基于氯离子侵蚀的混凝土耐久性与寿命预测研究
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摘要
氯离子侵蚀造成的钢筋混凝土结构耐久性失效乃至破坏现象屡见不鲜,导致了巨大的经济损失,使氯离子侵蚀环境下结构的耐久性问题备受人们关注。氯离子侵蚀不仅会引发构件中的钢筋锈蚀,还会加剧寒冷地区混凝土表面冻融剥蚀。由此研究混凝土中氯离子扩散性能及混凝土的抗盐冻性能对氯离子侵蚀环境下钢筋混凝土结构的耐久性有非常重要的意义。
本文通过试验研究了海洋水下区、海洋潮汐区、海洋大气区以及冻融条件下粉煤灰混凝土中氯离子扩散性能,建立了粉煤灰混凝土中氯离子扩散模型,基于可靠性理论对氯离子侵蚀环境下的混凝土结构进行了寿命预测,并通过试验研究了粉煤灰混凝土的抗盐冻性能及抗盐冻性定量化设计。主要研究内容如下:
海洋水下区和潮汐区是混凝土结构遭受氯离子侵蚀的重点区域。本文采用全浸泡和干湿交替方式分别模拟海洋水下区和潮汐区,研究了不同水胶比和不同掺量粉煤灰混凝土中自由氯离子和总氯离子扩散性能以及氯离子结合性能,得到了混凝土中自由氯离子含量与总氯离子含量的关系,建立了有效氯离子扩散系数与表观氯离子扩散系数的关系模型,并分别用线性结合机制、Langmuir结合机制和Freundlich结合机制对试验数据进行了回归分析,得到了相应的参数,为全面准确描述混凝土中氯离子扩散性能奠定了基础。
海洋大气环境中的混凝土结构受到氯离子侵蚀和碳化的双重作用。本文采用浸泡与碳化交替方式模拟海洋大气区,研究了碳化作用对混凝土中自由氯离子和总氯离子扩散的影响。结果表明,碳化作用提高了氯离子在混凝土中的扩散速度。
寒冷地区海洋环境和除冰盐环境中的混凝土结构受到冻融和氯离子侵蚀的双重作用,冻融作用会加快氯离子在混凝土中的扩散速度,而氯离子侵蚀又会加剧混凝土表面的冻融剥蚀。本文通过不同冻融损伤混凝土的全浸泡试验,研究了冻融损伤对混凝土中自由氯离子和总氯离子扩散的影响,引入混凝土冻融损伤度,建立了氯离子扩散系数与冻融损伤度的关系模型,为冻融和氯离子侵蚀环境下混凝土中氯离子扩散模型的建立提供了依据。
本文并通过粉煤灰混凝土快速盐冻试验,研究了水胶比、粉煤灰掺量、引气量对混凝土抗盐冻性能的影响,考察了混凝土外观、质量损失率、相对动弹性模量、超声声速、抗压强度随盐冻循环次数的变化规律,建立了混凝土动弹性模量与超声声速及抗压强度的关系模型,并建立了混凝土抗盐冻循环次数的预测模型,为工程建设中有抗盐冻性要求混凝土的配合比设计提供了依据,同时也为寒冷地区海洋环境和除冰盐环境中混凝土结构冻融损伤的评定及耐久性设计奠定了基础。
基于Fick第二定律,考虑了温湿度、氯离子扩散的时间依赖性、氯离子结合性能以及冻融损伤等因素对混凝土中氯离子扩散的影响,针对不同氯离子结合机制分别建立了综合的氯离子扩散模型,并对建立的氯离子扩散模型进行了工程验证,结果较为满意,模型的建立为氯离子侵蚀环境下混凝土结构耐久性寿命的预测提供了理论依据。
在分析了混凝土保护层、临界氯离子浓度、表面氯离子浓度、初始氯离子浓度、氯离子扩散系数、氯离子扩散系数的衰减指数及氯离子结合系数等因素概率特性的基础上,基于可靠性理论对氯离子侵蚀环境下的混凝土结构进行了寿命预测,并对混凝土结构耐久性寿命的敏感性进行了分析,得到了各影响因素对耐久性寿命的影响规律及影响程度,为结构的耐久性设计提供了相应参考。最后对不同氯离子结合机制下混凝土结构耐久性寿命进行了对比,结果表明,Langmuir结合机制可更准确预测结构的耐久性寿命。
Durability failure of reinforced concrete structures due to chloride corrosion often occurs, which leads to enormous economic loss, so the durability problems of structures in chloride corrosion environment arouse the attention of people. Chloride corrosion can not only cause the rust of rebar, but also aggravate surface scaling of concrete in cold region. Therefore, the study on chloride diffusion properties in concrete and frost-salt resistance of concrete have very important significance to the durability of reinforced concrete structures in chloride corrosion environment.
The chloride diffusion properties in fly ash concrete of marine underwater region, marine tidal region, marine atmospheric region and cold region were investigated by tests. The chloride diffusion model in fly ash concrete was established, and service life prediction for concrete structures in chloride corrosion environment was carried out based on reliability theory. The frost-salt resistance and quantitative design on frost-salt resistance of fly ash concrete were also investigated by tests. The main contents of this paper are as follows:
Marine underwater region and marine tidal region are the key region where concrete structures suffer chloride corrosion. The diffusion properties of free chloride and total chloride and the chloride binding properties in different water-binder ratio and different volume of fly ash concrete were investigated by using full-immersion method and alternation of wet-dry method to simulate marine underwater region and marine tidal region respectively. The relationship between free chloride content and total chloride content in concrete was obtained, and the relation model between effective chloride diffusion coefficient and apparent chloride diffusion coefficient was also established. Regression analysis on experiment data was carried out by using linear binding mechanisms, Langmuir binding mechanisms and Freundlich binding mechanisms respectively, and the parameters were obtained. The study above provide basis for describing the diffusion properties of chloride in concrete completely and accurately.
The concrete structures in marine atmospheric environment suffer the dual action of chloride corrosion and carbonation. The influence of carbonation on diffusion of free chloride and total chloride in concrete was investigated by using alternation of immersion and carbonation method to simulate marine atmospheric region. The results show that, carbonation action increases the diffusion speed of chloride in concrete.
The concrete structures in marine environment of cold region and deicing salt environment suffer the dual action of freeze-thaw and chloride corrosion, freeze-thaw action can increase the diffusion speed of chloride in concrete, and chloride corrosion can aggravate surface scaling of concrete. The influence of freeze-thaw damage on diffusion of free chloride and total chloride in concrete was investigated by full-immersion tests of the concrete with different freeze-thaw damage, and the relation model between chloride diffusion coefficient and freeze-thaw damage was established by introducing freeze-thaw damage value of concrete, which provides basis for establishment of chloride diffusion model in concrete under the environment of freeze-thaw and chloride corrosion.
Accelerated frost-salt tests of fly ash concrete were also carried out. The influence of water-binder ratio, volume of fly ash and air-entraining content on frost-salt resistance of concrete were investigated. The variation rule of surface characteristics, weight loss rate, relative dynamic modulus of elasticity, supersonic velocity, compressive strength of concrete with the number of frost-salt cycle were inspected. The relation model between dynamic modulus of elasticity and velocity of ultrasonic sound, and the relation model between dynamic modulus of elasticity and compressive strength of concrete was established respectively. And the model for predicting the cycle number of frost-salt resistance of concrete was also established. The study above provide basis for design of mix proportion of the concrete with request of frost-salt resistance in engineering construction, and also provide basis for the evaluation on freeze-thaw damage and the durability design of concrete structures in marine environment of cold region and deicing salt environment.
Based on Fick’s second law and the analysis for the influence of temperature, humidity, time-dependence of chloride diffusion, chloride binding properties and freeze-thaw damage on chloride diffusion in concrete, comprehensive chloride diffusion model was established respectively according to different chloride binding mechanisms. The model is reasonable according to engineering verification, which provides theory basis for durability life prediction of concrete structures in chloride corrosion environment.
Based on the analysis for probabilistic characteristics of concrete cover, critical chloride concentration, surface chloride concentration, initial chloride concentration, chloride diffusion coefficient, attenuation index of chloride diffusion coefficient and chloride binding coefficient, service life prediction for concrete structures in chloride corrosion environment was carried out according to reliability theory. Meanwhile, the sensitivity of durability life of concrete structures was analyzed, the rule and the degree of influence of each factor on durability life were obtained, which provide reference for durability design of structures. Finally, the durability life of concrete structures under different chloride binding mechanisms were compared. The results show that, Langmuir binding mechanisms can predict service life of structures more accurately.
本文通过试验研究了海洋水下区、海洋潮汐区、海洋大气区以及冻融条件下粉煤灰混凝土中氯离子扩散性能,建立了粉煤灰混凝土中氯离子扩散模型,基于可靠性理论对氯离子侵蚀环境下的混凝土结构进行了寿命预测,并通过试验研究了粉煤灰混凝土的抗盐冻性能及抗盐冻性定量化设计。主要研究内容如下:
海洋水下区和潮汐区是混凝土结构遭受氯离子侵蚀的重点区域。本文采用全浸泡和干湿交替方式分别模拟海洋水下区和潮汐区,研究了不同水胶比和不同掺量粉煤灰混凝土中自由氯离子和总氯离子扩散性能以及氯离子结合性能,得到了混凝土中自由氯离子含量与总氯离子含量的关系,建立了有效氯离子扩散系数与表观氯离子扩散系数的关系模型,并分别用线性结合机制、Langmuir结合机制和Freundlich结合机制对试验数据进行了回归分析,得到了相应的参数,为全面准确描述混凝土中氯离子扩散性能奠定了基础。
海洋大气环境中的混凝土结构受到氯离子侵蚀和碳化的双重作用。本文采用浸泡与碳化交替方式模拟海洋大气区,研究了碳化作用对混凝土中自由氯离子和总氯离子扩散的影响。结果表明,碳化作用提高了氯离子在混凝土中的扩散速度。
寒冷地区海洋环境和除冰盐环境中的混凝土结构受到冻融和氯离子侵蚀的双重作用,冻融作用会加快氯离子在混凝土中的扩散速度,而氯离子侵蚀又会加剧混凝土表面的冻融剥蚀。本文通过不同冻融损伤混凝土的全浸泡试验,研究了冻融损伤对混凝土中自由氯离子和总氯离子扩散的影响,引入混凝土冻融损伤度,建立了氯离子扩散系数与冻融损伤度的关系模型,为冻融和氯离子侵蚀环境下混凝土中氯离子扩散模型的建立提供了依据。
本文并通过粉煤灰混凝土快速盐冻试验,研究了水胶比、粉煤灰掺量、引气量对混凝土抗盐冻性能的影响,考察了混凝土外观、质量损失率、相对动弹性模量、超声声速、抗压强度随盐冻循环次数的变化规律,建立了混凝土动弹性模量与超声声速及抗压强度的关系模型,并建立了混凝土抗盐冻循环次数的预测模型,为工程建设中有抗盐冻性要求混凝土的配合比设计提供了依据,同时也为寒冷地区海洋环境和除冰盐环境中混凝土结构冻融损伤的评定及耐久性设计奠定了基础。
基于Fick第二定律,考虑了温湿度、氯离子扩散的时间依赖性、氯离子结合性能以及冻融损伤等因素对混凝土中氯离子扩散的影响,针对不同氯离子结合机制分别建立了综合的氯离子扩散模型,并对建立的氯离子扩散模型进行了工程验证,结果较为满意,模型的建立为氯离子侵蚀环境下混凝土结构耐久性寿命的预测提供了理论依据。
在分析了混凝土保护层、临界氯离子浓度、表面氯离子浓度、初始氯离子浓度、氯离子扩散系数、氯离子扩散系数的衰减指数及氯离子结合系数等因素概率特性的基础上,基于可靠性理论对氯离子侵蚀环境下的混凝土结构进行了寿命预测,并对混凝土结构耐久性寿命的敏感性进行了分析,得到了各影响因素对耐久性寿命的影响规律及影响程度,为结构的耐久性设计提供了相应参考。最后对不同氯离子结合机制下混凝土结构耐久性寿命进行了对比,结果表明,Langmuir结合机制可更准确预测结构的耐久性寿命。
Durability failure of reinforced concrete structures due to chloride corrosion often occurs, which leads to enormous economic loss, so the durability problems of structures in chloride corrosion environment arouse the attention of people. Chloride corrosion can not only cause the rust of rebar, but also aggravate surface scaling of concrete in cold region. Therefore, the study on chloride diffusion properties in concrete and frost-salt resistance of concrete have very important significance to the durability of reinforced concrete structures in chloride corrosion environment.
The chloride diffusion properties in fly ash concrete of marine underwater region, marine tidal region, marine atmospheric region and cold region were investigated by tests. The chloride diffusion model in fly ash concrete was established, and service life prediction for concrete structures in chloride corrosion environment was carried out based on reliability theory. The frost-salt resistance and quantitative design on frost-salt resistance of fly ash concrete were also investigated by tests. The main contents of this paper are as follows:
Marine underwater region and marine tidal region are the key region where concrete structures suffer chloride corrosion. The diffusion properties of free chloride and total chloride and the chloride binding properties in different water-binder ratio and different volume of fly ash concrete were investigated by using full-immersion method and alternation of wet-dry method to simulate marine underwater region and marine tidal region respectively. The relationship between free chloride content and total chloride content in concrete was obtained, and the relation model between effective chloride diffusion coefficient and apparent chloride diffusion coefficient was also established. Regression analysis on experiment data was carried out by using linear binding mechanisms, Langmuir binding mechanisms and Freundlich binding mechanisms respectively, and the parameters were obtained. The study above provide basis for describing the diffusion properties of chloride in concrete completely and accurately.
The concrete structures in marine atmospheric environment suffer the dual action of chloride corrosion and carbonation. The influence of carbonation on diffusion of free chloride and total chloride in concrete was investigated by using alternation of immersion and carbonation method to simulate marine atmospheric region. The results show that, carbonation action increases the diffusion speed of chloride in concrete.
The concrete structures in marine environment of cold region and deicing salt environment suffer the dual action of freeze-thaw and chloride corrosion, freeze-thaw action can increase the diffusion speed of chloride in concrete, and chloride corrosion can aggravate surface scaling of concrete. The influence of freeze-thaw damage on diffusion of free chloride and total chloride in concrete was investigated by full-immersion tests of the concrete with different freeze-thaw damage, and the relation model between chloride diffusion coefficient and freeze-thaw damage was established by introducing freeze-thaw damage value of concrete, which provides basis for establishment of chloride diffusion model in concrete under the environment of freeze-thaw and chloride corrosion.
Accelerated frost-salt tests of fly ash concrete were also carried out. The influence of water-binder ratio, volume of fly ash and air-entraining content on frost-salt resistance of concrete were investigated. The variation rule of surface characteristics, weight loss rate, relative dynamic modulus of elasticity, supersonic velocity, compressive strength of concrete with the number of frost-salt cycle were inspected. The relation model between dynamic modulus of elasticity and velocity of ultrasonic sound, and the relation model between dynamic modulus of elasticity and compressive strength of concrete was established respectively. And the model for predicting the cycle number of frost-salt resistance of concrete was also established. The study above provide basis for design of mix proportion of the concrete with request of frost-salt resistance in engineering construction, and also provide basis for the evaluation on freeze-thaw damage and the durability design of concrete structures in marine environment of cold region and deicing salt environment.
Based on Fick’s second law and the analysis for the influence of temperature, humidity, time-dependence of chloride diffusion, chloride binding properties and freeze-thaw damage on chloride diffusion in concrete, comprehensive chloride diffusion model was established respectively according to different chloride binding mechanisms. The model is reasonable according to engineering verification, which provides theory basis for durability life prediction of concrete structures in chloride corrosion environment.
Based on the analysis for probabilistic characteristics of concrete cover, critical chloride concentration, surface chloride concentration, initial chloride concentration, chloride diffusion coefficient, attenuation index of chloride diffusion coefficient and chloride binding coefficient, service life prediction for concrete structures in chloride corrosion environment was carried out according to reliability theory. Meanwhile, the sensitivity of durability life of concrete structures was analyzed, the rule and the degree of influence of each factor on durability life were obtained, which provide reference for durability design of structures. Finally, the durability life of concrete structures under different chloride binding mechanisms were compared. The results show that, Langmuir binding mechanisms can predict service life of structures more accurately.
引文
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