel)、农宝(Farmers)和佛拿尔(Vernal)的带菌率最高;平均带菌率较高的5个苜蓿品种依次为:赛特、农宝、皇冠(Phabulous)、航海4号(Flight No.4)和猎人河(Hunter River),平均带菌率较低的5个苜蓿品种依次为:苜蓿王(Alfaking)、爱菲尼特(Affinity)、WL-525HQ、顶点(Apex)和丰叶721(Amerileaf 721)。在许昌,春季以WL-525HQ带菌率最高,夏季以苜蓿王等3个苜蓿品种的带菌率最高,而秋季以四季旺(Siriver)等12个苜蓿品种的带菌率均较高(均为100.0%);平均带菌率较高的5个苜蓿品种依次为:苜蓿王、WL-525HQ、赛特、四季旺和敖汉(Aohan);平均带菌率较低的5个苜蓿品种依次为:阿尔冈金(Algonguin)、佛拿尔、金皇后(Golden-queen)、飞马(Grandeur)和THG-1。在郑州地区,春、夏、秋季分别以盛世(Millennmium)(80.0%)、金皇后(100.0%)和多叶王(Amerimultileaf)(90.0%)的带菌率最高;其中平均带菌率较高的5个苜蓿品种依次为:WL-525HQ、盛世、游客(Eureka)、金皇后、敖汉;平均带菌率较低的5个苜蓿品种依次为:南霸天(Alfasuper)、赛特、爱菲尼特、德宝(Derby)和阿尔冈金。
花腐镰孢为中国苜蓿病害上的一个新菌种为本研究的重要发现。
对接种的14个紫花苜蓿品种种苗的影响结果表明:(1)半裸镰孢的9种分离物的致病力均非常强,极显著高于对照组;(2)从不同苜蓿品种上分离到的锐顶镰孢对同一苜蓿品种的根长、苗长、病情指数和发芽率均有显著的抑制作用,但对不同苜蓿品种上述4项指标影响有差异;(3)腐皮镰孢的6个分离物致病力均非常强,其中从亮苜400分离到的菌种抑制作用最强,其平均病情指数为62.98,接种后其根长、苗长分别缩短了63.01%和51.50%;(4)立枯丝核菌的6个分离物也均对参试苜蓿品种的根长有显著的抑制作用,其中从金皇后、丰宝上分离到的菌种对苗长的抑制作用最强。根据DI、相对发芽率、相对根长及相对苗长各项测定的指标综合评定,从14个苜蓿品种对所参试的9个半裸镰孢分离物、6个腐皮镰孢分离物、15个锐顶镰孢分离物及6个立枯丝核菌分离物的抗性及其对各苜蓿品种种苗影响结果总体来说:维多利亚、佛拿尔、阿尔冈金、苜蓿王及猎人河抗性较强,赛迪、丰叶721、WL-323HQ、皇冠及三得利感病性较强(抗病性较弱)。
从不同菌种和水分对不同苜蓿品种病情指数(DI)、最终存活数、根重、苗重、根长及苗长的影响多因素分析结果表明:菌种和水分对病情指数作用显著(P<0.05),品种间病情指数无显著差异(P>0.05),但品种和水分间有极显著互作(P<0.01)。接菌后各苜蓿品种病情指数(DI)均显著高于对照组(P<0.05),接菌有显著降低存活数的趋势,尤其是接种腐皮镰孢的菌种。不同菌种来源对根重无影响,但品种、菌种和水分之间互作效应显著(P<0.01)。不同水分条件下接菌对根系发育的影响有差异,低水分促进、高水分抑制根系生长量的累积。品种、菌种和水分对苗重均有显著影响(P<0.01),而且各因素之间也存在显著的互作效应;腐皮镰孢对3个苜蓿品种的苗重均有显著抑制(P<0.05),而分离于驯鹿的菌种规律性不明显。菌种对根长的影响显著(P<0.01),从驯鹿分离的菌种对丰宝和苜蓿王品种的根长有较强的抑制作用。品种、菌种和水分对苗长均有显著的影响(P<0.01),而且菌种和水分间存在互作,但品种和菌种、品种和水分、品种、菌种和水分之间互作不明显。接种腐皮镰孢在3个水分梯度条件下对3个品种的苗长均有显著的降低作用。
品种、菌种和水分均极显著影响苜蓿过氧化物酶(POD)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)活性,各因素之间也有极显著的互作效应(P<0.01)。接菌显著抑制了苜蓿品种多酚氧化酶(PPO)的活性(P<0.01),且品种和菌种、菌种和水分之间有显著的互作。其中阿尔冈金在接种腐皮镰孢后PPO活性显著低于丰宝和苜蓿王(P<0.05)。接种腐皮镰孢后, POD活性呈现阿尔冈金﹥丰宝﹥苜蓿王的趋势,且差异显著;但接种半裸镰孢的苜蓿品种酶活性为丰宝﹥阿尔冈金﹥苜蓿王,差异显著(P<0.05)。
3个不同的水分处理比较,阿尔冈金和丰宝均以50%的处理POD活性最高,显著高于其余2个水分处理;苜蓿王以70%水分处理酶活最高,30%处理最低;3个水分处理POD活性之间差异显著;同一个水分之间比较,3个不同的水分处理各品种POD活性差异均显著,不同的是30%和50%水分处理其酶活阿尔冈金﹥丰宝﹥苜蓿王,而70%处理阿尔冈金﹥苜蓿王﹥丰宝。在接菌条件下,各苜蓿品种均显著降低了SOD活性,其中无论是接种腐皮镰孢还是接种半裸镰孢,苜蓿王酶活均高于其余2个品种。3个不同的水分处理比较,阿尔冈金、丰宝品种的SOD活性在正常水分(50%)条件下均显著高于低水分(30%)和高水分(70%)的SOD活性,而苜蓿王在高水分时的SOD活性显著低于其余2个水分处理;同一水分条件下,无论是30%、50%还是70%的水分处理,均以丰宝的酶活最低,苜蓿王的酶活最高。阿尔冈金、丰宝品种的PAL活性在50%水分条件下均显著高于低水分(30%)、高水分(70%);而苜蓿王在低水分时的PAL活显著低于其余2个水分处理。在接菌条件下,阿尔冈金、丰宝均提高了其PAL活性但差异不显著(P>0.05)。
The objective of this study was to explore the common root diseases of 41 different Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) varieties sampling roots in spring, summer and autumn growing seasons of the years 2006 and 2007 from three ecological zones in Henan province, China. Fungi were isolated from alfalfa rootlet and identified. The results showed that: (1) 10, 16 and 10 fungi were isolated from Anyang, Xuchang and Zhengzhou regions, respectively. The dominant species were different for three seasons. In Anyang, Alternaria alternate and Fusarium solani were the dominant fungi in three growing seasons, in addition, F. semitectum and F. oxysporum were also the dominant fungi in spring and summer, and F. acuminatum and Cylindrocarpon destructuns in autumn. In Xuchang, A. alternate and Rhizoctonia solani were the dominant fungi in three growing seasons, in addition, various dominant fungi appeared in three seasons: F. oxysporum and F. solani in spring, F. acuminatum and F. oxysporum in summer, Cylindrocarpon destructuns and F. acuminatum in autumn. In Zhengzhou, A. alternate, F. oxysporum and F. solani were the dominant fungi in three growing seasons, F. anthium in spring, grey colony in summer and autumn. (2) Root-invading fungi and their incidence in three growing seasons showed notable differences (P<0.05). The obtained from alfalfa rootlet was related to both growth seasons and alfalfa varieties. In spring, lower percentage of fungal isolation appeared and higher values in summer and autumn in Anyang and Xuchang. In Anyang, percentage of fungal isolation of Sitel, Farmers and Vernal were highest in spring, summer and autumn ,respectively. Varieties with higher mean percentage of fungal isolation are Sitel, Farmers, Phabulous, Flight No.4 and Hunter River in order. Varieties with lower mean percentage of fungal isolation are Alfaking, Affinity, WL-525HQ, Apex and Amerileaf 721 in order. In Xuchang, variety WL-525HQ showed the highest percentage of fungal isolation (100%) in spring, Alfaking et al in summer and Siriver et al in autumn. Varieties with higher mean percentage of fungal isolation are Alfaking, WL-525HQ, Sitel, Siriver and Aohan in order. Varieties with lower mean percentage of fungal isolation are Algonguin, Vernal, Golden-queen, Grandeur and THG-1 in order. In Zhengzhou, percentage of fungal isolation of Millennmium, Golden-queen and Amerimultileaf were highest in spring, summer and autumn respectively. Varieties with higher mean percentage of fungal isolation are WL-525HQ, Millennmium, Eureka, Golden-queen and Aohan in order. Varieties with lower mean percentage of fungal isolation are Alfasuper, Sitel, Affinity, Derby and Algonguin in order.
It is very important was found that a new record: F. anthium was a new fungus isolated from alfalfa.
Effects of inoculation with the isolated fungi on the seedling of 14 alfalfa varieties indicated that: (1) Nine isolations of F. semitectum had stronger pathogenic effects to alfalfa than control. (2) F. acuminatum isolated of different varieties showed notable inhibition on the root length, seedling length, disease indexes and germination rate for the same variety, however, various varieties responded differently to the inhibition. (3) Six isolates of F. solani, especially from variety LM400 had stronger pathogenicity, causing the disease indexes of 62.98. Root length and seedling length were reduced 63.01% and 51.50% after inoculation respectively. (4) Six isolates of R. solani also inhibited the root length of tested varieties significantly, most of which, R. solani from Golden-queen and Powerplant showed strongest inhibition on the root length. Accorging to integrated accessment of measurement including disease index, relative germination, relative root length and relative shoot length, fungi isolated from lucerne rootlet including nine isolations of F. semitectum, six isolates of F. solani, fifteen isolations of F. acuminatum and six isolates of R. solani were pathogenic to lucerne seed and seedling. Compared to resistance to those fungi among the 14 alfalfa varieties, Victoria, Vernal, Algonguin, Alfaking and Hunter river have more powerful resistance. However, Sandy, Amerileaf721, WL-323HQ, Phabulous and Sanditi have stronger susceptibility.
To estimate the effect of variety, fungi and water content on the disease index, final survivals, root weight, seedling weight, root length and its weight, we found that significant effect of fungi and water content and their notable interaction(P<0.01). There is no difference in disease index between varieties; however, notable interaction was detected between variety and water content. Comparing with the control, higher disease index and lower survivals were found in the varieties inoculated with fungi especially with F. solani (P<0.05). Different fungi showed no influence on the root weight, however, indicating the significant interaction between the variety, fungi and water content (P<0.01). Inoculation with the fungi can reduce or improve the development of root. Seedling weight was also largely affected by variety, fungi and water content (P<0.01) and notable interaction was found between three factors. F. solani showed significant restriction on the seedling weight (P<0.05), however ,no obvious effect observed on the fungi separated from the variety“Xunlu”. Variety, fungi and water content showed observable influence on the seedling length(P<0.01)and notable interaction was observed between fungi and water content, however, no notable interactions between variety and fungi, variety and water content, fungi and water content. Reduced seedling lengths were found in three varieties inoculated with F. solani at three water content levels(P<0.05).
Fungi, variety and water content showed the notable effect on the activity of POD, SOD, PAL (P<0.01). Clear interactions were observed between variety and fungi, fungi and water content. PPO activity in Algonguin after inoculation with F. solani was significant reduced comparied with Powerplant and Alfaking (P<0.05). After inoculation with F. solani, activity of POD followed clearly as the order: Algonguin﹥Powerplant﹥Alfaking. The order Powerplant﹥Algonguin﹥Alfaking occurred notably after inoculation with F. semitectum. Making a comparison among three water contents, the highest POD activity of Algonguin and Powerplant appeared at 50% (P<0.05). However, highest POD activity of Alfaking happened at 70% content, with lowest activity at 30% (P<0.05). At each water content, POD activity differed largely among varieties, but the touch down order were Algonguin﹥Powerplant﹥Alfaking at 30% and 50% water content and Algonguin﹥Alfaking﹥Powerplant at 70% level (P<0.05). After inoculation with fungi, SOD activity decreased for all varieties. Its activity in Alfaking was higher than in other varieties after inoculation with F. solani and F. semitectum. Comparing among three water contents, SOD activity of Algonguin and Powerplant was higher at normal level (50%) than at low (30%) and high (70%) levels, however, the lower activity of Alfaking appeared at high water content than other levels. At each water content, SOD activity of Powerplant was the lowest and of Alfaking highest. PAL activity of Algonguin and Powerplant were higher at normal level (50%) than at low (30%) and high(70%)levels, however, the lower activity of Alfaking appeared at low water content than other levels. After inoculation, PAL activity of Algonguin and Powerplant increased to a degree but insignificantly.
花腐镰孢为中国苜蓿病害上的一个新菌种为本研究的重要发现。
对接种的14个紫花苜蓿品种种苗的影响结果表明:(1)半裸镰孢的9种分离物的致病力均非常强,极显著高于对照组;(2)从不同苜蓿品种上分离到的锐顶镰孢对同一苜蓿品种的根长、苗长、病情指数和发芽率均有显著的抑制作用,但对不同苜蓿品种上述4项指标影响有差异;(3)腐皮镰孢的6个分离物致病力均非常强,其中从亮苜400分离到的菌种抑制作用最强,其平均病情指数为62.98,接种后其根长、苗长分别缩短了63.01%和51.50%;(4)立枯丝核菌的6个分离物也均对参试苜蓿品种的根长有显著的抑制作用,其中从金皇后、丰宝上分离到的菌种对苗长的抑制作用最强。根据DI、相对发芽率、相对根长及相对苗长各项测定的指标综合评定,从14个苜蓿品种对所参试的9个半裸镰孢分离物、6个腐皮镰孢分离物、15个锐顶镰孢分离物及6个立枯丝核菌分离物的抗性及其对各苜蓿品种种苗影响结果总体来说:维多利亚、佛拿尔、阿尔冈金、苜蓿王及猎人河抗性较强,赛迪、丰叶721、WL-323HQ、皇冠及三得利感病性较强(抗病性较弱)。
从不同菌种和水分对不同苜蓿品种病情指数(DI)、最终存活数、根重、苗重、根长及苗长的影响多因素分析结果表明:菌种和水分对病情指数作用显著(P<0.05),品种间病情指数无显著差异(P>0.05),但品种和水分间有极显著互作(P<0.01)。接菌后各苜蓿品种病情指数(DI)均显著高于对照组(P<0.05),接菌有显著降低存活数的趋势,尤其是接种腐皮镰孢的菌种。不同菌种来源对根重无影响,但品种、菌种和水分之间互作效应显著(P<0.01)。不同水分条件下接菌对根系发育的影响有差异,低水分促进、高水分抑制根系生长量的累积。品种、菌种和水分对苗重均有显著影响(P<0.01),而且各因素之间也存在显著的互作效应;腐皮镰孢对3个苜蓿品种的苗重均有显著抑制(P<0.05),而分离于驯鹿的菌种规律性不明显。菌种对根长的影响显著(P<0.01),从驯鹿分离的菌种对丰宝和苜蓿王品种的根长有较强的抑制作用。品种、菌种和水分对苗长均有显著的影响(P<0.01),而且菌种和水分间存在互作,但品种和菌种、品种和水分、品种、菌种和水分之间互作不明显。接种腐皮镰孢在3个水分梯度条件下对3个品种的苗长均有显著的降低作用。
品种、菌种和水分均极显著影响苜蓿过氧化物酶(POD)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)活性,各因素之间也有极显著的互作效应(P<0.01)。接菌显著抑制了苜蓿品种多酚氧化酶(PPO)的活性(P<0.01),且品种和菌种、菌种和水分之间有显著的互作。其中阿尔冈金在接种腐皮镰孢后PPO活性显著低于丰宝和苜蓿王(P<0.05)。接种腐皮镰孢后, POD活性呈现阿尔冈金﹥丰宝﹥苜蓿王的趋势,且差异显著;但接种半裸镰孢的苜蓿品种酶活性为丰宝﹥阿尔冈金﹥苜蓿王,差异显著(P<0.05)。
3个不同的水分处理比较,阿尔冈金和丰宝均以50%的处理POD活性最高,显著高于其余2个水分处理;苜蓿王以70%水分处理酶活最高,30%处理最低;3个水分处理POD活性之间差异显著;同一个水分之间比较,3个不同的水分处理各品种POD活性差异均显著,不同的是30%和50%水分处理其酶活阿尔冈金﹥丰宝﹥苜蓿王,而70%处理阿尔冈金﹥苜蓿王﹥丰宝。在接菌条件下,各苜蓿品种均显著降低了SOD活性,其中无论是接种腐皮镰孢还是接种半裸镰孢,苜蓿王酶活均高于其余2个品种。3个不同的水分处理比较,阿尔冈金、丰宝品种的SOD活性在正常水分(50%)条件下均显著高于低水分(30%)和高水分(70%)的SOD活性,而苜蓿王在高水分时的SOD活性显著低于其余2个水分处理;同一水分条件下,无论是30%、50%还是70%的水分处理,均以丰宝的酶活最低,苜蓿王的酶活最高。阿尔冈金、丰宝品种的PAL活性在50%水分条件下均显著高于低水分(30%)、高水分(70%);而苜蓿王在低水分时的PAL活显著低于其余2个水分处理。在接菌条件下,阿尔冈金、丰宝均提高了其PAL活性但差异不显著(P>0.05)。
The objective of this study was to explore the common root diseases of 41 different Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) varieties sampling roots in spring, summer and autumn growing seasons of the years 2006 and 2007 from three ecological zones in Henan province, China. Fungi were isolated from alfalfa rootlet and identified. The results showed that: (1) 10, 16 and 10 fungi were isolated from Anyang, Xuchang and Zhengzhou regions, respectively. The dominant species were different for three seasons. In Anyang, Alternaria alternate and Fusarium solani were the dominant fungi in three growing seasons, in addition, F. semitectum and F. oxysporum were also the dominant fungi in spring and summer, and F. acuminatum and Cylindrocarpon destructuns in autumn. In Xuchang, A. alternate and Rhizoctonia solani were the dominant fungi in three growing seasons, in addition, various dominant fungi appeared in three seasons: F. oxysporum and F. solani in spring, F. acuminatum and F. oxysporum in summer, Cylindrocarpon destructuns and F. acuminatum in autumn. In Zhengzhou, A. alternate, F. oxysporum and F. solani were the dominant fungi in three growing seasons, F. anthium in spring, grey colony in summer and autumn. (2) Root-invading fungi and their incidence in three growing seasons showed notable differences (P<0.05). The obtained from alfalfa rootlet was related to both growth seasons and alfalfa varieties. In spring, lower percentage of fungal isolation appeared and higher values in summer and autumn in Anyang and Xuchang. In Anyang, percentage of fungal isolation of Sitel, Farmers and Vernal were highest in spring, summer and autumn ,respectively. Varieties with higher mean percentage of fungal isolation are Sitel, Farmers, Phabulous, Flight No.4 and Hunter River in order. Varieties with lower mean percentage of fungal isolation are Alfaking, Affinity, WL-525HQ, Apex and Amerileaf 721 in order. In Xuchang, variety WL-525HQ showed the highest percentage of fungal isolation (100%) in spring, Alfaking et al in summer and Siriver et al in autumn. Varieties with higher mean percentage of fungal isolation are Alfaking, WL-525HQ, Sitel, Siriver and Aohan in order. Varieties with lower mean percentage of fungal isolation are Algonguin, Vernal, Golden-queen, Grandeur and THG-1 in order. In Zhengzhou, percentage of fungal isolation of Millennmium, Golden-queen and Amerimultileaf were highest in spring, summer and autumn respectively. Varieties with higher mean percentage of fungal isolation are WL-525HQ, Millennmium, Eureka, Golden-queen and Aohan in order. Varieties with lower mean percentage of fungal isolation are Alfasuper, Sitel, Affinity, Derby and Algonguin in order.
It is very important was found that a new record: F. anthium was a new fungus isolated from alfalfa.
Effects of inoculation with the isolated fungi on the seedling of 14 alfalfa varieties indicated that: (1) Nine isolations of F. semitectum had stronger pathogenic effects to alfalfa than control. (2) F. acuminatum isolated of different varieties showed notable inhibition on the root length, seedling length, disease indexes and germination rate for the same variety, however, various varieties responded differently to the inhibition. (3) Six isolates of F. solani, especially from variety LM400 had stronger pathogenicity, causing the disease indexes of 62.98. Root length and seedling length were reduced 63.01% and 51.50% after inoculation respectively. (4) Six isolates of R. solani also inhibited the root length of tested varieties significantly, most of which, R. solani from Golden-queen and Powerplant showed strongest inhibition on the root length. Accorging to integrated accessment of measurement including disease index, relative germination, relative root length and relative shoot length, fungi isolated from lucerne rootlet including nine isolations of F. semitectum, six isolates of F. solani, fifteen isolations of F. acuminatum and six isolates of R. solani were pathogenic to lucerne seed and seedling. Compared to resistance to those fungi among the 14 alfalfa varieties, Victoria, Vernal, Algonguin, Alfaking and Hunter river have more powerful resistance. However, Sandy, Amerileaf721, WL-323HQ, Phabulous and Sanditi have stronger susceptibility.
To estimate the effect of variety, fungi and water content on the disease index, final survivals, root weight, seedling weight, root length and its weight, we found that significant effect of fungi and water content and their notable interaction(P<0.01). There is no difference in disease index between varieties; however, notable interaction was detected between variety and water content. Comparing with the control, higher disease index and lower survivals were found in the varieties inoculated with fungi especially with F. solani (P<0.05). Different fungi showed no influence on the root weight, however, indicating the significant interaction between the variety, fungi and water content (P<0.01). Inoculation with the fungi can reduce or improve the development of root. Seedling weight was also largely affected by variety, fungi and water content (P<0.01) and notable interaction was found between three factors. F. solani showed significant restriction on the seedling weight (P<0.05), however ,no obvious effect observed on the fungi separated from the variety“Xunlu”. Variety, fungi and water content showed observable influence on the seedling length(P<0.01)and notable interaction was observed between fungi and water content, however, no notable interactions between variety and fungi, variety and water content, fungi and water content. Reduced seedling lengths were found in three varieties inoculated with F. solani at three water content levels(P<0.05).
Fungi, variety and water content showed the notable effect on the activity of POD, SOD, PAL (P<0.01). Clear interactions were observed between variety and fungi, fungi and water content. PPO activity in Algonguin after inoculation with F. solani was significant reduced comparied with Powerplant and Alfaking (P<0.05). After inoculation with F. solani, activity of POD followed clearly as the order: Algonguin﹥Powerplant﹥Alfaking. The order Powerplant﹥Algonguin﹥Alfaking occurred notably after inoculation with F. semitectum. Making a comparison among three water contents, the highest POD activity of Algonguin and Powerplant appeared at 50% (P<0.05). However, highest POD activity of Alfaking happened at 70% content, with lowest activity at 30% (P<0.05). At each water content, POD activity differed largely among varieties, but the touch down order were Algonguin﹥Powerplant﹥Alfaking at 30% and 50% water content and Algonguin﹥Alfaking﹥Powerplant at 70% level (P<0.05). After inoculation with fungi, SOD activity decreased for all varieties. Its activity in Alfaking was higher than in other varieties after inoculation with F. solani and F. semitectum. Comparing among three water contents, SOD activity of Algonguin and Powerplant was higher at normal level (50%) than at low (30%) and high (70%) levels, however, the lower activity of Alfaking appeared at high water content than other levels. At each water content, SOD activity of Powerplant was the lowest and of Alfaking highest. PAL activity of Algonguin and Powerplant were higher at normal level (50%) than at low (30%) and high(70%)levels, however, the lower activity of Alfaking appeared at low water content than other levels. After inoculation, PAL activity of Algonguin and Powerplant increased to a degree but insignificantly.
引文
1. Aguirre R J, Hine R B, Schonhorst M H. Distribution of Phytophthora root rot of alfalfa in Central Mexico and development of disease resistance in Mexican cultivars of alfalfa [J]. Plant Disease, 1983, 67(1): 91-93.
2. Barnett H L, Hunter BB.沈崇尧译.半知菌属图解[M].北京:科学出版社, 1977
3. Blackshaw R E, Moyer J R, Doram R C, et al. Yellow sweetclover, green manure, and its residues effectively suppress weeds during fallow[J]. Weed Science, 2001, 49: 406-413.
4. Buonario R, To rre G D, Montalbini P. So luble superioxide dismutase (SOD) in suscep tible and resistant host parasite comp lex of p haseolus unlg aris and U romy ces p haseoli [J]. Physio l P lant Patho l, 1987, 31: 173-184.
5. Chew M Y Z, Santamaria C J. Estimate of losses caused by crown rot of alfalfa in the Comarac Lagunera (North of Mexico) [J]. Review of Plant Pathology, 2001, 80(10): 1003.
6. Couture L, Dhont C, Chalifour, F P, et al. Fusarium root and crown rot in alfalfa subjected to autumn harvests [J]. Canadian Journal Plant Science, 2002, 82: 621-624.
7. Erwin D C. Phytophthora root rot. In Compendium of Alfalfa Diseases. Eds. Stuteville D L and Erwin D C. Minnesota: The American Phytopathological Society Press, 1990, pp. 37-39.
8. Fridovich. Suertoxide dismutase [J]. Ann Rev Biochem, 1975, 44: 147-159.
9. Galindo J J, Abaw I G S, Thurston H D.Variability among isolates of Rhizoctonia solani associated with snap been hypocotyls and soils in New York [J]. Plant Disease, 1982,66(5):390-394.
10. Galston AW, Davies JP. Hormonal regulation in higher plants. Science, 1969, 163:1288-1297.
11. Garcia R L.Analysis of proliferating grade using anti-PCNA/Cyclinmonoclonal antibodies in fixed embedded tissues[J].Am J Pathol,1989,134:7334.
12. Geok Y T, Wai K T. Effects of nodulation on resistance to alfalfa sickness among ten alfalfa cultivars [J]. Plant and Soil, 1986, 94: 133-141.
13. Gogoi R, Strivastava K D, Strivastava K D. Phenols as a bio chemical basis of resistance in wheat against Karnal bunt. Plant pathology, 2001, 50: 470-476.
14. Gossen B D, Jefferson P G, Horton P R. Evaluation of alfalfa lines for reaction to winter crown rot in field trials in Saskatchewan [J]. Review of Plant Pathology, 1993, 72(1): 40.
15. Grau C R. Aphanomyces root rot. In Compendium of alfalfa diseases. Eds. Stuteville D L and Erwin D C. Minnesota: The American Phytopathological Society Press, 1990, pp. 10-11.
16. Gray, F A, Bohl W H, Abernethy R H. Phytophthora root rot of alfalfa in Wyoming [J]. Plant Disease, 1983, 67(3): 291-294.
17. Grewal H S. Zinc influences nodulation, disease severity, leaf drop and herbage yield of alfalfa cultivars [J]. Plant and Soil, 2001, 234: 47-59.
18. Guo H J, Dong ZQ, LinYZ, et al. Effect of infection of Verticillium wilt on theSOD,POD activities and photosynthetic character in cotton leaves[J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica,1995,28 (6) :40 246.
19. Hancock J G. Fungal infection of feeder roots of alfalfa [J]. Phytopathology, 1985, 75: 1112-1120.
20. Hancock J G. Fungal rootlet colonization and forage yields of alfalfa in fungicide-treated field plots [J]. Plant Disease, 1993, 77: 601-608.
21. Heisey R F, Murphy R P. Phe notypic recurrent selection for resistance to Phytophthora root rot in two diploid alfalfa populations [J]. Crop Science, 1971, 25:693-694.
22. Hill K K, Jarvis-Eagan N, Halk E L, et al .The development of virus-resistant alfalfa( Medicago sativa L.) [J]. Biology Techology, 1991, 9: 373- 377.
23. Hipskind J D, Paiva N L. Constitutive accumulation of a resveratrol glucoside in transgenic alfalfa increases resistance to Phoma medicaginis [J]. Molecular Plant Microbe Interations, 2000, 13 (5):551- 562.
24. Hsiao TC. Plant responses to water stress.Ann Rev Plant Physiol, 1973, 24:519-570.
25. Hwang S F, Gossen B D, Turnbull G D, et al. Seedbed preparation, timing of seeding, fertility and root pathogens affect establishment and yield of alfalfa [J]. Canada Journal of Plant Science, 2002, 82: 371-381.
26. Irwin J A G, Aitken K S, Mackie J M, et al. Lucerne genetic improvement for quantitatively inherited anthracnose (Colletotrichum trifolii)resistance facilitated by molecular markers[J]. Australian Plant Pathology, 2006, 35: 573-579.
27. Johnston H W. Role of crop sequences in suppressing fungal pathogens and the yield response of winter wheat to nitrogen [J]. Review of Plant Pathology, 1993, 72(11): 856.
28. Jones A Z.Amodern system of fusarium taxonomy[J].Myeopathol Mycol Apple,1974.53:201-228.
29. Kalb D W, Bergestrom G C, Shields E J. Prevalence, severity, and association of fungal crown and root rots with injury by the clover root curculio in New York alfalfa [J]. Plant Disease, 1994, 78(5): 491-495.
30. Kinkel L L, Stromberg K D, Flor J M, et al. Green manures influence pathogen inhibitory potential of indigenous antagonist communities in soil[J]. Phytopathology, 2001, 91:49.
31. Koike M , Nanbu K. Phenylalanine ammonia layase activity in Alfalfa suspension cultures treated with conidia and elicitors of Verticillium albo atrum (abstract ) [J]. Biologia plantarum .1997, 39:349.
32. Lakpalen, Kotasthaneas, Thriurtyvs, et al.Studies on influence of various factors on sclerotial aggressiveness of R. Solani no rice [J].A dvances in Plant Sciences,1994,7(1):24-28.
33. Larkin R P, Hopkins D L, Martin M N. Supression of Fusarium wilt of watermelon by nonpathogenic Fusarium oxysporium and other microorganism recovered from a disease suppressive soil [J]. Phytopathology, 1996, 86: 812-819.
34. Leath K T. Crown and root rot complexes. In Compendium of Alfalfa Diseases. Eds. Stuteville D L and Erwin D C. Minnesota: The American Phytopathological SocietyPress, 1990, pp. 43-44.
35. Levenfors J P, Wikstrom M, Persson L, et al. Pathogenicity of Aphanomyces spp. from different leguminous crops in Sweden[J]. European Journal of Plant Pathology, 2003, 109: 535-543.
36. Levitt J. Responses of plants to environmental stress,Vol 1.Academic Press, New York London Toronto,1980, pp 280
37. Lomeli O C, Leyva M G, Castro A L. Root disease of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) in Chapingo, Mexico, and their seed transmission[J]. Review of Plant Pathology, 1993, 72(9): 677.
38. Lupwayi N Z, Rice W A, Clayton G W. Soil microbial diversity and community structure under wheat as influenced by tillage and crop rotation [J]. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 1998, 30(13): 1733-1741.
39. Malvick D K, Grünwald N J, Dyer A T. Population structure, races, and host range of Aphanomyces euteiches from alfalfa production fields in the central USA [J]. European Journal of Plant Pathology, 2009, 123(2): 171-182.
40. Manoranjan K, Dinabandhu M. Catalase, peroxidase, and polyphenoloxidase activities during rice leaf senescence. Plant Physiology, 1976, 57: 315-319.
41. Maurhofer M ,Keel C,Haas D,et al. Influence of plant species on disease suppression by Pseudomonas fluorencens with enhanced antibiotic production [J]. Plant Pathology, 1995, 44(l): 40-50.
42. Michand R.白永和译.苜蓿品种对根颈和根腐烂病抗性的评价[J].Can J Plant Sci,1985,(1):67-80.
43. Mizukami Y, Houmura I, Takamizo T. et al. Production of transgenic alfalfa with chintinase gene (RCC2) [A]. In: Span-genberg G. Abstracts of 2nd International Symposium on Molecular Breeding of Forage Crops[C]. Victoria: Lorne and Ham-ihon. 2000,105.
44. Munkvold G P, Carlton W M. Prevalence and distribution of Aphanomyces euteiches and Phytopathora medicaginis in Iowa alfalfa fields [J]. Plant Disease, 1995, 79(12): 1251-1253.
45. Musial J M, Mackie JM, Armour DJ, et al. Identification of QTL for resistance and susceptibility to Stagonospora meliloti in autotetraploid lucerne [J]. Theoretical and Applied Genetics, 2007, 114 (8): 1427 -1435.
46. Musial J M,Aitken K S,Mackie J M,et al.Agenetic linkage map in autotet raploid Lucerne adapted to northern Australia,and use of them aptoidentKyDNA markers linked to resistance to Phytophthora medicaginis[J].Australian Journal of Agricultufa1Research,2005,56:333-344.
47. Nan Z B. Fungicide seed treatments of sainfoin control seed-borne and root-invading fungi[J].NewZealand Journal of Agricultural Research,1995, 38:413-420.
48. Nelson P.E., Toussoun T.A.and Marasas W.F.O. Fusarium Species an Illustrated Manual for Identification [M]. The Pennsylvania State University Press.1983
49. Nyvall R F.Field crop disease handbook[M].New York,1989.
50. Obert D E, Skinner D Z, Stuteville D L. Association of AFIP markers with downy mildew resistance in autotet rap1oid alfalfa [J]. Molecular Breeding, 2000, 6: 287-294.
51. Ogawa K, Komada H. Biological of Fusarium wilt of sweet potato with nonpathogenic Fusarium oxysporum [J]. Phytopathology, 1985, 19: 20-25.
52. Paul Neergaard.种子病理学[M ].狄原渤,李学书,朱之育译.北京:农业出版社, 1987, 587.
53. Paulitz J C, Pakr C S, Baker R. Biological control of Fusarium wilt of cucumber with nonpathogenic isolates of Fusarium oxysporum[J].Canadian microbiology, 1987, 33: 349-353.
54. Pegg G F, Parry D W. Infection of lucerne (Medicago sativa) by Fusarium species [J]. Annual Applied Biology, 1983, 103:45-55.
55. Pennypacker B W , Knievel D P. Impact of verticillium albo 2atrum and photosynthetic photo flux density on ribulose 21,5 2bis2phosphate carboxylase ?oxygenase in resistant Alfalfa [J]. Phytopathology .1995, 85 (2) :132.
56. Perl A, Perl-TrevesR, GaliliS, etal. Enhanced oxidative stress defence in transgenic potato expressing tomatoCu, Zn superoxide dismutases[J].Theor. Appl Genet, 1993, 85:P568 -576.
57. Peters R D, MacLeod C, Seifert K A, et al. Pathogenicity to potato tubers of Fusarium spp. isolated from potato, cereal and forage crops [J]. American Journal of Potato Research, 2008, 85: 367-374.
58. Pratt R G, McLaughlin, M R, Pederson G A, et al. Pathogenicity of Macrophomina phaseolina to mature plant tissues of alfalfa and white clover [J]. Plant Disease, 1998, 82 (9): 1033-1038.
59. Pratt R G, Rawe D E. Comparative pathogenicity of isolates of sclerotinia trifoliorum and S. sclerotiorum on alfalfa cultivars [J]. Plant Disease, 1995, 79(5): 474-477.
60. Ray H, Hammerschmidt R. Responses of potato tuber to infect ion by Fusarium sam bucinum [ J ]. Physiological and Molecular Plant Pathology, 1998, 53 (2) : 81- 92.
61. Robert F N.Field crop disease hamlbook[M].NcYork, 1989.1-35 .
62. Salas B , Stack R W. Incidence of fungi associated with roots and crowns of declining alfalfa in North Dakota (Abstract) [J]. Phytopathology, 1987, 77:1759.
63. Seif El-Nasr, H I , Leath K T. Crown and root fungal diseases of alfalfa in Egypt [J]. Plant Disease, 1983, 67(5): 509-511.
64. Singh P N , Gup ta K. Seed-borne fungi of Medicago sativa L., effect of culture filtrates of some isolates on seed germination and root-shoot growth. Seed Research, 1984, 12(1):123-127.
65. Skipp R A, Christensen M J and Nan Z B. Invasion of red clover (Trifolium pratense) roots by soilborne fungi[J]. New Zealand Jorunal of Agricultural Research, 1986, 29:305-313.
66. Skipp RA, Watson RN. Pot experiments with pasture soil to detect soilborne pathogens ofwhite clover and lucerne and effects of field application of fungicides. N. Z. Journal of Agricultural Research, 1987, 30: 85–93.
67. Skipp RA. Fungal root pathogens in pasture soils, and effects of fungicides. Proceedings of the 39th N. Z. Weed and Pest Control Conference, 1986, 60–64.
68. Spangenberg G, Chu P. Fielde valuation and development of transgenic germplasm with multiple virus resistance in white clover [A]. In: Spangenberg G. Abstracts of Second International Symposium on Molecular Breeding of Forage Crops[C]. Victoria: Lorne and Hamihon, 2000, 109.
69. Stahmann MA, Clare BG, Wordbury W. Increased disease resistance and enzyme activity induced by ethylene and ethylene production by black rot infected sweet potato tissue. Plant Physiology, 1966, 41: 1505-1512.
70. Stephen R C, Saville D J, Harvey I C, et al. Herbage yields and persistence of lucerne (Medicago sativa L.) cultivars and the incidence of crown and root diseases [J]. New Zealand Journal of Experimental Agriculture, 1982, 10: 323-332.
71. Stuteville D L, Erwin D C. Compendium of Alfalfa Diseases [M]. Minnesota: The American Phytopathological Society Press, 1990. 1-59
72. Summers C G. Integrated pest management in forage alfalfa [J]. Integrated Pest Management Reviews, 1998, 3: 127-154.
73. Suyder W C. Hansen H N.The species concept in fusarium with reference to section martiella[J].Amer J.Botany, 1941, 56:124-129.
74. Thipyapong P, Melkonian J, Wolfe DW, Steffens JC. Suppression of polyphenol oxidases increases stress tolerance in tomato. Plant Science, 2004, 167: 693-703.
75. Uddin W, Knous T R. Fusarium species associated with crown rot of alfalfa in Nevatda [J]. Plant Disease, 1991, 75(1): 51-56.
76. Van CampW, Capian K, WanMontaguM, etal. Enhancementofoxidative stress tolerance in transgenic tobaccoplantsoverproducing Fe superoxide dismutase in chloroplasts [J]. Plant Physiol, 1996, 12:1703 -1714.
77. Wang Y P, Liu Y Q, Shi L. SOD activity of wheat varieties with different resistance to scab[J].Acta Phytophysiologica Sinica,1993,19 (4) :353-358.
78. Wielsce, Kuznira, Call J.Characterization and pathology of Thanatep horus cucumeris from sugar beet in Minnesota [J]. Plant Disease, 1997, 81:245-249.
79. Wiggins B E, Kinkel L L. Green manures and crop sequences influence alfalfa root rot and pathogen inhibitory activity among soil-borne streptomycetes [J]. Plant and Soil, 2005, 268: 271–283.
80. Wo jtasxek P. Oxidative burst: an early plant response to pathogen infection [J]. B iochem J , 1997, 322: 681-692.
81. Wollenweber H W.Studies on the fusarium problem[J]. Phyroparhology,1991,3: 24-50.
82. Yin YL, Nan Z B, Li CJ, et al. Root-invading fungi of milk vetch on the Loess Plateau, China [J].Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, 2008, 124: 51-59.
83. Yun XF, Li RX. Studies of induced resistance to downy mildew of Cucumber with SODisozyme protein in cotyledons [J].Acta Phytopathologica Sinica,1997, 27 (3) :221-224.
84.白儒,侯天爵.沙打旺和紫花苜蓿种带真菌检验初报[J].草业科学, 1990, 1: 46- 48
85.曹丽霞,赵存虎,孔庆全,王军霞.紫花苜蓿根腐病病原及防治研究进展[J].内蒙古农业科技,2006,(3): 36-37.
86.车晋滇.北京市紫花苜蓿田杂草种类及其危害调查.植保技术与推广,2000,20(5):23-24.
87.陈锦云,林祥永,兰志斌,等.超氧化物歧化酶防治烟草气候斑点病效果初报[J].福建农业科技,1996, (5) :13.
88.陈珂,蒋祺,类延宝,等.植物对干旱胁迫的生理响应[J].安徽农业科学,2009, 37(5) :1907-1908.
89.陈利锋,宁玉立,徐雍皋,等.抗感赤霉病小麦品种超氧化物歧化酶和过氧化氢酶的活性比较[J].植物病理学报, 1997, 27 (3) :209-312.
90.陈申宽,姚国君.紫苜蓿品种(种)对褐斑病抗性的.草业科学,1994,11(3):61-62.
91.陈守常,肖玉贵.油桐根腐病的研究[J].植物病理学报,1990,20(3):167-170.
92.陈雅君,崔国文.黑龙江省紫花苜蓿根腐病调查及病原分离[J].中国草地,2001,23(3): 78-79.
93.陈雅君,刘学敏,崔国文,等.紫花苜蓿根腐病的研究进展[J].中国草地,2000(1):51-56.
94.陈耀,闵继淳,肖风,等.新疆苜蓿根腐病研究初报[J].中国草地,1989,(2): 71-73.
95.邓蓉,向清华,张定红,等.过氧化物酶活性在紫花苜蓿抗根腐病中的应用研究[J].贵州畜牧兽医,2008,32(5): 5-6.
96.邓蓉,向清华,张定红,等.紫花苜蓿根腐病活体整株按种试验[J] .贵州畜牧兽医,2007, (4 ): 3-4.
97.邓先明.四川省西北部稻区水稻纹枯病菌菌系研究[J].西南农业大学学报,1991,13(4):380-383.
98.葛秀春,宋凤鸣,郑重.稻瘟菌侵染后水稻幼苗活性氧化的产生与抗病性的关系[J].植物生理学报, 2000, 26 (3) : 227-231.
99.郭玉霞,南志标,李春杰,等.黄土高原区苜蓿与小麦轮作系统根部入侵真菌研究[J].生态学报, 2004,24(3): 486-494.
100.郭玉霞,南志标,王成章,等.苜蓿根部入侵真菌研究进展[J].草业学报,2009,18(5):243-249.
101.郭玉霞.黄土高原草田轮作系统中苜蓿与小麦的根部入侵真菌[D].甘肃农业大学硕士论文,2003.
102.韩雅珊.食品化学实验指导[M ].北京:中国农业大学出版社, 1994, 148-150.
103.侯天爵,Huang H C, Fraser J.两种轮枝菌对15种豆科牧草的致病性[J].植物病理学报, 1995,25(2): 189-192.
104.侯天爵,白儒.沙打旺种传病害及传带方式的初步研究[J].中国农业大学学报, 1998,3 (增刊) : 78-82.
105.侯天爵,Huang H C, Acharya S N.鹰嘴黄芪猝倒病的初步研究[J].植物病理学报, 1997,6(2): 47-50.
106.侯天爵.我国苜蓿病害发生现状及其对策.内蒙古草业, 1994, 3: 4–8.
107.黄琼,毛忠顺,李杨苹,等.两株细菌分离物对镰刀菌的拮抗作用[J].云南大学学报(自然科学版), 2003,25(增刊): 42-44.
108.康霄文,龙晓波,彭绍裘,等.水稻纹枯病菌毒素的初步研究[J].沈阳农业大学学报,1992,23(1):19-22。
109.赖传雅,赖传碧.曾凡凯.茶扦插苗根腐性苗枯病菌腐皮镰孢生物学特性研究[J].植物病理学报,2002,32(1):79—83.
110.李长松,赵玖华,尚佑芬.山东省大豆根腐病病原菌及其生物学研究[J].植物病理学报.1992.22(1):5-9.
111.李春杰,高嘉卉,马斌.我国醉马草的几种病害[J].草业科学,2003,20(11):51-53.
112.李春杰,南志标.苜蓿种带真菌及其致病性测定[J].草业学报, 2000,9(1): 27-36.
113.李春杰,王彦荣,朱廷恒,等.紫花苜蓿种子对逆境贮藏条件的反应[J].应用生态学报, 2002,13(8):957-961.
114.李春杰,王彦荣,朱廷恒,余玲.紫花苜蓿种子对逆境贮藏条件的反应.应用生态学报, 2002,13(8):957-961.
115.李春杰.醉马草-内生真菌共生体生物学与生态学特性的研究[D]。兰州大学博士学位论文,2005.
116.李敏权,柴兆祥,李金花,等.定西地区苜蓿根和根颈腐烂病病原研究[J].草地学报,2003,21(1): 83-86.
117.李敏权.根颈腐烂病的病原及种质抗病性研究[D].甘肃农业大学博士学位论文,2002.
118.李敏权.苜蓿根和根颈腐烂病病原致病性及品种抗病性研究[J].中国草地,2003,25(1): 39-43.
119.李万苍,李文明,孟有儒.苜蓿根腐病菌(Fusarium solani)生物学特性研究[J].草业学报. 2005, 14(4):106-110.
120.李源,王赞,高洪文,刘贵波.磷钾配合施肥对紫花苜蓿产量的影响.华北农学报,2008,23(增刊):315-318.
121.梁玉珐,刘若,薛福祥,等.甘肃所产红豆草种子的种传真菌[J].草业科学, 1989, 6 (4) : 5- 9.
122.廖林,张志权.不同抗性大豆品种感染大豆花叶病毒后一些生理生化性状的变化.中国油料,1993,1:26-29.
123.刘富平,朱天辉.绿粘帚霉诱变生物型(GVD)对三种病原真菌的拮抗作用[J].四川林业科技, 2002,23(4): 9-13.
124.刘国利何树斌杨惠敏.紫花苜蓿水分利用效率对水分胁迫的响应及其机理[J].草业学报,2009,18(3) :207-213.
125.刘海波,玉永雄.紫花苜蓿根腐病研究进展[J].草原与草坪,2006, 3: 3-13.
126.刘若,南志标.天祝永丰滩草原植物的真菌病害[J].中国草业科学,1987,4(1):14-18.
127.马静芳,李敏权,张自和,柴兆祥.苯丙氨酸解氨酶与苜蓿种质根和根颈腐烂病抗病性研究.草业学报,2003,12(4):35-39.
128.孟嫣.甘肃省干旱灌区苜蓿地土壤镰刀菌种群结构及致病性研究[D].甘肃农业大学硕士论文,2006.
129.南志标,热孜别克.杀菌剂拌种对苜蓿萌发与出苗的影响[J].甘肃畜牧兽医.1995,3:10-12.
130.南志标,李春杰.中国牧草真菌病害名录[J].草业科学,1994,增刊:1-160.
131.南志标,刘若.沙打旺种带真菌检测[J].草业学报,1997,6(4) 11-16.
132.南志标,员宝华.新疆阿勒泰地区苜蓿病害[J].草业学报, 1994,11(4): 14-18.
133.南志标.豆科牧草根腐病[J].国外畜牧学—草原与牧草, 1991,(2): 5-11.
134.南志标.建立中国的牧草病害可持续管理体系[J].草业学报,2000,9(2):1-9.
135.南志标.陇东黄土高原栽培牧草真菌病害调查与分析[J].草业科学, 1990,7(4):
30-34.
136.南志标.沙打旺种带真菌--环境、致病力及防治[J].草业学报, 1998, 7 (1) : 12- 18.
137.南志标.我国的苜蓿病害及其综合防治体系[J].动物科学与动物医学, 2001,18(4):1-4.
138.彭绍裘,曾昭瑞,张志光.水稻纹枯病及其防治[M]。上海:上海科技出版社, 1986.46-79.
139.戚志强,胡跃高,曾昭海,等.苏南丘陵山区秋播紫花苜蓿伴播作物及其播量的筛选[J].草地学报,2008b,16(5):506-511.
140.戚志强,玉永雄,胡跃高,等.当前我国苜蓿产业发展的形势与任务[J].草业学报,2008a,17(1):107-113.
141.曲涛,南志标.作物和牧草对干旱胁迫的响应及机理研究进展[J].草业学报,2008,17(2):126-135.
142.商文静.宁夏紫花苜蓿叶部病害调查和病原菌鉴定[J].草业科学,1997,14(1):23-25.
143.邵力平,沈瑞祥,张素轩,等.真菌分类学[M].北京:中国林业出版社, 1992,
144.宋卫玲.苜蓿褐斑病抗性鉴定筛选及抗病机理研究[D].甘肃农业大学,2006年
145.王爱国,罗广华,邵从本,等.大豆种子超氧化物歧化酶的研究[J].植物生理学报, 1983, 9 (1) : 77-83.
146.王成章,何云,史莹华,等.饲粮中添加苜蓿草粉对黄河鲤鱼抗氧化性能及脂质代谢的影响[J].草业学报,2008,17(4):141 -148.
147.王成章,李建华,郭玉霞,方丽云,高永革.光周期对不同秋眠型苜蓿SOD、POD活性的影响.草地学报,2007,15(5):407-411.
148.王成章.不同苜蓿品种的生产性能和其秋眠性调控研究[D].河南农业大学博士论文,2004.
149.王多成,孟有儒,李文明,等.苜蓿根腐病病原菌的分离及鉴定[J].草业科学, 2005,22 (10):78-81.
150.王齐,谭一凡,史正军,等.中水灌溉对绿地植物影响的研究[J].草业科学, 2009,26 (3):111-117.
151.王守正.河南省经济植物病害志.郑州,河南科学技术出版社, 1994, 8-19.
152.王素香,金巨和,余优森.甘肃中部种草养畜农牧结合研究[M].北京:气象出版社,1983,182-185.
153.王雪薇,喻宁莉,马德成.新疆苜蓿病害种类和分布的初步研究[J].草业学报,1998 ,7 (2) :48-52.
154.王雅平.小麦抗赤霉病性的生化研究及其机制探讨[J].作物学报,1994,20 (3) :327-333
155.王彦荣,余玲,孙建华.杀菌剂拌种对紫花苜蓿、苏丹草不同活力种批出苗的影响[J].草业科学. 1997,14(6):12-16.
156.王振辰,郑重,叶琪明,等.常见镰刀菌鉴定指南[M].北京:中国农业科技出版社, 1996
157.王治,马小凡,孙炎焱等.紫花苜蓿和沙打旺包衣配方研究[J].草业科学. 2006,23(7):28-31.
158.文才艺,吴元华,李浩戈,等.接种PVYN后烟草叶片SOD活性和MDA含量的变化[J].中国烟草科学,1999, (1) :12-14.
159.吴芳芳,檀根甲.苹果感染炭疽病菌后6种酶活性的变化.安徽农业大学学报, 2004, 31 1 :46-50.
160.吴强盛,邹英宁.水分胁迫下Glomus versiforme对柑橘叶片矿质营养元素含量的影响[J].江西农业大学学报,2009,31 (1) :58-62.
161.武新,马占鸿.宁夏草地植物病害名录.宁夏农学院学报,1994,15(3):57-64.
162.奚启新.苜蓿种子检测及处理分析[J].东北农业大学学报, 2000, 31 (1):43-48.
163.邢会琴,李敏权,徐秉良,雷玉明,马建仓.过氧化物酶和苯丙氨酸解氨酶与苜蓿白粉病抗性的关系.草地学报,2007,15(4):376-380.
164.学位论文,2002;86
165.杨家荣,商鸿生,李玥仁.苜蓿黄萎病病原菌研究(简报)[J].草业学报, 1997,6(3): 42-45.
166.杨涛,张贵锋,关天舒.黄瓜、甜瓜专化型尖饱镰刀菌人工诱变非致病菌系筛选及其生防应用研究[J].辽宁农业科学, 2001, (4):11-13.
167.叶琪明.镰孢霉马特组Section martiella研究初报[J].植物病理学报,2002. 32(1): 91-92.
168.余晓明,段金玉.过氧化物酶与水稻抗瘟性.云南农业大学学报,1991,6(4):218-222.
169.俞大绂.蚕豆病害[M].北京:科学出版社,1979.54-66.
170.袁庆华,桂枝,张文淑.苜蓿抗感褐斑病品种内超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化物酶和多酚氧化酶活性的比较[J]。草业学报,2002,11(2);100-104.
171.袁庆华,张文淑.我国苜蓿病害研究进展. http://www.hbsdfjx.com/sanli/jsyd/11.htm
172.曾华兰,叶鹏盛,李琼芳,等.利用木霉防治丹参根腐病的研究[J].四川农业大学学报, 2003,21(2): 142-144.
173.张静妮.不同秋眠等级苜蓿匍柄霉叶斑病抗性评价及抗病机理研究[D].北京林业大学博士论文,2008.
174.张君成,谢彦洁,韦绍兴,陈育新.立枯丝核菌对香蕉苗的致病力探讨[J].广西农业生物科学2006,6(19):85-88.
175.张蓉,马建华,王进华,等.宁夏苜蓿病虫害发生现状及防治策略[J].草业科学,2003,20(6):4042.
176.张淑红,高宝嘉,温秀军.枣疯病过氧化物酶及苯丙氨酸解氨酶的研究[J].植物保护,1995,30:59-62.
177.张欣.与植物抗病性有关酶的研究进展.华南热带农业大学学报,2001,6(1):41-46.
178.张中义,冷怀琼,张志铭,等.植物病原真菌学[M].成都:四川科学技术出版社, 1998
2. Barnett H L, Hunter BB.沈崇尧译.半知菌属图解[M].北京:科学出版社, 1977
3. Blackshaw R E, Moyer J R, Doram R C, et al. Yellow sweetclover, green manure, and its residues effectively suppress weeds during fallow[J]. Weed Science, 2001, 49: 406-413.
4. Buonario R, To rre G D, Montalbini P. So luble superioxide dismutase (SOD) in suscep tible and resistant host parasite comp lex of p haseolus unlg aris and U romy ces p haseoli [J]. Physio l P lant Patho l, 1987, 31: 173-184.
5. Chew M Y Z, Santamaria C J. Estimate of losses caused by crown rot of alfalfa in the Comarac Lagunera (North of Mexico) [J]. Review of Plant Pathology, 2001, 80(10): 1003.
6. Couture L, Dhont C, Chalifour, F P, et al. Fusarium root and crown rot in alfalfa subjected to autumn harvests [J]. Canadian Journal Plant Science, 2002, 82: 621-624.
7. Erwin D C. Phytophthora root rot. In Compendium of Alfalfa Diseases. Eds. Stuteville D L and Erwin D C. Minnesota: The American Phytopathological Society Press, 1990, pp. 37-39.
8. Fridovich. Suertoxide dismutase [J]. Ann Rev Biochem, 1975, 44: 147-159.
9. Galindo J J, Abaw I G S, Thurston H D.Variability among isolates of Rhizoctonia solani associated with snap been hypocotyls and soils in New York [J]. Plant Disease, 1982,66(5):390-394.
10. Galston AW, Davies JP. Hormonal regulation in higher plants. Science, 1969, 163:1288-1297.
11. Garcia R L.Analysis of proliferating grade using anti-PCNA/Cyclinmonoclonal antibodies in fixed embedded tissues[J].Am J Pathol,1989,134:7334.
12. Geok Y T, Wai K T. Effects of nodulation on resistance to alfalfa sickness among ten alfalfa cultivars [J]. Plant and Soil, 1986, 94: 133-141.
13. Gogoi R, Strivastava K D, Strivastava K D. Phenols as a bio chemical basis of resistance in wheat against Karnal bunt. Plant pathology, 2001, 50: 470-476.
14. Gossen B D, Jefferson P G, Horton P R. Evaluation of alfalfa lines for reaction to winter crown rot in field trials in Saskatchewan [J]. Review of Plant Pathology, 1993, 72(1): 40.
15. Grau C R. Aphanomyces root rot. In Compendium of alfalfa diseases. Eds. Stuteville D L and Erwin D C. Minnesota: The American Phytopathological Society Press, 1990, pp. 10-11.
16. Gray, F A, Bohl W H, Abernethy R H. Phytophthora root rot of alfalfa in Wyoming [J]. Plant Disease, 1983, 67(3): 291-294.
17. Grewal H S. Zinc influences nodulation, disease severity, leaf drop and herbage yield of alfalfa cultivars [J]. Plant and Soil, 2001, 234: 47-59.
18. Guo H J, Dong ZQ, LinYZ, et al. Effect of infection of Verticillium wilt on theSOD,POD activities and photosynthetic character in cotton leaves[J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica,1995,28 (6) :40 246.
19. Hancock J G. Fungal infection of feeder roots of alfalfa [J]. Phytopathology, 1985, 75: 1112-1120.
20. Hancock J G. Fungal rootlet colonization and forage yields of alfalfa in fungicide-treated field plots [J]. Plant Disease, 1993, 77: 601-608.
21. Heisey R F, Murphy R P. Phe notypic recurrent selection for resistance to Phytophthora root rot in two diploid alfalfa populations [J]. Crop Science, 1971, 25:693-694.
22. Hill K K, Jarvis-Eagan N, Halk E L, et al .The development of virus-resistant alfalfa( Medicago sativa L.) [J]. Biology Techology, 1991, 9: 373- 377.
23. Hipskind J D, Paiva N L. Constitutive accumulation of a resveratrol glucoside in transgenic alfalfa increases resistance to Phoma medicaginis [J]. Molecular Plant Microbe Interations, 2000, 13 (5):551- 562.
24. Hsiao TC. Plant responses to water stress.Ann Rev Plant Physiol, 1973, 24:519-570.
25. Hwang S F, Gossen B D, Turnbull G D, et al. Seedbed preparation, timing of seeding, fertility and root pathogens affect establishment and yield of alfalfa [J]. Canada Journal of Plant Science, 2002, 82: 371-381.
26. Irwin J A G, Aitken K S, Mackie J M, et al. Lucerne genetic improvement for quantitatively inherited anthracnose (Colletotrichum trifolii)resistance facilitated by molecular markers[J]. Australian Plant Pathology, 2006, 35: 573-579.
27. Johnston H W. Role of crop sequences in suppressing fungal pathogens and the yield response of winter wheat to nitrogen [J]. Review of Plant Pathology, 1993, 72(11): 856.
28. Jones A Z.Amodern system of fusarium taxonomy[J].Myeopathol Mycol Apple,1974.53:201-228.
29. Kalb D W, Bergestrom G C, Shields E J. Prevalence, severity, and association of fungal crown and root rots with injury by the clover root curculio in New York alfalfa [J]. Plant Disease, 1994, 78(5): 491-495.
30. Kinkel L L, Stromberg K D, Flor J M, et al. Green manures influence pathogen inhibitory potential of indigenous antagonist communities in soil[J]. Phytopathology, 2001, 91:49.
31. Koike M , Nanbu K. Phenylalanine ammonia layase activity in Alfalfa suspension cultures treated with conidia and elicitors of Verticillium albo atrum (abstract ) [J]. Biologia plantarum .1997, 39:349.
32. Lakpalen, Kotasthaneas, Thriurtyvs, et al.Studies on influence of various factors on sclerotial aggressiveness of R. Solani no rice [J].A dvances in Plant Sciences,1994,7(1):24-28.
33. Larkin R P, Hopkins D L, Martin M N. Supression of Fusarium wilt of watermelon by nonpathogenic Fusarium oxysporium and other microorganism recovered from a disease suppressive soil [J]. Phytopathology, 1996, 86: 812-819.
34. Leath K T. Crown and root rot complexes. In Compendium of Alfalfa Diseases. Eds. Stuteville D L and Erwin D C. Minnesota: The American Phytopathological SocietyPress, 1990, pp. 43-44.
35. Levenfors J P, Wikstrom M, Persson L, et al. Pathogenicity of Aphanomyces spp. from different leguminous crops in Sweden[J]. European Journal of Plant Pathology, 2003, 109: 535-543.
36. Levitt J. Responses of plants to environmental stress,Vol 1.Academic Press, New York London Toronto,1980, pp 280
37. Lomeli O C, Leyva M G, Castro A L. Root disease of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) in Chapingo, Mexico, and their seed transmission[J]. Review of Plant Pathology, 1993, 72(9): 677.
38. Lupwayi N Z, Rice W A, Clayton G W. Soil microbial diversity and community structure under wheat as influenced by tillage and crop rotation [J]. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 1998, 30(13): 1733-1741.
39. Malvick D K, Grünwald N J, Dyer A T. Population structure, races, and host range of Aphanomyces euteiches from alfalfa production fields in the central USA [J]. European Journal of Plant Pathology, 2009, 123(2): 171-182.
40. Manoranjan K, Dinabandhu M. Catalase, peroxidase, and polyphenoloxidase activities during rice leaf senescence. Plant Physiology, 1976, 57: 315-319.
41. Maurhofer M ,Keel C,Haas D,et al. Influence of plant species on disease suppression by Pseudomonas fluorencens with enhanced antibiotic production [J]. Plant Pathology, 1995, 44(l): 40-50.
42. Michand R.白永和译.苜蓿品种对根颈和根腐烂病抗性的评价[J].Can J Plant Sci,1985,(1):67-80.
43. Mizukami Y, Houmura I, Takamizo T. et al. Production of transgenic alfalfa with chintinase gene (RCC2) [A]. In: Span-genberg G. Abstracts of 2nd International Symposium on Molecular Breeding of Forage Crops[C]. Victoria: Lorne and Ham-ihon. 2000,105.
44. Munkvold G P, Carlton W M. Prevalence and distribution of Aphanomyces euteiches and Phytopathora medicaginis in Iowa alfalfa fields [J]. Plant Disease, 1995, 79(12): 1251-1253.
45. Musial J M, Mackie JM, Armour DJ, et al. Identification of QTL for resistance and susceptibility to Stagonospora meliloti in autotetraploid lucerne [J]. Theoretical and Applied Genetics, 2007, 114 (8): 1427 -1435.
46. Musial J M,Aitken K S,Mackie J M,et al.Agenetic linkage map in autotet raploid Lucerne adapted to northern Australia,and use of them aptoidentKyDNA markers linked to resistance to Phytophthora medicaginis[J].Australian Journal of Agricultufa1Research,2005,56:333-344.
47. Nan Z B. Fungicide seed treatments of sainfoin control seed-borne and root-invading fungi[J].NewZealand Journal of Agricultural Research,1995, 38:413-420.
48. Nelson P.E., Toussoun T.A.and Marasas W.F.O. Fusarium Species an Illustrated Manual for Identification [M]. The Pennsylvania State University Press.1983
49. Nyvall R F.Field crop disease handbook[M].New York,1989.
50. Obert D E, Skinner D Z, Stuteville D L. Association of AFIP markers with downy mildew resistance in autotet rap1oid alfalfa [J]. Molecular Breeding, 2000, 6: 287-294.
51. Ogawa K, Komada H. Biological of Fusarium wilt of sweet potato with nonpathogenic Fusarium oxysporum [J]. Phytopathology, 1985, 19: 20-25.
52. Paul Neergaard.种子病理学[M ].狄原渤,李学书,朱之育译.北京:农业出版社, 1987, 587.
53. Paulitz J C, Pakr C S, Baker R. Biological control of Fusarium wilt of cucumber with nonpathogenic isolates of Fusarium oxysporum[J].Canadian microbiology, 1987, 33: 349-353.
54. Pegg G F, Parry D W. Infection of lucerne (Medicago sativa) by Fusarium species [J]. Annual Applied Biology, 1983, 103:45-55.
55. Pennypacker B W , Knievel D P. Impact of verticillium albo 2atrum and photosynthetic photo flux density on ribulose 21,5 2bis2phosphate carboxylase ?oxygenase in resistant Alfalfa [J]. Phytopathology .1995, 85 (2) :132.
56. Perl A, Perl-TrevesR, GaliliS, etal. Enhanced oxidative stress defence in transgenic potato expressing tomatoCu, Zn superoxide dismutases[J].Theor. Appl Genet, 1993, 85:P568 -576.
57. Peters R D, MacLeod C, Seifert K A, et al. Pathogenicity to potato tubers of Fusarium spp. isolated from potato, cereal and forage crops [J]. American Journal of Potato Research, 2008, 85: 367-374.
58. Pratt R G, McLaughlin, M R, Pederson G A, et al. Pathogenicity of Macrophomina phaseolina to mature plant tissues of alfalfa and white clover [J]. Plant Disease, 1998, 82 (9): 1033-1038.
59. Pratt R G, Rawe D E. Comparative pathogenicity of isolates of sclerotinia trifoliorum and S. sclerotiorum on alfalfa cultivars [J]. Plant Disease, 1995, 79(5): 474-477.
60. Ray H, Hammerschmidt R. Responses of potato tuber to infect ion by Fusarium sam bucinum [ J ]. Physiological and Molecular Plant Pathology, 1998, 53 (2) : 81- 92.
61. Robert F N.Field crop disease hamlbook[M].NcYork, 1989.1-35 .
62. Salas B , Stack R W. Incidence of fungi associated with roots and crowns of declining alfalfa in North Dakota (Abstract) [J]. Phytopathology, 1987, 77:1759.
63. Seif El-Nasr, H I , Leath K T. Crown and root fungal diseases of alfalfa in Egypt [J]. Plant Disease, 1983, 67(5): 509-511.
64. Singh P N , Gup ta K. Seed-borne fungi of Medicago sativa L., effect of culture filtrates of some isolates on seed germination and root-shoot growth. Seed Research, 1984, 12(1):123-127.
65. Skipp R A, Christensen M J and Nan Z B. Invasion of red clover (Trifolium pratense) roots by soilborne fungi[J]. New Zealand Jorunal of Agricultural Research, 1986, 29:305-313.
66. Skipp RA, Watson RN. Pot experiments with pasture soil to detect soilborne pathogens ofwhite clover and lucerne and effects of field application of fungicides. N. Z. Journal of Agricultural Research, 1987, 30: 85–93.
67. Skipp RA. Fungal root pathogens in pasture soils, and effects of fungicides. Proceedings of the 39th N. Z. Weed and Pest Control Conference, 1986, 60–64.
68. Spangenberg G, Chu P. Fielde valuation and development of transgenic germplasm with multiple virus resistance in white clover [A]. In: Spangenberg G. Abstracts of Second International Symposium on Molecular Breeding of Forage Crops[C]. Victoria: Lorne and Hamihon, 2000, 109.
69. Stahmann MA, Clare BG, Wordbury W. Increased disease resistance and enzyme activity induced by ethylene and ethylene production by black rot infected sweet potato tissue. Plant Physiology, 1966, 41: 1505-1512.
70. Stephen R C, Saville D J, Harvey I C, et al. Herbage yields and persistence of lucerne (Medicago sativa L.) cultivars and the incidence of crown and root diseases [J]. New Zealand Journal of Experimental Agriculture, 1982, 10: 323-332.
71. Stuteville D L, Erwin D C. Compendium of Alfalfa Diseases [M]. Minnesota: The American Phytopathological Society Press, 1990. 1-59
72. Summers C G. Integrated pest management in forage alfalfa [J]. Integrated Pest Management Reviews, 1998, 3: 127-154.
73. Suyder W C. Hansen H N.The species concept in fusarium with reference to section martiella[J].Amer J.Botany, 1941, 56:124-129.
74. Thipyapong P, Melkonian J, Wolfe DW, Steffens JC. Suppression of polyphenol oxidases increases stress tolerance in tomato. Plant Science, 2004, 167: 693-703.
75. Uddin W, Knous T R. Fusarium species associated with crown rot of alfalfa in Nevatda [J]. Plant Disease, 1991, 75(1): 51-56.
76. Van CampW, Capian K, WanMontaguM, etal. Enhancementofoxidative stress tolerance in transgenic tobaccoplantsoverproducing Fe superoxide dismutase in chloroplasts [J]. Plant Physiol, 1996, 12:1703 -1714.
77. Wang Y P, Liu Y Q, Shi L. SOD activity of wheat varieties with different resistance to scab[J].Acta Phytophysiologica Sinica,1993,19 (4) :353-358.
78. Wielsce, Kuznira, Call J.Characterization and pathology of Thanatep horus cucumeris from sugar beet in Minnesota [J]. Plant Disease, 1997, 81:245-249.
79. Wiggins B E, Kinkel L L. Green manures and crop sequences influence alfalfa root rot and pathogen inhibitory activity among soil-borne streptomycetes [J]. Plant and Soil, 2005, 268: 271–283.
80. Wo jtasxek P. Oxidative burst: an early plant response to pathogen infection [J]. B iochem J , 1997, 322: 681-692.
81. Wollenweber H W.Studies on the fusarium problem[J]. Phyroparhology,1991,3: 24-50.
82. Yin YL, Nan Z B, Li CJ, et al. Root-invading fungi of milk vetch on the Loess Plateau, China [J].Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, 2008, 124: 51-59.
83. Yun XF, Li RX. Studies of induced resistance to downy mildew of Cucumber with SODisozyme protein in cotyledons [J].Acta Phytopathologica Sinica,1997, 27 (3) :221-224.
84.白儒,侯天爵.沙打旺和紫花苜蓿种带真菌检验初报[J].草业科学, 1990, 1: 46- 48
85.曹丽霞,赵存虎,孔庆全,王军霞.紫花苜蓿根腐病病原及防治研究进展[J].内蒙古农业科技,2006,(3): 36-37.
86.车晋滇.北京市紫花苜蓿田杂草种类及其危害调查.植保技术与推广,2000,20(5):23-24.
87.陈锦云,林祥永,兰志斌,等.超氧化物歧化酶防治烟草气候斑点病效果初报[J].福建农业科技,1996, (5) :13.
88.陈珂,蒋祺,类延宝,等.植物对干旱胁迫的生理响应[J].安徽农业科学,2009, 37(5) :1907-1908.
89.陈利锋,宁玉立,徐雍皋,等.抗感赤霉病小麦品种超氧化物歧化酶和过氧化氢酶的活性比较[J].植物病理学报, 1997, 27 (3) :209-312.
90.陈申宽,姚国君.紫苜蓿品种(种)对褐斑病抗性的.草业科学,1994,11(3):61-62.
91.陈守常,肖玉贵.油桐根腐病的研究[J].植物病理学报,1990,20(3):167-170.
92.陈雅君,崔国文.黑龙江省紫花苜蓿根腐病调查及病原分离[J].中国草地,2001,23(3): 78-79.
93.陈雅君,刘学敏,崔国文,等.紫花苜蓿根腐病的研究进展[J].中国草地,2000(1):51-56.
94.陈耀,闵继淳,肖风,等.新疆苜蓿根腐病研究初报[J].中国草地,1989,(2): 71-73.
95.邓蓉,向清华,张定红,等.过氧化物酶活性在紫花苜蓿抗根腐病中的应用研究[J].贵州畜牧兽医,2008,32(5): 5-6.
96.邓蓉,向清华,张定红,等.紫花苜蓿根腐病活体整株按种试验[J] .贵州畜牧兽医,2007, (4 ): 3-4.
97.邓先明.四川省西北部稻区水稻纹枯病菌菌系研究[J].西南农业大学学报,1991,13(4):380-383.
98.葛秀春,宋凤鸣,郑重.稻瘟菌侵染后水稻幼苗活性氧化的产生与抗病性的关系[J].植物生理学报, 2000, 26 (3) : 227-231.
99.郭玉霞,南志标,李春杰,等.黄土高原区苜蓿与小麦轮作系统根部入侵真菌研究[J].生态学报, 2004,24(3): 486-494.
100.郭玉霞,南志标,王成章,等.苜蓿根部入侵真菌研究进展[J].草业学报,2009,18(5):243-249.
101.郭玉霞.黄土高原草田轮作系统中苜蓿与小麦的根部入侵真菌[D].甘肃农业大学硕士论文,2003.
102.韩雅珊.食品化学实验指导[M ].北京:中国农业大学出版社, 1994, 148-150.
103.侯天爵,Huang H C, Fraser J.两种轮枝菌对15种豆科牧草的致病性[J].植物病理学报, 1995,25(2): 189-192.
104.侯天爵,白儒.沙打旺种传病害及传带方式的初步研究[J].中国农业大学学报, 1998,3 (增刊) : 78-82.
105.侯天爵,Huang H C, Acharya S N.鹰嘴黄芪猝倒病的初步研究[J].植物病理学报, 1997,6(2): 47-50.
106.侯天爵.我国苜蓿病害发生现状及其对策.内蒙古草业, 1994, 3: 4–8.
107.黄琼,毛忠顺,李杨苹,等.两株细菌分离物对镰刀菌的拮抗作用[J].云南大学学报(自然科学版), 2003,25(增刊): 42-44.
108.康霄文,龙晓波,彭绍裘,等.水稻纹枯病菌毒素的初步研究[J].沈阳农业大学学报,1992,23(1):19-22。
109.赖传雅,赖传碧.曾凡凯.茶扦插苗根腐性苗枯病菌腐皮镰孢生物学特性研究[J].植物病理学报,2002,32(1):79—83.
110.李长松,赵玖华,尚佑芬.山东省大豆根腐病病原菌及其生物学研究[J].植物病理学报.1992.22(1):5-9.
111.李春杰,高嘉卉,马斌.我国醉马草的几种病害[J].草业科学,2003,20(11):51-53.
112.李春杰,南志标.苜蓿种带真菌及其致病性测定[J].草业学报, 2000,9(1): 27-36.
113.李春杰,王彦荣,朱廷恒,等.紫花苜蓿种子对逆境贮藏条件的反应[J].应用生态学报, 2002,13(8):957-961.
114.李春杰,王彦荣,朱廷恒,余玲.紫花苜蓿种子对逆境贮藏条件的反应.应用生态学报, 2002,13(8):957-961.
115.李春杰.醉马草-内生真菌共生体生物学与生态学特性的研究[D]。兰州大学博士学位论文,2005.
116.李敏权,柴兆祥,李金花,等.定西地区苜蓿根和根颈腐烂病病原研究[J].草地学报,2003,21(1): 83-86.
117.李敏权.根颈腐烂病的病原及种质抗病性研究[D].甘肃农业大学博士学位论文,2002.
118.李敏权.苜蓿根和根颈腐烂病病原致病性及品种抗病性研究[J].中国草地,2003,25(1): 39-43.
119.李万苍,李文明,孟有儒.苜蓿根腐病菌(Fusarium solani)生物学特性研究[J].草业学报. 2005, 14(4):106-110.
120.李源,王赞,高洪文,刘贵波.磷钾配合施肥对紫花苜蓿产量的影响.华北农学报,2008,23(增刊):315-318.
121.梁玉珐,刘若,薛福祥,等.甘肃所产红豆草种子的种传真菌[J].草业科学, 1989, 6 (4) : 5- 9.
122.廖林,张志权.不同抗性大豆品种感染大豆花叶病毒后一些生理生化性状的变化.中国油料,1993,1:26-29.
123.刘富平,朱天辉.绿粘帚霉诱变生物型(GVD)对三种病原真菌的拮抗作用[J].四川林业科技, 2002,23(4): 9-13.
124.刘国利何树斌杨惠敏.紫花苜蓿水分利用效率对水分胁迫的响应及其机理[J].草业学报,2009,18(3) :207-213.
125.刘海波,玉永雄.紫花苜蓿根腐病研究进展[J].草原与草坪,2006, 3: 3-13.
126.刘若,南志标.天祝永丰滩草原植物的真菌病害[J].中国草业科学,1987,4(1):14-18.
127.马静芳,李敏权,张自和,柴兆祥.苯丙氨酸解氨酶与苜蓿种质根和根颈腐烂病抗病性研究.草业学报,2003,12(4):35-39.
128.孟嫣.甘肃省干旱灌区苜蓿地土壤镰刀菌种群结构及致病性研究[D].甘肃农业大学硕士论文,2006.
129.南志标,热孜别克.杀菌剂拌种对苜蓿萌发与出苗的影响[J].甘肃畜牧兽医.1995,3:10-12.
130.南志标,李春杰.中国牧草真菌病害名录[J].草业科学,1994,增刊:1-160.
131.南志标,刘若.沙打旺种带真菌检测[J].草业学报,1997,6(4) 11-16.
132.南志标,员宝华.新疆阿勒泰地区苜蓿病害[J].草业学报, 1994,11(4): 14-18.
133.南志标.豆科牧草根腐病[J].国外畜牧学—草原与牧草, 1991,(2): 5-11.
134.南志标.建立中国的牧草病害可持续管理体系[J].草业学报,2000,9(2):1-9.
135.南志标.陇东黄土高原栽培牧草真菌病害调查与分析[J].草业科学, 1990,7(4):
30-34.
136.南志标.沙打旺种带真菌--环境、致病力及防治[J].草业学报, 1998, 7 (1) : 12- 18.
137.南志标.我国的苜蓿病害及其综合防治体系[J].动物科学与动物医学, 2001,18(4):1-4.
138.彭绍裘,曾昭瑞,张志光.水稻纹枯病及其防治[M]。上海:上海科技出版社, 1986.46-79.
139.戚志强,胡跃高,曾昭海,等.苏南丘陵山区秋播紫花苜蓿伴播作物及其播量的筛选[J].草地学报,2008b,16(5):506-511.
140.戚志强,玉永雄,胡跃高,等.当前我国苜蓿产业发展的形势与任务[J].草业学报,2008a,17(1):107-113.
141.曲涛,南志标.作物和牧草对干旱胁迫的响应及机理研究进展[J].草业学报,2008,17(2):126-135.
142.商文静.宁夏紫花苜蓿叶部病害调查和病原菌鉴定[J].草业科学,1997,14(1):23-25.
143.邵力平,沈瑞祥,张素轩,等.真菌分类学[M].北京:中国林业出版社, 1992,
144.宋卫玲.苜蓿褐斑病抗性鉴定筛选及抗病机理研究[D].甘肃农业大学,2006年
145.王爱国,罗广华,邵从本,等.大豆种子超氧化物歧化酶的研究[J].植物生理学报, 1983, 9 (1) : 77-83.
146.王成章,何云,史莹华,等.饲粮中添加苜蓿草粉对黄河鲤鱼抗氧化性能及脂质代谢的影响[J].草业学报,2008,17(4):141 -148.
147.王成章,李建华,郭玉霞,方丽云,高永革.光周期对不同秋眠型苜蓿SOD、POD活性的影响.草地学报,2007,15(5):407-411.
148.王成章.不同苜蓿品种的生产性能和其秋眠性调控研究[D].河南农业大学博士论文,2004.
149.王多成,孟有儒,李文明,等.苜蓿根腐病病原菌的分离及鉴定[J].草业科学, 2005,22 (10):78-81.
150.王齐,谭一凡,史正军,等.中水灌溉对绿地植物影响的研究[J].草业科学, 2009,26 (3):111-117.
151.王守正.河南省经济植物病害志.郑州,河南科学技术出版社, 1994, 8-19.
152.王素香,金巨和,余优森.甘肃中部种草养畜农牧结合研究[M].北京:气象出版社,1983,182-185.
153.王雪薇,喻宁莉,马德成.新疆苜蓿病害种类和分布的初步研究[J].草业学报,1998 ,7 (2) :48-52.
154.王雅平.小麦抗赤霉病性的生化研究及其机制探讨[J].作物学报,1994,20 (3) :327-333
155.王彦荣,余玲,孙建华.杀菌剂拌种对紫花苜蓿、苏丹草不同活力种批出苗的影响[J].草业科学. 1997,14(6):12-16.
156.王振辰,郑重,叶琪明,等.常见镰刀菌鉴定指南[M].北京:中国农业科技出版社, 1996
157.王治,马小凡,孙炎焱等.紫花苜蓿和沙打旺包衣配方研究[J].草业科学. 2006,23(7):28-31.
158.文才艺,吴元华,李浩戈,等.接种PVYN后烟草叶片SOD活性和MDA含量的变化[J].中国烟草科学,1999, (1) :12-14.
159.吴芳芳,檀根甲.苹果感染炭疽病菌后6种酶活性的变化.安徽农业大学学报, 2004, 31 1 :46-50.
160.吴强盛,邹英宁.水分胁迫下Glomus versiforme对柑橘叶片矿质营养元素含量的影响[J].江西农业大学学报,2009,31 (1) :58-62.
161.武新,马占鸿.宁夏草地植物病害名录.宁夏农学院学报,1994,15(3):57-64.
162.奚启新.苜蓿种子检测及处理分析[J].东北农业大学学报, 2000, 31 (1):43-48.
163.邢会琴,李敏权,徐秉良,雷玉明,马建仓.过氧化物酶和苯丙氨酸解氨酶与苜蓿白粉病抗性的关系.草地学报,2007,15(4):376-380.
164.学位论文,2002;86
165.杨家荣,商鸿生,李玥仁.苜蓿黄萎病病原菌研究(简报)[J].草业学报, 1997,6(3): 42-45.
166.杨涛,张贵锋,关天舒.黄瓜、甜瓜专化型尖饱镰刀菌人工诱变非致病菌系筛选及其生防应用研究[J].辽宁农业科学, 2001, (4):11-13.
167.叶琪明.镰孢霉马特组Section martiella研究初报[J].植物病理学报,2002. 32(1): 91-92.
168.余晓明,段金玉.过氧化物酶与水稻抗瘟性.云南农业大学学报,1991,6(4):218-222.
169.俞大绂.蚕豆病害[M].北京:科学出版社,1979.54-66.
170.袁庆华,桂枝,张文淑.苜蓿抗感褐斑病品种内超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化物酶和多酚氧化酶活性的比较[J]。草业学报,2002,11(2);100-104.
171.袁庆华,张文淑.我国苜蓿病害研究进展. http://www.hbsdfjx.com/sanli/jsyd/11.htm
172.曾华兰,叶鹏盛,李琼芳,等.利用木霉防治丹参根腐病的研究[J].四川农业大学学报, 2003,21(2): 142-144.
173.张静妮.不同秋眠等级苜蓿匍柄霉叶斑病抗性评价及抗病机理研究[D].北京林业大学博士论文,2008.
174.张君成,谢彦洁,韦绍兴,陈育新.立枯丝核菌对香蕉苗的致病力探讨[J].广西农业生物科学2006,6(19):85-88.
175.张蓉,马建华,王进华,等.宁夏苜蓿病虫害发生现状及防治策略[J].草业科学,2003,20(6):4042.
176.张淑红,高宝嘉,温秀军.枣疯病过氧化物酶及苯丙氨酸解氨酶的研究[J].植物保护,1995,30:59-62.
177.张欣.与植物抗病性有关酶的研究进展.华南热带农业大学学报,2001,6(1):41-46.
178.张中义,冷怀琼,张志铭,等.植物病原真菌学[M].成都:四川科学技术出版社, 1998