浸没式平板膜—生物反应器长期运行特性研究
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摘要
膜-生物反应器作为一种新型、高效的污水处理技术,具有诸多传统生物处理工艺所无法比拟的优点:出水水质好、污泥浓度高、可承受的有机负荷高、占地少等特点;因而在近年来,膜-生物反应器的应用越来越广泛。平板膜由于其通量高、抗污染能力强和水力学条件易于控制的优点,在国际膜-生物反应器领域中得到了较好的研究和应用。但是,我国的平板膜-生物反应器的研究明显滞后,且平板膜-生物反应器的应用比例远远小于中空纤维膜-生物反应器,而在国际的膜-生物反应器市场上,平板膜-生物反应器的应用比例达到了68%(截止至2006年)。因此,国内对平板膜-生物反应器的研究必须迎头赶上,以平衡膜-生物反应器的发展与应用的需求。
本论文主要借助于一套长期运行的中试规模的平板膜-生物反应器和几套小试膜-生物反应器,跟踪研究平板膜-生物反应器在处理典型城市生活污水的特性。主要研究了平板膜-生物反应器长期运行过程中膜过滤性能的变化、膜清洗效率及清洗方式的结合,研究了长期运行过程中的污染物去除效果、SND效果、化学除磷以及污泥产率系数,同时重点研究分析了污泥浓度、污泥性质以及污泥组分与膜污染以及对膜-生物反应器长期运行的特性影响,并分析总结了浸没式膜-生物反应器的膜污染机制和理论,旨在为平板膜-生物反应器的应用提供一定的技术支撑。
本论文引入了膜过滤性能这一综合评价参数,系统跟踪研究了浸没式膜-生物反应器在长期运行过程中膜过滤性能的变化,全面综合评价了平板膜在长期运行过程的过滤分离性能的变化。
本研究中的中试平板膜-生物反应器在膜投入运行的第一年时间内,膜的净通量基本在20.0～25.0L/(m~2h)之间变化(冬季运行的部分数据除外),最高运行通量达到30.6L/(m~2h)。在膜运行的第二年,虽然运行通量有些下降,但膜净通量的平均值能够维持在17.0L/(m~2h)左右。从清洗周期来看,新膜在投入使用后的前期,清洗周期在3～4个月,但是随着运行时间的延长,清洗周期降低为1～2个月。在线维护清洗在一定程度上能够恢复膜的过滤性能,但随着膜运行时间的延长,需要结合加强在线清洗手段来提高膜过滤性能的恢复率,在必要时需采用离线清洗手段。从平板膜-生物反应器长期运行污染物去除效果来看,膜-生物反应器具有较强的抗冲击负荷的能力,无论进水COD如何波动,出水COD绝大部分在30mg/L以下,COD去除率维持在95%左右。出水氨氮的浓度与反应器中的DO浓度密切相关,反应器的DO浓度(降流区表面的DO浓度)只要大于0.3mg/L,出水的氨氮浓度一般都小于8mg/L。在高污泥浓度运行条件下,系统具有良好的SND效果。在DO浓度为0.2～0.3mg/L之间,当进水的TN为39～70mg/L时,出水TN在13～19mg/L之间波动,TN的去除率在60～70%之间。通过对膜-生物反应器的化学除磷研究表明,适宜的聚合硫酸铁(PFS)投加量为14mg全铁/(L-进水),在此投加剂量条件下,膜-生物反应器出水总磷在1.0mg/L之下,平均出水总磷小于0.5mg/L。污泥的动力学系数研究表明,该中试规模的膜-生物反应器在SRT 10d、20d、30d和40 d的表观污泥产率系数Y_(obs)分别为0.247、0.151、0.128、0.113 kgMLVSS/kgCOD,中试膜-生物反应器污泥的净产率系数Y为0.402 kgMLVSS/kgCOD,内源代谢系数Kd为0.068d~(-1)。
污泥浓度影响到混合液的流变学性质,当污泥浓度在10g/L以下时,混合液属于牛顿流体;当污泥浓度大于10g/L时,混合液属于触变形流体;污泥浓度同时影响到反应器中曝气传质特性,污泥浓度升高,曝气传氧速率下降,当污泥浓度从4.5g/L升高至21.5g/L时,传氧速率系数从0.565降低至0.155;污泥浓度同时影响到反应器循环流速,在相同的曝气条件下,污泥浓度越高,反应器的循环流速越小。
对污泥性质的研究表明,CST、SCOD、EPS、混合液中的多糖物质、混合液中的蛋白质、粘度和MLSS与膜污染具有正相关关系,温度与膜污染之间具有显著的负相关关系。EPS中的LB部分对膜污染的影响更大,EPS物质主要成分是糖类和蛋白质等物质。污泥性质同时影响到临界通量,CST或SCOD升高,则临界通量呈现下降的趋势。对运行通量的研究结果表明,较为适宜的运行通量值仅为临界通量值的56%。
在不同SRT工况常稳定运行情况下对污泥三组分与膜污染之间的关系分析表明,不同泥龄下的微生物悬浮固体随着泥龄的增大所形成的膜污染阻力所占的百分比越大。在异常情况下污泥三组分对膜污染的影响研究表明,在冬季极端气温条件、泡沫污泥以及在线化学清洗后的污泥三组分所形成的膜污染阻力大于或远大于正常稳定运行情况下污泥三组分所形成的膜阻力。在冬季极端气温运行条件下,胶体物质、溶解性物质各自所形成的膜阻力已经超过了SS所形成的膜阻力。
通过对膜-生物反应器长期运行特性的考察以及膜污染特性的研究,可知膜污染的过程中首先是粒径较小的物质优先进行堵塞膜孔或者在膜面进行累积,而大颗粒物质相比之下比较不易在膜面累积。在浸没式膜-生物反应器恒流操作中,膜污染的过程主要分为两个阶段,第一阶段是膜污染缓慢发展的过程,主要是EPS、SMP以及其他大分子有机物质在膜面吸附、沉积或堵塞膜孔的过程,膜表面并无泥饼层出现,这与传统的膜污染理论(认为浸没式膜-生物反应器会不可避免地形成泥饼层)不同,同时这一阶段是膜-生物反应器运行周期的主导部分;第二阶段,膜污染发生剧烈,膜阻力迅速上升,在短时间内达到运行压力的终点,预示着清洗时机的到来。泥饼层的污染与凝胶层是不同的,应该区别看待。泥饼层的污染是主要由污泥絮体在膜面大量沉积造成的,其主要原因在于膜-生物反应器设计不当或者操作运行条件不适宜等造成的,通过合适的设计和操作参数优化是可以控制或避免泥饼层的形成;凝胶层的污染主要是由于活性污泥体系中小颗粒物质包括胞外聚合物(EPS)、微生物溶解性产物(SMP)、糖类和蛋白质等一些有机物质的污染,这些污染即使在次临界通量的操作模式下仍然不可避免。
论文最后对浸没式平板膜-生物反应器处理工艺进行了技术经济分析,并与传统的中水回用处理工艺进行了对比评价,分析表明平板膜-生物反应器在中水回用处理中与传统工艺相比具有很大的竞争力。
embrane bioreactor(MBR)process has emerged as a new and efficient technology for wastewater treatment.Compared with conventional activated sludge (CAS)system,MBR process has many advantages including superior effluent quality, higher sludge concentration,higher volumetric organic load(VOL)and a smaller footprint.Therefore,MBR has been increasingly popular for the treatment of municipal and industrial wastewater in recent years.In international MBR market, flat-sheet membrane has been intensively studied and widely used due to its high flux, anti-fouling capability and easily-controlled hydraulic conditions.According to related statistics,flat-sheet MBRs accounted for 68%of the total full-scale MBRs throughout the world by the end of 2006;however,the research on flat-sheet MBR in China obviously lagged behind.Thus,intensive efforts must be dedicated to the research of flat-sheet MBR in our country in order to better promote the development of MBR technology in China.
The objective of this thesis is to study the characteristics of submerged flat-sheet membrane bioreactor(SMBR)for the treatment of classic municipal wastewater by employing a pilot-scale MBR under long-term operation and several lab-scale MBRs. The filtration properties,membrane cleaning,sludge yield coefficients together with organic material removal such as COD,phosphorous,etc.under long-term operation were studied.Furthermore,the relationship between sludge characteristics including sludge concentration,sludge physiology properties,sludge composition and membrane fouling was critically investigated in order to determine the effects of sludge characteristics on MBR long-term performance.Based on the research mentioned above,the membrane fouling mechanisms of flat-sheet MBR under long-term operation were proposed and the results were expected to provide a sound understanding of the design and operation of full-scale flat-sheet MBRs.
The variable in terms of membrane permeability was adopted in this study,and the variations of.the membrane permeability in the pilot-scale submerged MBR during the operation were critically investigated.The variable could be used to comprehensively demonstrate the separation and filtration characteristics of flat-sheet membrane during long-term operation.
Test results showed that the net membrane flux could be maintained at 20.0～25.0 L/(m~2 h)except that of operation in winter and the highest net flux could reach 30.6 L/(m~2 h)during the first year operation of the pilot-scale MBR.It was observed that the net membrane flux decreased in the second year and averaged at 17.0 L/(m~2 h).During the early stage(the first year),membrane cleaning procedure would be carried out per 3～4 months;however,the cleaning procedure was needed per 1～2 months as the operation time increased.Maintenance cleaning-in-place (CIP_M),to some extent,could recover membrane permeability and intensified cleaning-in-place(CIP_1)was needed if CEP_M could not effectively recover membrane permeability.Sometimes,it was also necessary to use offline cleaning method to efficiently recover membrane permeability after a long-term operation.It was also found that the MBR could bear the shocking load and effluent COD 30 mg/L and 95%removal efficiency on average could be achieved though the influent COD fluctuated greatly.In this study,it was observed that DO concentration in the MBR affected the removal of ammonia,and effluent ammonium concentration was less than 8 mg/L if the DO concentration of the top areas of the two down-comers could be maintained at above 0.3 mg/L.Good simultaneous nitrification and denitrification (SND)could be achieved under high sludge concentration in the reactor.13-19 mg/L of the effluent TN(i.e.removal efficiency 60-70%)could be reached under DO concentration 0.2-0.3 mg/L and influent TN concentration 39-70 mg/L.The effluent phosphor was less than 1.0 mg/L and average concentration less than 0.5 mg/L by addition of polymeric ferric sulfate(PFS)under the proper agent 14 mg ferric ions/(L-influent water).The study on sludge yield coefficient of the MBR showed that the observed yield coefficient(Y_(obs))under SRT 10d,20d,30d and 40d was about 0.247,0.151,0.128 and 0.113 kgMLVSS/kgCOD,respectively.The net yield coefficient(Y)and endogeneous decay coefficient(K_d)of the pilot-scale MBR for municipal wastewater treatment was about 0.402 kgMLVSS/kgCOD and 0.068 d~(-1), respectively
In this study,it was observed that sludge concentration had effects on sludge rheology.The mixed liquor belonged to Newtonian fluid with MLSS less than 10 g/L while it demonstrated non-Newtonian fluid behavior(Thixotropic fluid)as MLSS increased to above 10 g/L.Sludge concentration was also found to have negative effects on oxygen transfer coefficient(a),and a value decreased from 0.565 to 0.155 with the increase of sludge concentration from 4.5 g/L to 21.5 g/L.Cross flow velocity(CFV)was also affected by sludge concentration,and CFV tended to decrease as sludge concentration went up under the same aeration intensity.
The study on sludge properties indicated that capillary suction time(CST), soluble chemical oxygen demand(SCOD),extracellular polymeric substances(EPS), carbohydrates in the supernatant of mixed liquor,proteins in the supernatant of mixed liquor,viscosity and MLSS had positive influences on membrane fouling.It was also found that temperature of the mixed liquor had negative effects on membrane fouling. Compared with tight bound part of EPS,Loose bound(LB)was observed to have more significant influences on membrane fouling.Critical flux was also affected by sludge properties,and test results showed that critical flux declined as the CST or SCOD of the mixed liquor increased.Proper operational flux of the MBR was found to be 56%of the critical flux.
The contribution of three sludge compositions to membrane fouling under various SRT was also studied,and test results showed that the effects of suspended solids(SS)tended to increase as the SRT prolonged.The resistance caused by the three sludge compositions under abnormal conditions including low-temperature operation,foaming sludge and sludge after membrane chemical cleaning was much larger than that of sludge during stable-operation.The resistance caused by colloids or soluble products was much higher than that of SS under low-temperature operation in the winter.
Based on the long-term study of the operational characteristics of the MBR together with the research on membrane fouling properties,it could be drawn that fine particles are prone to block membrane pores or to deposit onto membrane surfaces while large particles are not easy to form membrane fouling.In submerged MBR under constant flux operation,the membrane fouling can be classified into two stages. In the first stage,the membrane fouling is mainly caused by EPS,SMP and other large molecular organic materials and the fouling velocity is rather slow.Sludge cake layer is not deposited on the membrane surfaces during this stage,which is totally different from the conventional fouling understandings.Besides,the first stage is also the main part of the operational period(one cleaning period).In the second stage, dramatic membrane fouling was observed and membrane resistance increased rapidly to the terminal pressure point,which indicated that membrane cleaning procedure should be carried out.It is also necessary to realize that sludge cake layer and gel layer are different from each other in the submerged MBR operation.Sludge cake layer can be formed onto the membrane surfaces by sludge flocs deposition,which is mainly attributed to improper design or unreasonable operation.The formation of sludge cake layer can be controlled by scientific design and optimized operation.Gel layer is mainly caused by EPS,SMP,carbohydrates and proteins which have large molecular weight but fine particles compared with sludge flocs.The gel layer fouling can not be prevented even under sub-critical flux operation mode in submerged MBRs.
Economical analysis of submerged flat-sheet membrane technology for wastewater treatment and reuse was carried out in the last section of the thesis,and the comparison of economy variables between MBR and conventional wastewater reclaiming technology was also conducted.It indicated that MBR technology was fairly competitive when used for wastewater treatment and reuse.
本论文主要借助于一套长期运行的中试规模的平板膜-生物反应器和几套小试膜-生物反应器,跟踪研究平板膜-生物反应器在处理典型城市生活污水的特性。主要研究了平板膜-生物反应器长期运行过程中膜过滤性能的变化、膜清洗效率及清洗方式的结合,研究了长期运行过程中的污染物去除效果、SND效果、化学除磷以及污泥产率系数,同时重点研究分析了污泥浓度、污泥性质以及污泥组分与膜污染以及对膜-生物反应器长期运行的特性影响,并分析总结了浸没式膜-生物反应器的膜污染机制和理论,旨在为平板膜-生物反应器的应用提供一定的技术支撑。
本论文引入了膜过滤性能这一综合评价参数,系统跟踪研究了浸没式膜-生物反应器在长期运行过程中膜过滤性能的变化,全面综合评价了平板膜在长期运行过程的过滤分离性能的变化。
本研究中的中试平板膜-生物反应器在膜投入运行的第一年时间内,膜的净通量基本在20.0～25.0L/(m~2h)之间变化(冬季运行的部分数据除外),最高运行通量达到30.6L/(m~2h)。在膜运行的第二年,虽然运行通量有些下降,但膜净通量的平均值能够维持在17.0L/(m~2h)左右。从清洗周期来看,新膜在投入使用后的前期,清洗周期在3～4个月,但是随着运行时间的延长,清洗周期降低为1～2个月。在线维护清洗在一定程度上能够恢复膜的过滤性能,但随着膜运行时间的延长,需要结合加强在线清洗手段来提高膜过滤性能的恢复率,在必要时需采用离线清洗手段。从平板膜-生物反应器长期运行污染物去除效果来看,膜-生物反应器具有较强的抗冲击负荷的能力,无论进水COD如何波动,出水COD绝大部分在30mg/L以下,COD去除率维持在95%左右。出水氨氮的浓度与反应器中的DO浓度密切相关,反应器的DO浓度(降流区表面的DO浓度)只要大于0.3mg/L,出水的氨氮浓度一般都小于8mg/L。在高污泥浓度运行条件下,系统具有良好的SND效果。在DO浓度为0.2～0.3mg/L之间,当进水的TN为39～70mg/L时,出水TN在13～19mg/L之间波动,TN的去除率在60～70%之间。通过对膜-生物反应器的化学除磷研究表明,适宜的聚合硫酸铁(PFS)投加量为14mg全铁/(L-进水),在此投加剂量条件下,膜-生物反应器出水总磷在1.0mg/L之下,平均出水总磷小于0.5mg/L。污泥的动力学系数研究表明,该中试规模的膜-生物反应器在SRT 10d、20d、30d和40 d的表观污泥产率系数Y_(obs)分别为0.247、0.151、0.128、0.113 kgMLVSS/kgCOD,中试膜-生物反应器污泥的净产率系数Y为0.402 kgMLVSS/kgCOD,内源代谢系数Kd为0.068d~(-1)。
污泥浓度影响到混合液的流变学性质,当污泥浓度在10g/L以下时,混合液属于牛顿流体;当污泥浓度大于10g/L时,混合液属于触变形流体;污泥浓度同时影响到反应器中曝气传质特性,污泥浓度升高,曝气传氧速率下降,当污泥浓度从4.5g/L升高至21.5g/L时,传氧速率系数从0.565降低至0.155;污泥浓度同时影响到反应器循环流速,在相同的曝气条件下,污泥浓度越高,反应器的循环流速越小。
对污泥性质的研究表明,CST、SCOD、EPS、混合液中的多糖物质、混合液中的蛋白质、粘度和MLSS与膜污染具有正相关关系,温度与膜污染之间具有显著的负相关关系。EPS中的LB部分对膜污染的影响更大,EPS物质主要成分是糖类和蛋白质等物质。污泥性质同时影响到临界通量,CST或SCOD升高,则临界通量呈现下降的趋势。对运行通量的研究结果表明,较为适宜的运行通量值仅为临界通量值的56%。
在不同SRT工况常稳定运行情况下对污泥三组分与膜污染之间的关系分析表明,不同泥龄下的微生物悬浮固体随着泥龄的增大所形成的膜污染阻力所占的百分比越大。在异常情况下污泥三组分对膜污染的影响研究表明,在冬季极端气温条件、泡沫污泥以及在线化学清洗后的污泥三组分所形成的膜污染阻力大于或远大于正常稳定运行情况下污泥三组分所形成的膜阻力。在冬季极端气温运行条件下,胶体物质、溶解性物质各自所形成的膜阻力已经超过了SS所形成的膜阻力。
通过对膜-生物反应器长期运行特性的考察以及膜污染特性的研究,可知膜污染的过程中首先是粒径较小的物质优先进行堵塞膜孔或者在膜面进行累积,而大颗粒物质相比之下比较不易在膜面累积。在浸没式膜-生物反应器恒流操作中,膜污染的过程主要分为两个阶段,第一阶段是膜污染缓慢发展的过程,主要是EPS、SMP以及其他大分子有机物质在膜面吸附、沉积或堵塞膜孔的过程,膜表面并无泥饼层出现,这与传统的膜污染理论(认为浸没式膜-生物反应器会不可避免地形成泥饼层)不同,同时这一阶段是膜-生物反应器运行周期的主导部分;第二阶段,膜污染发生剧烈,膜阻力迅速上升,在短时间内达到运行压力的终点,预示着清洗时机的到来。泥饼层的污染与凝胶层是不同的,应该区别看待。泥饼层的污染是主要由污泥絮体在膜面大量沉积造成的,其主要原因在于膜-生物反应器设计不当或者操作运行条件不适宜等造成的,通过合适的设计和操作参数优化是可以控制或避免泥饼层的形成;凝胶层的污染主要是由于活性污泥体系中小颗粒物质包括胞外聚合物(EPS)、微生物溶解性产物(SMP)、糖类和蛋白质等一些有机物质的污染,这些污染即使在次临界通量的操作模式下仍然不可避免。
论文最后对浸没式平板膜-生物反应器处理工艺进行了技术经济分析,并与传统的中水回用处理工艺进行了对比评价,分析表明平板膜-生物反应器在中水回用处理中与传统工艺相比具有很大的竞争力。
embrane bioreactor(MBR)process has emerged as a new and efficient technology for wastewater treatment.Compared with conventional activated sludge (CAS)system,MBR process has many advantages including superior effluent quality, higher sludge concentration,higher volumetric organic load(VOL)and a smaller footprint.Therefore,MBR has been increasingly popular for the treatment of municipal and industrial wastewater in recent years.In international MBR market, flat-sheet membrane has been intensively studied and widely used due to its high flux, anti-fouling capability and easily-controlled hydraulic conditions.According to related statistics,flat-sheet MBRs accounted for 68%of the total full-scale MBRs throughout the world by the end of 2006;however,the research on flat-sheet MBR in China obviously lagged behind.Thus,intensive efforts must be dedicated to the research of flat-sheet MBR in our country in order to better promote the development of MBR technology in China.
The objective of this thesis is to study the characteristics of submerged flat-sheet membrane bioreactor(SMBR)for the treatment of classic municipal wastewater by employing a pilot-scale MBR under long-term operation and several lab-scale MBRs. The filtration properties,membrane cleaning,sludge yield coefficients together with organic material removal such as COD,phosphorous,etc.under long-term operation were studied.Furthermore,the relationship between sludge characteristics including sludge concentration,sludge physiology properties,sludge composition and membrane fouling was critically investigated in order to determine the effects of sludge characteristics on MBR long-term performance.Based on the research mentioned above,the membrane fouling mechanisms of flat-sheet MBR under long-term operation were proposed and the results were expected to provide a sound understanding of the design and operation of full-scale flat-sheet MBRs.
The variable in terms of membrane permeability was adopted in this study,and the variations of.the membrane permeability in the pilot-scale submerged MBR during the operation were critically investigated.The variable could be used to comprehensively demonstrate the separation and filtration characteristics of flat-sheet membrane during long-term operation.
Test results showed that the net membrane flux could be maintained at 20.0～25.0 L/(m~2 h)except that of operation in winter and the highest net flux could reach 30.6 L/(m~2 h)during the first year operation of the pilot-scale MBR.It was observed that the net membrane flux decreased in the second year and averaged at 17.0 L/(m~2 h).During the early stage(the first year),membrane cleaning procedure would be carried out per 3～4 months;however,the cleaning procedure was needed per 1～2 months as the operation time increased.Maintenance cleaning-in-place (CIP_M),to some extent,could recover membrane permeability and intensified cleaning-in-place(CIP_1)was needed if CEP_M could not effectively recover membrane permeability.Sometimes,it was also necessary to use offline cleaning method to efficiently recover membrane permeability after a long-term operation.It was also found that the MBR could bear the shocking load and effluent COD 30 mg/L and 95%removal efficiency on average could be achieved though the influent COD fluctuated greatly.In this study,it was observed that DO concentration in the MBR affected the removal of ammonia,and effluent ammonium concentration was less than 8 mg/L if the DO concentration of the top areas of the two down-comers could be maintained at above 0.3 mg/L.Good simultaneous nitrification and denitrification (SND)could be achieved under high sludge concentration in the reactor.13-19 mg/L of the effluent TN(i.e.removal efficiency 60-70%)could be reached under DO concentration 0.2-0.3 mg/L and influent TN concentration 39-70 mg/L.The effluent phosphor was less than 1.0 mg/L and average concentration less than 0.5 mg/L by addition of polymeric ferric sulfate(PFS)under the proper agent 14 mg ferric ions/(L-influent water).The study on sludge yield coefficient of the MBR showed that the observed yield coefficient(Y_(obs))under SRT 10d,20d,30d and 40d was about 0.247,0.151,0.128 and 0.113 kgMLVSS/kgCOD,respectively.The net yield coefficient(Y)and endogeneous decay coefficient(K_d)of the pilot-scale MBR for municipal wastewater treatment was about 0.402 kgMLVSS/kgCOD and 0.068 d~(-1), respectively
In this study,it was observed that sludge concentration had effects on sludge rheology.The mixed liquor belonged to Newtonian fluid with MLSS less than 10 g/L while it demonstrated non-Newtonian fluid behavior(Thixotropic fluid)as MLSS increased to above 10 g/L.Sludge concentration was also found to have negative effects on oxygen transfer coefficient(a),and a value decreased from 0.565 to 0.155 with the increase of sludge concentration from 4.5 g/L to 21.5 g/L.Cross flow velocity(CFV)was also affected by sludge concentration,and CFV tended to decrease as sludge concentration went up under the same aeration intensity.
The study on sludge properties indicated that capillary suction time(CST), soluble chemical oxygen demand(SCOD),extracellular polymeric substances(EPS), carbohydrates in the supernatant of mixed liquor,proteins in the supernatant of mixed liquor,viscosity and MLSS had positive influences on membrane fouling.It was also found that temperature of the mixed liquor had negative effects on membrane fouling. Compared with tight bound part of EPS,Loose bound(LB)was observed to have more significant influences on membrane fouling.Critical flux was also affected by sludge properties,and test results showed that critical flux declined as the CST or SCOD of the mixed liquor increased.Proper operational flux of the MBR was found to be 56%of the critical flux.
The contribution of three sludge compositions to membrane fouling under various SRT was also studied,and test results showed that the effects of suspended solids(SS)tended to increase as the SRT prolonged.The resistance caused by the three sludge compositions under abnormal conditions including low-temperature operation,foaming sludge and sludge after membrane chemical cleaning was much larger than that of sludge during stable-operation.The resistance caused by colloids or soluble products was much higher than that of SS under low-temperature operation in the winter.
Based on the long-term study of the operational characteristics of the MBR together with the research on membrane fouling properties,it could be drawn that fine particles are prone to block membrane pores or to deposit onto membrane surfaces while large particles are not easy to form membrane fouling.In submerged MBR under constant flux operation,the membrane fouling can be classified into two stages. In the first stage,the membrane fouling is mainly caused by EPS,SMP and other large molecular organic materials and the fouling velocity is rather slow.Sludge cake layer is not deposited on the membrane surfaces during this stage,which is totally different from the conventional fouling understandings.Besides,the first stage is also the main part of the operational period(one cleaning period).In the second stage, dramatic membrane fouling was observed and membrane resistance increased rapidly to the terminal pressure point,which indicated that membrane cleaning procedure should be carried out.It is also necessary to realize that sludge cake layer and gel layer are different from each other in the submerged MBR operation.Sludge cake layer can be formed onto the membrane surfaces by sludge flocs deposition,which is mainly attributed to improper design or unreasonable operation.The formation of sludge cake layer can be controlled by scientific design and optimized operation.Gel layer is mainly caused by EPS,SMP,carbohydrates and proteins which have large molecular weight but fine particles compared with sludge flocs.The gel layer fouling can not be prevented even under sub-critical flux operation mode in submerged MBRs.
Economical analysis of submerged flat-sheet membrane technology for wastewater treatment and reuse was carried out in the last section of the thesis,and the comparison of economy variables between MBR and conventional wastewater reclaiming technology was also conducted.It indicated that MBR technology was fairly competitive when used for wastewater treatment and reuse.
引文
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