大学生的性别角色态度与择偶标准及其关系研究
|
摘要
性别角色态度是指个体对于男性或女性合适的角色行为表现所持的一种态度,即对于男性或女性在后天社会文化中所形成的性别角色的看法、感受与评价。性别角色态度影响着一个人多方面的行为,如工作、教育及家庭生活。目前学界较为一致的描述性别角色态度的维度是一端为现代的、平等的,另一端为传统的、不平等的。
择偶标准是个体选择结婚对象的条件,一般包括社会资源、沟通能力、个性、外貌等因素。用于实证研究的择偶理论主要有：同类匹配理论、资源交换理论和择偶梯度理论。
本文从社会性别的研究视角出发,采取定量分析的方法,通过应用现有的较为成熟的性别角色态度量表和择偶标准量表,对大学生的性别角色态度和择偶标准及其两者之间的关系进行了研究。
研究的主要结论如下：
(1)大学生的性别角色态度总体上介于传统与现代之间,并略偏向于传统；
(2)大学生的择偶标准总体上表现出重视沟通能力、个性、外貌的趋势；
(3)男女大学生的性别角色态度差异显著,表现为男生的性别角色态度比女生传统；男女大学生的择偶标准差异显著,表现为男生重视外貌,女生重视社会资源、沟通能力和个性。
大学生的性别角色态度在专业类型和城乡变量上存在一定差异,表现为理科大学生比文科大学生性别角色态度传统,来自农村的大学生比来自城镇的大学生性别角色态度传统；在年级、是否独生子女、家庭经济状况变量上没有显著差异。
大学生的择偶标准在专业类型变量上存在一定差异,表现为文科大学生比理科大学生重视社会资源；在年级、是否独生子女、城乡差异、家庭经济状况变量上没有显著差异。
(4)性别和性别角色态度与大学生的择偶标准存在一定相关,男生的性别角色态度越传统,在择偶时越重视对方的个性,女生的性别角色态度越传统,在择偶时越重视对方的社会资源、沟通能力和外貌。
Attitudes to gender roles refer to the individual attitudes to the appropriate gender behaviors held by male or female, in other words, they are the views, feelings and evaluations on the acquired roles played by male or female in the social culture environment. The attitudes to gender roles exert influences on various apects of individual behaviors, such as job, education and family life, etc. Currently there are two accepted dimensions in describing the attitudes to gender roles in social science area, respectively are modern and equal, conventional and unequal.
The spouse selection criteria mainly refers to individual selection of conditions of marriage partners, it generally includes social resources, communication abilities, personality, and external apperances as well. The theories of spouse selection applied in empirical studies are as follows: matching theories of same category, theories of resource exchange and theories of spouse selection grades.
The essay, by means of an approach of quantitative analysis based on an visual angle of social gender, conducted a research on university students'attitude to gender roles and the criteria of spouse selection as well as the relations between the two mentioned aspects, with the application of current ratively mature surveys of attitudes to gender roles and spouse selection.
The conclusions are as follows:
In general,the university students'attitudes to gender roles locate between conventional and modern attitudes, to some extent, it is inclined to be conventional.
University students tended to place emphasis on, communication abilities, personality and external appearance.
There are significant differences between boy students and girl students in terms of attitude to gender roles, as a result, boy students'attitudes are likely to be more conventional than girls'; simultaneously, a survey demonstrated that significant difference existed in terms of the criteria of spouse selection, boys tend to place emphasis on external appearance, on the contrary, girls tend to place emphasis on social resources, communication abilities, and personalities.
There are certain differences regarding the variables of academic majors and locations of town and countryside among university students in terms of attitude to gender roles, in general, students majoring in science tended to be more conventional than students majoring in art, students from countryside tended to be more conventional than students from towns. There is no significant difference in variables regarding grades, the only child and family financial conditions.
There are certain differences regarding the variables of major categories in terms of spouse selection, in general, students majoring in arts tended to place more emphasis on social resources.There is no significant difference in variables regarding grades, the only child and family financial conditions.
To some extent, gender and the attitude to gender roles are related to the criteria of spouse selection, the more conventional of boys' attitude to gender roles, the more emphasis will be placed on partners' personalities, on the contrary, the more conventional of girls' attitude to gender roles, the more emphasis will be placed on partners'social resources, communcation abilities and external appearances.
择偶标准是个体选择结婚对象的条件,一般包括社会资源、沟通能力、个性、外貌等因素。用于实证研究的择偶理论主要有：同类匹配理论、资源交换理论和择偶梯度理论。
本文从社会性别的研究视角出发,采取定量分析的方法,通过应用现有的较为成熟的性别角色态度量表和择偶标准量表,对大学生的性别角色态度和择偶标准及其两者之间的关系进行了研究。
研究的主要结论如下：
(1)大学生的性别角色态度总体上介于传统与现代之间,并略偏向于传统；
(2)大学生的择偶标准总体上表现出重视沟通能力、个性、外貌的趋势；
(3)男女大学生的性别角色态度差异显著,表现为男生的性别角色态度比女生传统；男女大学生的择偶标准差异显著,表现为男生重视外貌,女生重视社会资源、沟通能力和个性。
大学生的性别角色态度在专业类型和城乡变量上存在一定差异,表现为理科大学生比文科大学生性别角色态度传统,来自农村的大学生比来自城镇的大学生性别角色态度传统；在年级、是否独生子女、家庭经济状况变量上没有显著差异。
大学生的择偶标准在专业类型变量上存在一定差异,表现为文科大学生比理科大学生重视社会资源；在年级、是否独生子女、城乡差异、家庭经济状况变量上没有显著差异。
(4)性别和性别角色态度与大学生的择偶标准存在一定相关,男生的性别角色态度越传统,在择偶时越重视对方的个性,女生的性别角色态度越传统,在择偶时越重视对方的社会资源、沟通能力和外貌。
Attitudes to gender roles refer to the individual attitudes to the appropriate gender behaviors held by male or female, in other words, they are the views, feelings and evaluations on the acquired roles played by male or female in the social culture environment. The attitudes to gender roles exert influences on various apects of individual behaviors, such as job, education and family life, etc. Currently there are two accepted dimensions in describing the attitudes to gender roles in social science area, respectively are modern and equal, conventional and unequal.
The spouse selection criteria mainly refers to individual selection of conditions of marriage partners, it generally includes social resources, communication abilities, personality, and external apperances as well. The theories of spouse selection applied in empirical studies are as follows: matching theories of same category, theories of resource exchange and theories of spouse selection grades.
The essay, by means of an approach of quantitative analysis based on an visual angle of social gender, conducted a research on university students'attitude to gender roles and the criteria of spouse selection as well as the relations between the two mentioned aspects, with the application of current ratively mature surveys of attitudes to gender roles and spouse selection.
The conclusions are as follows:
In general,the university students'attitudes to gender roles locate between conventional and modern attitudes, to some extent, it is inclined to be conventional.
University students tended to place emphasis on, communication abilities, personality and external appearance.
There are significant differences between boy students and girl students in terms of attitude to gender roles, as a result, boy students'attitudes are likely to be more conventional than girls'; simultaneously, a survey demonstrated that significant difference existed in terms of the criteria of spouse selection, boys tend to place emphasis on external appearance, on the contrary, girls tend to place emphasis on social resources, communication abilities, and personalities.
There are certain differences regarding the variables of academic majors and locations of town and countryside among university students in terms of attitude to gender roles, in general, students majoring in science tended to be more conventional than students majoring in art, students from countryside tended to be more conventional than students from towns. There is no significant difference in variables regarding grades, the only child and family financial conditions.
There are certain differences regarding the variables of major categories in terms of spouse selection, in general, students majoring in arts tended to place more emphasis on social resources.There is no significant difference in variables regarding grades, the only child and family financial conditions.
To some extent, gender and the attitude to gender roles are related to the criteria of spouse selection, the more conventional of boys' attitude to gender roles, the more emphasis will be placed on partners' personalities, on the contrary, the more conventional of girls' attitude to gender roles, the more emphasis will be placed on partners'social resources, communcation abilities and external appearances.
引文
①佟新.社会性别研究导论——两性不平等的社会机制分析[M].北京：北京大学出版社.2005：8-9
②黄智君.评价性别平等的标准及存在的问题[J].妇女研究论丛.2003(11)：10
③叶文振.男女平等：一个多维的理论建构[J].东南学术.2004(4)：100-101
④郑新蓉.性别与教育[M].北京：教育科学出版社.2005：50
①张积家.大学生性别角色观的研究[J].青年研究.2000.11：23-29
②时蓉华.新编社会心理学概论[M].上海：东方出版社.1998
③张春兴.心理学辞典[M].台北：东宝书局.1995
④佟新.社会性别研究导论——两性不平等的社会机制分析[M].北京：北京大学出版社.2005：57-58
⑤时蓉华.两性世界：男女性别差异的心理剖析[M].上海：华东师范大学出版社.1996：112
⑥珍妮特.希伯雷.海登等著.范志强等译.妇女心理学[M].云南：云南人民出版社.1987：71
⑦J.H.Block.Psychological Androgyny[M].New York:Pergamon Press.1985
⑧Bem.S.L.The measurement of psychological androgyny[J]. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology,1974.42:155-162.
①张春兴.心理学辞典[M].台北：东宝书局.1995
②胡真萍.“国立”小学教师的性别角色态度与两性平等实施态度之调查研究[J].新竹师院国民教育研究所论文集.2001
③郭爱妹.西方性别角色态度研究述评[J].山东师范大学学报.2000.5
④Swim.J.K,Aikin.K.J.Sexism and racism:Oldfashioned and modern prejudices[J].Journal of Social Issues.1995.25:79-97
⑤Darwin.T.M. A world wide wed-based research project[J].Tcaching of psychology.1999.26
④弗洛伊德.爱情心理学[M]作家出版社.1996：45-50.
⑦Edwar.J.N.Familiar Behavior as Social Exchange[J]. Journal of Marriage and the Family.1969.31:518-526
①Winch.R.F.Mate selection.A study in complementary needs.New York:Harper.1985
②Buss.D.M.Human mate selection.American scientist.1985.73:47-51
③甘琳琳.当代中国人的择偶偏好及其影响因素研究[D].武汉：华中师范大学.2007
④杨善华.城市青年的婚姻观念[J].青年研究.1988.4
⑤中国大百科全书.社会学[M].中国大百科全书出版社.1991.
⑥孙秀艳.青年择偶标准的历史演变和现实思考[J].社会.2002.4.
⑦徐安琪.择偶标准：五十年变迁及其原因分析[J].社会学研究.2002.6
⑧宋晓侠.当代苏州城市青年择偶标准与择偶方式研究[M].苏州大学硕士论文.2007.
⑨尹玫岚.第二代农民工择偶标准研究[M].西南大学硕士论文.2009.
[1]朱许强.不同性格类型民族大学生择偶偏好研究[D].陕西：陕西师范大学.2009.
[2]郭爱妹,张雷.西方性别角色态度研究述评[J].山东师范大学学报(社会科学版)2000.5
[3]性别角色态度量表之编制与常模建立之研究http://140.111.1.192/displ/research/2gender/index.doc
[4]石晓勇.大学生性别角色态度与成就动机的关系研究[D].苏州：苏州大学.2006.
[5]曹佳.性别角色类型与性别角色态度的相关研究[D].南京：南京师范大学.2008.
[6]张世平.女大学生性别角色态度与职业倾向的关系研究[D].河南：河南大学.2008.
[7]Hostede.culture's Consequences:International differences in word-related values.Berely hills,CA:sage,Asian Women in masculine and feminine cultures[J].Journal of Cross-culture Psychology.1980.27:533-546
[8]程琼莹.大专(商专)女大学生性别角色态度与职业期望关系之探讨[D].台湾：台湾大学.1988.
[9]张雷,郭爱妹.中美大学生性别角色平等态度比较研究[J].心理科学.2002.25
[10]杨婉仪.男女生该是啥样子——电影广告对青少年性别角色发展之影响[J].师友.2003.4
[11]李宏英,张兴元.中学生性别角色态度研究[J].教育调查.2005.2
[12]陈佳伶.电影欣赏与团体讨论方案对青少年性别角色态度影响之研究[D].台湾：台湾大学.2006.
[13]袁立新,杨玉銮.父母性别平等态度与孩子性别平等态度、性别角色的关系比较[J].广东教育学院学报.2007.5
[14]石莹.中学生性别角色态度的发展及其与父母性别有关认知的关系研究[D].上海：华东师范大学.2009.
[15]于文华.大学生家庭功能、性别角色态度和成就恐惧的关系研究[D].河北：河北师范大学.2008.
[16]威廉.J.古德.家庭[M].魏张玲译.北京：社会科学文献出版社.1986
[17]莱斯利.社会脉络中的家庭[M].北京：华夏出版社.1985
[18]伊凡.奈.选择、交换和家庭[J].当代家庭理论,1979.2
[19]Darin,T.M.A world wide wed-based research project[J].Teaching of psychology.1999.26
[20]钱铭怡等.十五年来中国女性择偶标准的变化[J].北京大学学报(哲学社会科学版)2003.5
[21]Gough,H.G.Personality assessment in the study of population.In J.T.Fawcett(Ed), psychological perspectives on population[M].New York:basic books.1973.
[22]Buss,D.M,Barnes,M.Preferences in human mate seletion[J]. Journal of personality and social psychology.1986.50
[23]叶文振.当代中国婚姻问题的经济学思考[J].人口研究.1997.6
[24]程度.农村妇女的择偶问题调查[J].人口与经济.1992.1
[25]Fisher, W.A苏联婚姻市场[M].普雷格出版社.1980
[26]Buss,D.M.Sex differences in human mate preferences Evolutionary hypotheses in 37 cultures[J].Behavioral and Brain Sciences 1989.12
[27]李银河.当代中国人的择偶标准[J].中国社会科学.1989.4
[28]徐安琪.择偶标准：五十年变迁及原因分析[J].社会学研究.2000.6
[29]韩荣炜.两性择偶标准的差异研究[J].婚姻家庭.2002.1
[30]朱松等.十五年来中国男性择偶标准的变化[J].心理与行为研究.2004.2
[31]王宇中.相貌、性格和品德因素在当代中国人择偶中的作用[J].中州学刊.2009.2
[32]乐国安等.进化心理学择偶心理机制假设的跨文化检验[J].心理学报.2005.4
[33]计琦.透视中美两国征婚广告中择偶标准的文化价值观念[J].长春师范学院学报(人文社会科学版).2007.3
[34]孙秀艳.青年择偶标准的历史演变和现实思考[J].社会.2002.4
[35]许小玲.从择偶观的变迁看择偶标准的时代性——论中国女性建国至今50多年的配偶选择[J].武汉理工大学学报(社会科学版).2004.10
[36]王水珍.改革开放30年与青年择偶观念的变迁[J].中国青年研究.2008.1
[37]秦季飞.武汉地区大学生的择偶标准[J].青年研究.1995.11
[38]江剑平.福建师范大学生择偶与家庭观念研究[J].中国学校卫生.2002.2
[39]种道平.高校教师择偶标准与择偶方式变迁的社会学研究——对武汉地区普通高等院校教师的调查[D].武汉：华中农业大学.2004.
[40]王燕等.当代上海知识青年择偶观的心理学分析[J].唐山学院学报.2009.3
[41]尹玫岚.第二代农民工择偶标准研究——以重庆市第二代农民工为例[D].成都：西南大学.2009.
[42]齐桂玲.80后民工择偶行为的实证研究[D].南京：南京航空航天大学.2009.
②黄智君.评价性别平等的标准及存在的问题[J].妇女研究论丛.2003(11)：10
③叶文振.男女平等：一个多维的理论建构[J].东南学术.2004(4)：100-101
④郑新蓉.性别与教育[M].北京：教育科学出版社.2005：50
①张积家.大学生性别角色观的研究[J].青年研究.2000.11：23-29
②时蓉华.新编社会心理学概论[M].上海：东方出版社.1998
③张春兴.心理学辞典[M].台北：东宝书局.1995
④佟新.社会性别研究导论——两性不平等的社会机制分析[M].北京：北京大学出版社.2005：57-58
⑤时蓉华.两性世界：男女性别差异的心理剖析[M].上海：华东师范大学出版社.1996：112
⑥珍妮特.希伯雷.海登等著.范志强等译.妇女心理学[M].云南：云南人民出版社.1987：71
⑦J.H.Block.Psychological Androgyny[M].New York:Pergamon Press.1985
⑧Bem.S.L.The measurement of psychological androgyny[J]. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology,1974.42:155-162.
①张春兴.心理学辞典[M].台北：东宝书局.1995
②胡真萍.“国立”小学教师的性别角色态度与两性平等实施态度之调查研究[J].新竹师院国民教育研究所论文集.2001
③郭爱妹.西方性别角色态度研究述评[J].山东师范大学学报.2000.5
④Swim.J.K,Aikin.K.J.Sexism and racism:Oldfashioned and modern prejudices[J].Journal of Social Issues.1995.25:79-97
⑤Darwin.T.M. A world wide wed-based research project[J].Tcaching of psychology.1999.26
④弗洛伊德.爱情心理学[M]作家出版社.1996：45-50.
⑦Edwar.J.N.Familiar Behavior as Social Exchange[J]. Journal of Marriage and the Family.1969.31:518-526
①Winch.R.F.Mate selection.A study in complementary needs.New York:Harper.1985
②Buss.D.M.Human mate selection.American scientist.1985.73:47-51
③甘琳琳.当代中国人的择偶偏好及其影响因素研究[D].武汉：华中师范大学.2007
④杨善华.城市青年的婚姻观念[J].青年研究.1988.4
⑤中国大百科全书.社会学[M].中国大百科全书出版社.1991.
⑥孙秀艳.青年择偶标准的历史演变和现实思考[J].社会.2002.4.
⑦徐安琪.择偶标准：五十年变迁及其原因分析[J].社会学研究.2002.6
⑧宋晓侠.当代苏州城市青年择偶标准与择偶方式研究[M].苏州大学硕士论文.2007.
⑨尹玫岚.第二代农民工择偶标准研究[M].西南大学硕士论文.2009.
[1]朱许强.不同性格类型民族大学生择偶偏好研究[D].陕西：陕西师范大学.2009.
[2]郭爱妹,张雷.西方性别角色态度研究述评[J].山东师范大学学报(社会科学版)2000.5
[3]性别角色态度量表之编制与常模建立之研究http://140.111.1.192/displ/research/2gender/index.doc
[4]石晓勇.大学生性别角色态度与成就动机的关系研究[D].苏州：苏州大学.2006.
[5]曹佳.性别角色类型与性别角色态度的相关研究[D].南京：南京师范大学.2008.
[6]张世平.女大学生性别角色态度与职业倾向的关系研究[D].河南：河南大学.2008.
[7]Hostede.culture's Consequences:International differences in word-related values.Berely hills,CA:sage,Asian Women in masculine and feminine cultures[J].Journal of Cross-culture Psychology.1980.27:533-546
[8]程琼莹.大专(商专)女大学生性别角色态度与职业期望关系之探讨[D].台湾：台湾大学.1988.
[9]张雷,郭爱妹.中美大学生性别角色平等态度比较研究[J].心理科学.2002.25
[10]杨婉仪.男女生该是啥样子——电影广告对青少年性别角色发展之影响[J].师友.2003.4
[11]李宏英,张兴元.中学生性别角色态度研究[J].教育调查.2005.2
[12]陈佳伶.电影欣赏与团体讨论方案对青少年性别角色态度影响之研究[D].台湾：台湾大学.2006.
[13]袁立新,杨玉銮.父母性别平等态度与孩子性别平等态度、性别角色的关系比较[J].广东教育学院学报.2007.5
[14]石莹.中学生性别角色态度的发展及其与父母性别有关认知的关系研究[D].上海：华东师范大学.2009.
[15]于文华.大学生家庭功能、性别角色态度和成就恐惧的关系研究[D].河北：河北师范大学.2008.
[16]威廉.J.古德.家庭[M].魏张玲译.北京：社会科学文献出版社.1986
[17]莱斯利.社会脉络中的家庭[M].北京：华夏出版社.1985
[18]伊凡.奈.选择、交换和家庭[J].当代家庭理论,1979.2
[19]Darin,T.M.A world wide wed-based research project[J].Teaching of psychology.1999.26
[20]钱铭怡等.十五年来中国女性择偶标准的变化[J].北京大学学报(哲学社会科学版)2003.5
[21]Gough,H.G.Personality assessment in the study of population.In J.T.Fawcett(Ed), psychological perspectives on population[M].New York:basic books.1973.
[22]Buss,D.M,Barnes,M.Preferences in human mate seletion[J]. Journal of personality and social psychology.1986.50
[23]叶文振.当代中国婚姻问题的经济学思考[J].人口研究.1997.6
[24]程度.农村妇女的择偶问题调查[J].人口与经济.1992.1
[25]Fisher, W.A苏联婚姻市场[M].普雷格出版社.1980
[26]Buss,D.M.Sex differences in human mate preferences Evolutionary hypotheses in 37 cultures[J].Behavioral and Brain Sciences 1989.12
[27]李银河.当代中国人的择偶标准[J].中国社会科学.1989.4
[28]徐安琪.择偶标准：五十年变迁及原因分析[J].社会学研究.2000.6
[29]韩荣炜.两性择偶标准的差异研究[J].婚姻家庭.2002.1
[30]朱松等.十五年来中国男性择偶标准的变化[J].心理与行为研究.2004.2
[31]王宇中.相貌、性格和品德因素在当代中国人择偶中的作用[J].中州学刊.2009.2
[32]乐国安等.进化心理学择偶心理机制假设的跨文化检验[J].心理学报.2005.4
[33]计琦.透视中美两国征婚广告中择偶标准的文化价值观念[J].长春师范学院学报(人文社会科学版).2007.3
[34]孙秀艳.青年择偶标准的历史演变和现实思考[J].社会.2002.4
[35]许小玲.从择偶观的变迁看择偶标准的时代性——论中国女性建国至今50多年的配偶选择[J].武汉理工大学学报(社会科学版).2004.10
[36]王水珍.改革开放30年与青年择偶观念的变迁[J].中国青年研究.2008.1
[37]秦季飞.武汉地区大学生的择偶标准[J].青年研究.1995.11
[38]江剑平.福建师范大学生择偶与家庭观念研究[J].中国学校卫生.2002.2
[39]种道平.高校教师择偶标准与择偶方式变迁的社会学研究——对武汉地区普通高等院校教师的调查[D].武汉：华中农业大学.2004.
[40]王燕等.当代上海知识青年择偶观的心理学分析[J].唐山学院学报.2009.3
[41]尹玫岚.第二代农民工择偶标准研究——以重庆市第二代农民工为例[D].成都：西南大学.2009.
[42]齐桂玲.80后民工择偶行为的实证研究[D].南京：南京航空航天大学.2009.