水驱抽油机井杆管偏磨力学机理与预防措施研究
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摘要
水驱抽油机井杆管偏磨现象呈逐年增加的趋势，已经成为影响检泵作业的主要因素之一。针对这一实际问题，本文在统计分析大庆油田采油五厂杆管偏磨井分布规律的基础上，得出了影响水驱抽油机井杆管偏磨的主要因素为含水、沉没度、抽汲参数和泵的间隙等级等；综合考虑了抽油杆柱所受的静负荷、惯性负荷、振动负荷及摩檫负荷，将抽油杆柱离散成阻尼—弹簧—质量振动系统，并改进了抽油泵液体负荷的模拟方法，建立了抽油杆柱所受轴向分布力新的计算方法；建立了抽油杆柱屈曲变形时的微分方程，在考虑整个抽油杆柱及其两端约束条件的基础上，推导出了垂直井筒中抽油杆柱产生多次屈曲时轴向临界载荷及偏磨点位置的计算公式，绘制出垂直井筒中抽油杆柱多次屈曲变形时的图形，得出了垂直井筒中抽油杆柱屈曲变形规律，即抽油杆柱最大弯曲变形始终发生在中和点附近，往下的弯曲变形挠度值越来越小，故在中和点附近抽油杆柱必然与油管接触，造成主要的摩擦阻力；并且随着抽油杆柱屈曲次数的增加，各波形顶点下移，波长变短，同时屈曲变形的临界载荷也增大。根据抽油杆柱屈曲变形临界条件，建立了杆管偏磨临界条件；根据所建立的抽油杆柱所受轴向分布力与泵端集中轴向压力的模拟方法以及杆管偏磨临界条件，提出了杆管偏磨力学机理，即由于油田生产流压的降低，以及由于部分油井抽汲参数过大，造成低沉油井逐年增多。在低沉没度油井中，由于天然气在原油中提前脱气，蜡在油管内、甚至在泵内析出，加之个别油井热洗周期不合理，造成杆管、甚至泵内严重结蜡，从而导致个别油井产生偏磨。同时，近年来油田含水不断升高，这样就使高含水、低沉没度油井中产生的“液击”现象，加剧了抽油杆柱的振动，从而导致了抽油杆柱所受轴向分布力下降，造成抽油杆柱容易产生偏磨现象。并且抽汲参数的增大，也进一步加剧了杆管偏磨；最后提出了预防杆管偏磨的措施，主要包括扶正器的设计、加重杆的设计、优化抽汲参数等。
The trend that the leaning attrition phenomenon of waterflooding pumping units well's pole and tube is increased year after year, that become the one of main reason to affect to checking pump. Aiming at the question, the pole and tube leaning attrition distribution rules of Daqing No.5 oil field were analyzed in this paper, we concluded that the main reason affecting the leaning attrition are water, sinking degree, swabbing parameter, pump clearance grade ,and so oa Pumping units's rod is separated to a system of spring-mass-damp oscillation and the simulation method of liquid burthen of pump is mended; the new simulation axis distribution stress method of pumping units's rod is set up, the helix bend differential equation were set up. The sucker rod and the restrict condition were considered, the axis critical force and the wave peak expressions were educed at the time after time helix bend in the vertical well. The graph of bend sucker rod was protracted. The distortion flexion rules of sucker rod were gained in the vertical well The produced max bend flexion of sucker rod are nearby the counteracting point always, down bend flexion the value of y is little by little. So the sucker rod and the oil tube can't but contact by the counteract point, that were main friction, and along with the flexion times increasing of the sucker rod, the wave peak move down, the wavelength turn to shorter, and the critical load of distortion flexion turn to bigger. With the critical conditions of rod knuckle distortion, the critical leaning attrition conditions of rod is set up and the critical leaning attrition conditions used now is pointed out to be wrong. With the model of new simulation axis distribution stress, centralized axis stress of pump port and the critical leaning attrition conditions, the leaning attrition mechanics mechanism of rod is brought forward. That is: owning to the depress of produce flow pressure, the part of the sucker parameter more big, the low sinking degree oil well are manifold year after year. Because the natural gas were escaped form oil ahead, at the low sinking degree oil well the wax were separated out in the oil well or pump. And the heat wash period of some oil well weren't in reason, the max produced in the sucker rod and pump, the leaning attrition were bring in some oil well. At the same time, for the increasing scale of containing water in oil field and according to this, "liquid beating" come into being in well of high scale of containing water and the low sinking degree, the damp of rod pricks up, the next question is advanced that the axis distribution stress of pumping units's rod drops and leaning attrition is pricked up. And for the accretion of sucker parameter, the rod and tube leaning attrition ratio increased. The way of prevention leaning attrition include the device of rectify implement and aggravation rod, optimize sucker parameter.
The trend that the leaning attrition phenomenon of waterflooding pumping units well's pole and tube is increased year after year, that become the one of main reason to affect to checking pump. Aiming at the question, the pole and tube leaning attrition distribution rules of Daqing No.5 oil field were analyzed in this paper, we concluded that the main reason affecting the leaning attrition are water, sinking degree, swabbing parameter, pump clearance grade ,and so oa Pumping units's rod is separated to a system of spring-mass-damp oscillation and the simulation method of liquid burthen of pump is mended; the new simulation axis distribution stress method of pumping units's rod is set up, the helix bend differential equation were set up. The sucker rod and the restrict condition were considered, the axis critical force and the wave peak expressions were educed at the time after time helix bend in the vertical well. The graph of bend sucker rod was protracted. The distortion flexion rules of sucker rod were gained in the vertical well The produced max bend flexion of sucker rod are nearby the counteracting point always, down bend flexion the value of y is little by little. So the sucker rod and the oil tube can't but contact by the counteract point, that were main friction, and along with the flexion times increasing of the sucker rod, the wave peak move down, the wavelength turn to shorter, and the critical load of distortion flexion turn to bigger. With the critical conditions of rod knuckle distortion, the critical leaning attrition conditions of rod is set up and the critical leaning attrition conditions used now is pointed out to be wrong. With the model of new simulation axis distribution stress, centralized axis stress of pump port and the critical leaning attrition conditions, the leaning attrition mechanics mechanism of rod is brought forward. That is: owning to the depress of produce flow pressure, the part of the sucker parameter more big, the low sinking degree oil well are manifold year after year. Because the natural gas were escaped form oil ahead, at the low sinking degree oil well the wax were separated out in the oil well or pump. And the heat wash period of some oil well weren't in reason, the max produced in the sucker rod and pump, the leaning attrition were bring in some oil well. At the same time, for the increasing scale of containing water in oil field and according to this, "liquid beating" come into being in well of high scale of containing water and the low sinking degree, the damp of rod pricks up, the next question is advanced that the axis distribution stress of pumping units's rod drops and leaning attrition is pricked up. And for the accretion of sucker parameter, the rod and tube leaning attrition ratio increased. The way of prevention leaning attrition include the device of rectify implement and aggravation rod, optimize sucker parameter.
引文
[1]胡征钦．21世纪的世界石油工业．世界石油工业，2000，1：43～46
[2]马效忠，裴润有，吴宗福．抽油杆柱断脱原因剖析与综合防治．石油钻采工艺，1995，17(6)：93～97
[3]冯耀忠．抽油杆磨损油管的预防措施．石油钻采工艺，1998，20(2)：22～25
[4]靳从起，吕树章，韩应胜．抽油机井偏磨腐蚀机理及防治对策．石油矿场机械，1999，28(5)：15～19
[5]李健康，郭益军，谢文献．有杆泵井管杆偏磨原因分析及技术对策．石油机械，2000，28(6)：32～33
[6]杨敏嘉，赵洪激，刘玉泉．斜直井抽油杆扶正器的使用．石油机械，1991，19(6)：24～28
[7]吕树章，李传乐，韩应胜，贾连壁．抽油杆尼龙扶正器的研制与应用．石油机械，1998，26(12)：27～31
[8]李淑芳，甘子泉．直井抽油杆柱扶正器安装位置及安装问题．石油机械，1999，27(1)：52～55
[9]覃成锦，徐业，高德利．垂直井中管杆柱的扶正器安放问题研究．石油钻采工艺，2000，22(3)：8～9
[10]耿文宾，杨建华等．连续抽油杆抽油技术试验．石油矿场机械，2001，30(增刊)：56～58
[11]朱小平．抽油杆柱下部的受力与变形计算．石油机械，1992，20(2)：43～54
[12]刘惠芳．抽油杆柱受力计算结果解释，世界石油科学，1995，5：95～102
[13]黎洪．抽油杆柱的受力分析．世界石油科学，1996，增刊：28～33
[14]顾纯学．杆式抽油井油管受力和振动分析．石油机械，1997，25(4)：15～17
[15]崔振华，余国安等．有杆抽油系统．第1版．北京：石油工业出版社．1994：171～251
[16]万邦烈．采油机械的设计计算．第1版．北京：石油工业出版社，1988：91～92
[17]Lubinski, A: "A Study of the buckling of rotary drilling strings", API Drill. and Prod.Prac. 1950:178～214
[18]Lubinski, A: Blenkarn, K.A: "Buckling of tubing in pumping wells, Its effects and means for control it", Trans, AIME, 1957:210～225
[19]Lubinski, A: Althouse, W.S: "Helical buckling of tubing sealed in packers": J.P.T, June, 1962:655～670
[20]高国华，李琪，张健仁．管柱在垂直井眼中的屈曲分析．西安石油学院学报，1996，11(1)：33～35
[21]高德利，刘凤梧，徐业．弯曲井眼中管柱屈曲行为研究．石油钻采工艺，2000，22(4)：1～4
[22]Gao D L, Liu F W, Xu B Y. Proceedings of the International Oil & Gas Conference and Exhibition in China. IOGCEC, 1998, 2(2-6): 517～523
[23]Liu F W, Xu B Y, Gao D L. IMMM'99 Microstructures and Mechanical Properties of New Engineering Materials. Beijing: International Academic Publication, 1999: 393～403
[24]Mitchell R F. Effects of Well Deviation on Helical Buckling. SPE Drilling & Completion, 1997, 12(1):63～69
[25]Miska S, Qiu W Y, Volk L. Analysis of Drillpipe/Coiled-Tubing Buckling in a Constant-Curvature VellBore. JPT, 1998, 50(5): 66～68
[26]Wu J, Juvkam-Wold H C.Journal of Energy Resources Technology. Transactions of the ASME, 1995,117(3):214～218
[27]崔孝秉，张宏，宋治．套管柱稳定性问题研究．石油学报，1998，15(1)：114～118
[28]董世民，张士军．抽油机设计计算与计算机实现．第1版．北京：石油工业出版社，1994：13～19
[29]陈家琅，陈涛平，魏兆胜．抽油机井的气液两相流动．第1版．北京：石油工业出版社，1994：100～102
[30]范砧，赵英海．中国原油压缩性的研究．石油学报，1985，6(2)：35～39
[31]李国喜．抽油泵排量系数与效率计算方法的研究．硕士学位论文．大庆：大庆石油学院，2001：13～14
[32]邵华开，陈仁华．计算方法．第1版．北京：石油工业出版社，1995：181～186
[33]崔振华，刘元虎等．机械采油系统工程．第1版．北京：石油工业出版社，1998：169～170
[34]Dale Russel Doty and Zelimir Schmidt.An improverd model for sucker rod pumping.SPE 10294, 1981:77～81
[35]万仁溥，罗英俊等．采油技术手册第四分册．第1版．北京：石油工业出版社，1993：215
[36]L．米罗维奇著．振动分析基础．第1版．上海：上海交通大学出版社．1982：156～163
[37]王殿科．直井中抽油杆柱和油管柱的扶正问题．石油机械，1992，7：34～41
[38]韩强．弹塑性系统的动力屈曲和分叉．第1版．北京：科学出版社，2000：1～2
[39]刘鸿文．材料力学(上册)．第3版．北京：高等教育出版社，1992：211～215
[40]同济大学数学教研室．高等数学(下册)．第3版．北京：高等教育出版社，1992：428～432
[41]Arthur Lubinski and Blenarn. K A.Buckling of tubing in pumping wells, its effects and means for controlling it. In: Petroleum development and technology: Transaction of AIME 1957, 210: 73～88
[42]吴则中，李景文等．抽油杆．第1版．北京：石油工业出版社，1994：469～472
[43]刘鸿文．材料力学(下册)．第3版．北京：高等教育出版社，1992：1～5
[44]沈迪成，艾万诚等．抽油泵．第1版．北京：石油工业出版社，1994：84～90
[2]马效忠，裴润有，吴宗福．抽油杆柱断脱原因剖析与综合防治．石油钻采工艺，1995，17(6)：93～97
[3]冯耀忠．抽油杆磨损油管的预防措施．石油钻采工艺，1998，20(2)：22～25
[4]靳从起，吕树章，韩应胜．抽油机井偏磨腐蚀机理及防治对策．石油矿场机械，1999，28(5)：15～19
[5]李健康，郭益军，谢文献．有杆泵井管杆偏磨原因分析及技术对策．石油机械，2000，28(6)：32～33
[6]杨敏嘉，赵洪激，刘玉泉．斜直井抽油杆扶正器的使用．石油机械，1991，19(6)：24～28
[7]吕树章，李传乐，韩应胜，贾连壁．抽油杆尼龙扶正器的研制与应用．石油机械，1998，26(12)：27～31
[8]李淑芳，甘子泉．直井抽油杆柱扶正器安装位置及安装问题．石油机械，1999，27(1)：52～55
[9]覃成锦，徐业，高德利．垂直井中管杆柱的扶正器安放问题研究．石油钻采工艺，2000，22(3)：8～9
[10]耿文宾，杨建华等．连续抽油杆抽油技术试验．石油矿场机械，2001，30(增刊)：56～58
[11]朱小平．抽油杆柱下部的受力与变形计算．石油机械，1992，20(2)：43～54
[12]刘惠芳．抽油杆柱受力计算结果解释，世界石油科学，1995，5：95～102
[13]黎洪．抽油杆柱的受力分析．世界石油科学，1996，增刊：28～33
[14]顾纯学．杆式抽油井油管受力和振动分析．石油机械，1997，25(4)：15～17
[15]崔振华，余国安等．有杆抽油系统．第1版．北京：石油工业出版社．1994：171～251
[16]万邦烈．采油机械的设计计算．第1版．北京：石油工业出版社，1988：91～92
[17]Lubinski, A: "A Study of the buckling of rotary drilling strings", API Drill. and Prod.Prac. 1950:178～214
[18]Lubinski, A: Blenkarn, K.A: "Buckling of tubing in pumping wells, Its effects and means for control it", Trans, AIME, 1957:210～225
[19]Lubinski, A: Althouse, W.S: "Helical buckling of tubing sealed in packers": J.P.T, June, 1962:655～670
[20]高国华，李琪，张健仁．管柱在垂直井眼中的屈曲分析．西安石油学院学报，1996，11(1)：33～35
[21]高德利，刘凤梧，徐业．弯曲井眼中管柱屈曲行为研究．石油钻采工艺，2000，22(4)：1～4
[22]Gao D L, Liu F W, Xu B Y. Proceedings of the International Oil & Gas Conference and Exhibition in China. IOGCEC, 1998, 2(2-6): 517～523
[23]Liu F W, Xu B Y, Gao D L. IMMM'99 Microstructures and Mechanical Properties of New Engineering Materials. Beijing: International Academic Publication, 1999: 393～403
[24]Mitchell R F. Effects of Well Deviation on Helical Buckling. SPE Drilling & Completion, 1997, 12(1):63～69
[25]Miska S, Qiu W Y, Volk L. Analysis of Drillpipe/Coiled-Tubing Buckling in a Constant-Curvature VellBore. JPT, 1998, 50(5): 66～68
[26]Wu J, Juvkam-Wold H C.Journal of Energy Resources Technology. Transactions of the ASME, 1995,117(3):214～218
[27]崔孝秉，张宏，宋治．套管柱稳定性问题研究．石油学报，1998，15(1)：114～118
[28]董世民，张士军．抽油机设计计算与计算机实现．第1版．北京：石油工业出版社，1994：13～19
[29]陈家琅，陈涛平，魏兆胜．抽油机井的气液两相流动．第1版．北京：石油工业出版社，1994：100～102
[30]范砧，赵英海．中国原油压缩性的研究．石油学报，1985，6(2)：35～39
[31]李国喜．抽油泵排量系数与效率计算方法的研究．硕士学位论文．大庆：大庆石油学院，2001：13～14
[32]邵华开，陈仁华．计算方法．第1版．北京：石油工业出版社，1995：181～186
[33]崔振华，刘元虎等．机械采油系统工程．第1版．北京：石油工业出版社，1998：169～170
[34]Dale Russel Doty and Zelimir Schmidt.An improverd model for sucker rod pumping.SPE 10294, 1981:77～81
[35]万仁溥，罗英俊等．采油技术手册第四分册．第1版．北京：石油工业出版社，1993：215
[36]L．米罗维奇著．振动分析基础．第1版．上海：上海交通大学出版社．1982：156～163
[37]王殿科．直井中抽油杆柱和油管柱的扶正问题．石油机械，1992，7：34～41
[38]韩强．弹塑性系统的动力屈曲和分叉．第1版．北京：科学出版社，2000：1～2
[39]刘鸿文．材料力学(上册)．第3版．北京：高等教育出版社，1992：211～215
[40]同济大学数学教研室．高等数学(下册)．第3版．北京：高等教育出版社，1992：428～432
[41]Arthur Lubinski and Blenarn. K A.Buckling of tubing in pumping wells, its effects and means for controlling it. In: Petroleum development and technology: Transaction of AIME 1957, 210: 73～88
[42]吴则中，李景文等．抽油杆．第1版．北京：石油工业出版社，1994：469～472
[43]刘鸿文．材料力学(下册)．第3版．北京：高等教育出版社，1992：1～5
[44]沈迪成，艾万诚等．抽油泵．第1版．北京：石油工业出版社，1994：84～90