日粮中苜蓿、黑麦草和小麦麸含量对仔鹅生产性能及消化生理影响的研究
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摘要
本试验选用216只4～10周龄的扬州鹅为试验素材，随机分为6组，每组36只。日粮中黑麦草、苜蓿和小麦麸含量分别为14％、16％、18％、20％、22％和24％的6种试验日粮。比较不同日粮对10周龄仔鹅生长发育的影响；对血液中激素水平和消化道内容物消化酶活性的影响；对肠道形态学的影响；对不同营养物质的吸收与利用情况；以及对食糜流通速度的影响。结果表明：
1．试验鹅4周龄前各处理之间体重无显著差异(p＞0.05)，但随着日龄的增长，各处理组体重之间的差异逐渐显出，18％组生长最佳。从纤维组分的不同比例看，NDF／ADF值在2.39～2.52之间，试验鹅的生长性能强于其它组。在仔鹅生长发育过程中，摄食的营养物质首先满足增重的需要，再满足羽毛生长的需要。另外，供试鹅的采食量在第6周时已基本确定，且以后基本维持这个采食量到试验结束即第10周龄。各组第7、第10周龄屠宰性能的各项指标之间差异不显著(p＞0.05)，第5、6组各项指标有低于其它组的趋势。
2．肌胃自始至终所占的比例最大，平均占胃肠道重量的一半以上，提示肌胃在鹅的消化过程中的重要性，盲肠10周龄时仅占消化道的8％以下。体重与各消化器官及消化道器官之间均呈正相关。不同日粮对盲肠长度有一定影响，但其它肠道之间并无显著差异(p＞0.05)。供试鹅肌胃食糜的酸度最高，pH值低于3.00，十二指肠、空肠和回肠食糜pH值均在5.5～6.5范围内变化，除盲肠随微生物发酵发展而影响pH值外，年龄并未显著影响胃与大小肠食糜的pH值。食糜主要分布在小肠，约占整个消化道食糜总重的2／3，而盲肠、直肠的食糜量极少，腺胃食糜所占的比例最小。
3．不同日粮对消化酶活性有显著影响(p＜0.05)，22％和24％组抑制了酶活性的发挥。鹅群中均以空肠脂肪酶和蛋白酶活性最高，各肠段中淀粉酶变化差异极小。由此可见，食糜的化学消化主要发生在空肠，盲肠内具有纤维素分解酶，但是酶的活性很小，10周龄供试鹅纤维素酶活力高于7周龄，经检验差异不显著(p＞0.05)。鹅血液中T_3和GH水平以18％组最高，T_4水平的变化随日粮中苜蓿、黑麦草和小麦麸含量的增加而降低。体重与T_3、T_4和GH含量相关不显著(p＞0.05)，T_3与GH含量呈显著正相关
(P<0 .05)。
4.试验鹅十二指肠的绒毛呈宽阔的什卜状，空肠的绒毛呈细长的舌状或指状，盲肠绒
毛则较扁平并有明显的皱褶。但从图片上未见各肠段绒毛有形态学上的损伤。结果表明
不同日粮并未影响肠道形态学的变化。不同日粮影响鹅对粗纤维等营养物质的消化利用
率。本试验表明，鹅利用的主要部分为ADS，第2组的代谢率高达67.95%。粗蛋白质、
钙、磷的代谢，各组之间差异不显著(p>0.05)。22%和24%组和其它组相比代谢率有
下降的趋势。
5.在食入外源标记物Cr203后1小时，己有CrZO;排出体外，在第3小时一第5小
时crZo:排出量处于高峰，与其它时段相比差异极显著(p<0.01)，随后排出量逐渐降低，
10小时后在粪便中己基本检测不到CrZO3，不同草粉含量条件下CrZO:的排出模式基本
相同。本试验中各组指示剂的回收率与完全回收率均相差5%一10%，提示在以后的规
模化饲养过程中应尽可能使用颗粒料，以减少饲料浪费，降低生产成本，提高经济效益。
Two hundred and sixteen YangZhou goslings of 4-10 weeks were used as experimental animals, which were allocated at random to 6 groups of thirty-six each. The ryegrass, alfalfa and wheat middlings contents in treatments were 14%, 16%, 18%, 20%, 22% and 24% separately. The trial compared the effects of different dietary on performance, the concentration of T3 , T4 and GH, chemical digestion, change of intestinal morphology, the absorption and utilization of different nutrition. The effect of different diet on chime evacuation according to indicator Cr2O3 was also studied. The results indicated that:
1. During the experimental period, there was no significant difference on the body weight between six groups before 4 week-old(p>0.05). With the increasing day, the difference was obvious slowly, 18% content in the dietary can promote the growth of goslings. Seen from the different proportions of fiber components, the performance of goslings was stronger when the proportion of NDF and ADF was 2.39 to 2.52. In the growth, the intake nutriment satisfied body weight gain firstly, then fulfill the feather growth. In addition, food intake was confined basically at 6 weeks age, and maintained the tendency to the final experiment. There was no significant difference in slaughter indices between 7 week-old and 10 week-old(p>0.05), but the indices of group 5 and 6 were lower than that of the other groups.
2. The gizzard with its content remained as the biggest proportion of the gastrointestinal tract in each group, which showed the essentiality of gizzard in digestion. The cecum was less than 8% of the whole tract. The body weight showed correlation with the peptic weight, but not significantly (p>0.05). Different dietary had an effect on cecum length(p<0.05), and there was no difference between other intestines (p>.05). The acidity in gizzard was the highest in the whole tract, which was under 3.00. No significant chyme pH changes were found in duodenum, jejunum and ileum, which changed from 5.5 to 6.5. Age had no effect on chyme pH also except the pH in cecum was influenced by microbial fermentation.
3. Different dietary had significant effects on the activities of amylase, protease and lipase (p<0.05). To some extent, 22% and 24% content inhabited the enzyme activities. The
activities of lipase and protease were almost the highest in jejunum, and that of amylase changed a little in different intestines. It indicated that chemical digestion in chyme was mainly occurred in jejunum. The activity of functional cellulose in the cecum of goslings was small, which was higher at 10 week-old than that of 7 week-old, but not significantly (p>0.05). The concentration of TS and GH of 18% was the highest among six groups. The levels of T4 decreased with the contents of ryegrass, alfalfa and wheat middlings increasing. The body weight showed no significant correlation with T3 , T4 and GH (p>0.05), but T3 had significant correlation with GH (p<0.05).
4. The graphs showed broad, leaf-like villi in the duodenum, slender tongue-shaped villi in the jejunum, flat mucosa with significant folds in the cecum. From the graphs no morphological damage to villi in the different intestinal segments was observed. It showed that different dietary had no effect on intestinal morphology. Digestibilities of crude fiber and other nutrients were affected by different dietary. The trial showed that ADS was mainly digested in tract, which in group 2 reached 67.95%. Digestibilities of other nutriments such as crude protein, calcium and phosphor declined with the proportion increased continually, but not significant (p>0.05). The metabolic rate of group 5 and 6 was lower than that of other groups.
5. The rapid passage rate and empty of digesta were found in goslings. The empty of chime started after fed diet for 1 hour. Compared with other hours, the empty amount achieved the peak after eating 3~4 hours significantly (p<0.01), then dropped continually. After 10 hours, CriOs can't be detected nearly in fecal. The mode of chyme empty was almost unanimous in
1．试验鹅4周龄前各处理之间体重无显著差异(p＞0.05)，但随着日龄的增长，各处理组体重之间的差异逐渐显出，18％组生长最佳。从纤维组分的不同比例看，NDF／ADF值在2.39～2.52之间，试验鹅的生长性能强于其它组。在仔鹅生长发育过程中，摄食的营养物质首先满足增重的需要，再满足羽毛生长的需要。另外，供试鹅的采食量在第6周时已基本确定，且以后基本维持这个采食量到试验结束即第10周龄。各组第7、第10周龄屠宰性能的各项指标之间差异不显著(p＞0.05)，第5、6组各项指标有低于其它组的趋势。
2．肌胃自始至终所占的比例最大，平均占胃肠道重量的一半以上，提示肌胃在鹅的消化过程中的重要性，盲肠10周龄时仅占消化道的8％以下。体重与各消化器官及消化道器官之间均呈正相关。不同日粮对盲肠长度有一定影响，但其它肠道之间并无显著差异(p＞0.05)。供试鹅肌胃食糜的酸度最高，pH值低于3.00，十二指肠、空肠和回肠食糜pH值均在5.5～6.5范围内变化，除盲肠随微生物发酵发展而影响pH值外，年龄并未显著影响胃与大小肠食糜的pH值。食糜主要分布在小肠，约占整个消化道食糜总重的2／3，而盲肠、直肠的食糜量极少，腺胃食糜所占的比例最小。
3．不同日粮对消化酶活性有显著影响(p＜0.05)，22％和24％组抑制了酶活性的发挥。鹅群中均以空肠脂肪酶和蛋白酶活性最高，各肠段中淀粉酶变化差异极小。由此可见，食糜的化学消化主要发生在空肠，盲肠内具有纤维素分解酶，但是酶的活性很小，10周龄供试鹅纤维素酶活力高于7周龄，经检验差异不显著(p＞0.05)。鹅血液中T_3和GH水平以18％组最高，T_4水平的变化随日粮中苜蓿、黑麦草和小麦麸含量的增加而降低。体重与T_3、T_4和GH含量相关不显著(p＞0.05)，T_3与GH含量呈显著正相关
(P<0 .05)。
4.试验鹅十二指肠的绒毛呈宽阔的什卜状，空肠的绒毛呈细长的舌状或指状，盲肠绒
毛则较扁平并有明显的皱褶。但从图片上未见各肠段绒毛有形态学上的损伤。结果表明
不同日粮并未影响肠道形态学的变化。不同日粮影响鹅对粗纤维等营养物质的消化利用
率。本试验表明，鹅利用的主要部分为ADS，第2组的代谢率高达67.95%。粗蛋白质、
钙、磷的代谢，各组之间差异不显著(p>0.05)。22%和24%组和其它组相比代谢率有
下降的趋势。
5.在食入外源标记物Cr203后1小时，己有CrZO;排出体外，在第3小时一第5小
时crZo:排出量处于高峰，与其它时段相比差异极显著(p<0.01)，随后排出量逐渐降低，
10小时后在粪便中己基本检测不到CrZO3，不同草粉含量条件下CrZO:的排出模式基本
相同。本试验中各组指示剂的回收率与完全回收率均相差5%一10%，提示在以后的规
模化饲养过程中应尽可能使用颗粒料，以减少饲料浪费，降低生产成本，提高经济效益。
Two hundred and sixteen YangZhou goslings of 4-10 weeks were used as experimental animals, which were allocated at random to 6 groups of thirty-six each. The ryegrass, alfalfa and wheat middlings contents in treatments were 14%, 16%, 18%, 20%, 22% and 24% separately. The trial compared the effects of different dietary on performance, the concentration of T3 , T4 and GH, chemical digestion, change of intestinal morphology, the absorption and utilization of different nutrition. The effect of different diet on chime evacuation according to indicator Cr2O3 was also studied. The results indicated that:
1. During the experimental period, there was no significant difference on the body weight between six groups before 4 week-old(p>0.05). With the increasing day, the difference was obvious slowly, 18% content in the dietary can promote the growth of goslings. Seen from the different proportions of fiber components, the performance of goslings was stronger when the proportion of NDF and ADF was 2.39 to 2.52. In the growth, the intake nutriment satisfied body weight gain firstly, then fulfill the feather growth. In addition, food intake was confined basically at 6 weeks age, and maintained the tendency to the final experiment. There was no significant difference in slaughter indices between 7 week-old and 10 week-old(p>0.05), but the indices of group 5 and 6 were lower than that of the other groups.
2. The gizzard with its content remained as the biggest proportion of the gastrointestinal tract in each group, which showed the essentiality of gizzard in digestion. The cecum was less than 8% of the whole tract. The body weight showed correlation with the peptic weight, but not significantly (p>0.05). Different dietary had an effect on cecum length(p<0.05), and there was no difference between other intestines (p>.05). The acidity in gizzard was the highest in the whole tract, which was under 3.00. No significant chyme pH changes were found in duodenum, jejunum and ileum, which changed from 5.5 to 6.5. Age had no effect on chyme pH also except the pH in cecum was influenced by microbial fermentation.
3. Different dietary had significant effects on the activities of amylase, protease and lipase (p<0.05). To some extent, 22% and 24% content inhabited the enzyme activities. The
activities of lipase and protease were almost the highest in jejunum, and that of amylase changed a little in different intestines. It indicated that chemical digestion in chyme was mainly occurred in jejunum. The activity of functional cellulose in the cecum of goslings was small, which was higher at 10 week-old than that of 7 week-old, but not significantly (p>0.05). The concentration of TS and GH of 18% was the highest among six groups. The levels of T4 decreased with the contents of ryegrass, alfalfa and wheat middlings increasing. The body weight showed no significant correlation with T3 , T4 and GH (p>0.05), but T3 had significant correlation with GH (p<0.05).
4. The graphs showed broad, leaf-like villi in the duodenum, slender tongue-shaped villi in the jejunum, flat mucosa with significant folds in the cecum. From the graphs no morphological damage to villi in the different intestinal segments was observed. It showed that different dietary had no effect on intestinal morphology. Digestibilities of crude fiber and other nutrients were affected by different dietary. The trial showed that ADS was mainly digested in tract, which in group 2 reached 67.95%. Digestibilities of other nutriments such as crude protein, calcium and phosphor declined with the proportion increased continually, but not significant (p>0.05). The metabolic rate of group 5 and 6 was lower than that of other groups.
5. The rapid passage rate and empty of digesta were found in goslings. The empty of chime started after fed diet for 1 hour. Compared with other hours, the empty amount achieved the peak after eating 3~4 hours significantly (p<0.01), then dropped continually. After 10 hours, CriOs can't be detected nearly in fecal. The mode of chyme empty was almost unanimous in
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56. Sturkie,P.D.(Ed). Avian Physiology.ithaca,N.Y. Cornell Universith Press, 1965.
57. Russell J.R. Effect of dietary corn starch intake on pancreatic analysis and intestinal maltase and pH in cattle. Animal Science, 1981, 52:1177-1183.
58. Jamroz.et al. 1982,Poultry Science,
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60. Mattock J.G. Wildfowl, 1971, 22:107.
61．王瑞晓．肉鹅对高纤维饲料的利用．中国饲料，1999，(4)：20-22．
62. Carre B., J.M. Prevotel & B.Leclercq. Bell wall content as a predict of metabolizable energy value of poultry feedingstuffs. British Poultry Science, 1984, 25:561-572.
63. Schwartz S.E., C. Starr, S. Bachnan & P.G. Holtzapple. Dietary fiber decreases cholesterol and phospholipid synthesis in rat intestine. Jounal of Lipid Research, 1983, 24:746-752.
64．江青艳、傅伟龙．．神经内分泌生长轴对动物生长发育的调控及机制．动物科学进展．中国农业科学出版社，1995．
65．高雪．生长激素作用机理的研究进展．黄牛杂志，2003，29(1)：7-11．
66．傅伟龙．胸腺因子D列鸡生长、免疫功能及血液中某些激素水平的影响．华南农业大学学报 2000，21(2)：18-22．．
67. Newsholme E. A.Regulation in Metabolism London: Johnwiley and sons, 1973.
68．刘国艳．日粮加硒对氟中毒鸡甲状腺功能的影响．上海交通大学学报，2003，2l(4)：21-25．
69. Janssen W.M.M.A. and B.Carre. Influende of fibre on digestibility on poultry feeds. In: W Haresign and Cole D J A eds. Recent Advances in Animal Nutrition, 1985,71-86.
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74．家畜生理学，中国农业出版社，2000，5．
75．符金华，家禽的纤维营养，中国饲料，1999，8：29．
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78. Owen M. Cutting and fertilizing grassland for winter goose management. Journal of Wildlife Management, 1975, 39:163-167.
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83．汪儆．饲用酶制剂研究进展．见：汪儆．饲料毒物与抗营养因子研究进展．西安：西北大学出版社，1997．146-150．
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56. Sturkie,P.D.(Ed). Avian Physiology.ithaca,N.Y. Cornell Universith Press, 1965.
57. Russell J.R. Effect of dietary corn starch intake on pancreatic analysis and intestinal maltase and pH in cattle. Animal Science, 1981, 52:1177-1183.
58. Jamroz.et al. 1982,Poultry Science,
59. Richard Calvert,MD,Barbara,O.Schneeman..Dietary fibre and intestinal adaptation:effects on intestinal and pancreatic digestive enzyme activities.Am.J.Clin.Nutr. 1984, 41: 1249-1256.
60. Mattock J.G. Wildfowl, 1971, 22:107.
61．王瑞晓．肉鹅对高纤维饲料的利用．中国饲料，1999，(4)：20-22．
62. Carre B., J.M. Prevotel & B.Leclercq. Bell wall content as a predict of metabolizable energy value of poultry feedingstuffs. British Poultry Science, 1984, 25:561-572.
63. Schwartz S.E., C. Starr, S. Bachnan & P.G. Holtzapple. Dietary fiber decreases cholesterol and phospholipid synthesis in rat intestine. Jounal of Lipid Research, 1983, 24:746-752.
64．江青艳、傅伟龙．．神经内分泌生长轴对动物生长发育的调控及机制．动物科学进展．中国农业科学出版社，1995．
65．高雪．生长激素作用机理的研究进展．黄牛杂志，2003，29(1)：7-11．
66．傅伟龙．胸腺因子D列鸡生长、免疫功能及血液中某些激素水平的影响．华南农业大学学报 2000，21(2)：18-22．．
67. Newsholme E. A.Regulation in Metabolism London: Johnwiley and sons, 1973.
68．刘国艳．日粮加硒对氟中毒鸡甲状腺功能的影响．上海交通大学学报，2003，2l(4)：21-25．
69. Janssen W.M.M.A. and B.Carre. Influende of fibre on digestibility on poultry feeds. In: W Haresign and Cole D J A eds. Recent Advances in Animal Nutrition, 1985,71-86.
70. Storey M.L. Apparent and true metabolizable energy of feedstuffs for mature,nonlaying female Embden geese. Poultry Sci., 1982, 61:739-745.
71. Farrell.D.J. 1981, 37:72.
72. Kibe K. Japanese Journal of Zootechnical Science, 1964, 26:793.
73. Sskaguchi et al. 1997, World's Poultry Science Journal.
74．家畜生理学，中国农业出版社，2000，5．
75．符金华，家禽的纤维营养，中国饲料，1999，8：29．
76. Cera KR,Mahan.DC. Effect of dietary calcium and phosphorus level sequences on performance, structural soundness and bone characteristics of growing-finishing swine.J Anim Sci. 1988 Jul;66(7): 1598-605.
77. Jin L.Reynolds LP.Redmer DA. Et al. Effects of dietary fiber on intestinal growth, cell proliferation, and morphology in growing pigs.J Anim Sci. 1994 Sep;72(9):2270-8.
78. Owen M. Cutting and fertilizing grassland for winter goose management. Journal of Wildlife Management, 1975, 39:163-167.
79. Dansky, L.M.,and F.W.Hill.Applicatio of the chromic oxide indicator method to balance studies with growing chickens.J.Nutr., 1952,47:449.
80. Imabayashi,K.,M.Kametaka,andT.Hatano.Studies on digestion in the domestic fowl,Tokyo,J.Agri,Res., 1956,2:99.
81. Thornton,P.A.,P.J.Schaible,and L.F.Wolterink. Intestinal transit and skeletal retention of radioactive strontium in the chick. Poultry Sci., 1956,35:1055.
82.Hilerman,J.P.,F.H.Kratzer, and W.D.Wilson. Food passage through chickens and some regulating factors.Poultry Sci., 1953,32:332.
83．汪儆．饲用酶制剂研究进展．见：汪儆．饲料毒物与抗营养因子研究进展．西安：西北大学出版社，1997．146-150．