乌东德坝区岩体裂隙及块体研究
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摘要
乌东德水电站是金沙江下游河段规划建设的四个水电梯级——乌东德、白鹤滩、溪洛渡、向家坝的最上游一级，具有以发电为主，兼顾防洪和拦沙等综合效益。乌东德大坝位于云南省禄劝县和四川省会东县交界的乌东德峡谷中，电站厂房位于峡谷两岸的岩体中。大坝为双曲拱坝，拱座岩体以层状灰岩和大理岩为主。坝区岩体裂隙及裂隙圈闭而成的块体是影响工程安全的重要因素，是工程技术人员重点关注的问题。
论文依托乌东德水电站工程，对坝区岩体裂隙和块体进行了系统研究。主要研究内容包括：（1）对坝区典型地段的实测裂隙进行统计分析，采用逆建模方法构建三维裂隙网络模型；（2）基于三维裂隙网络模型，采用带宽投影法求算裂隙的二维和三维连通率，分析连通率的分布特征和尺寸效应；（3）计算各高程拱座岩体的块体百分比，分析各段岩体的块度组合特征；（4）将岩体块度模数这一概念拓展到三维空间，对坝区岩体进行三维块度模数计算并进行分级；（5）采用一般块体方法对地下电站厂房的随机块体进行预测分析，确定随机块体的规模、数量和稳定性，为地下厂房的开挖支护提供建议。
研究表明：乌东德坝区主要发育倾W向和NE向的两组裂隙，平均迹长在1.0~4.0m之间，服从对数正态分布或负指数分布，裂隙平均间距属宽~很宽间距，最大三维裂隙密度为0.251m-3。拱座岩体缓倾角裂隙的二维连通率均小于10.0%，中倾角裂隙连通率位于8.0%~22.5%之间，陡倾角裂隙连通率位于0~11.6%；三维情况下，底滑面连通率为0.5~4.0%，侧滑面连通率为1.9~23.4%，侧滑面连通率近似服从正态分布，具有显著的尺寸效应，侧滑面连通率随裂隙发育特征表现出显著的方位特征。各段岩体的块体化程度存在差异，最大的块体百分比为74.5%，最小块体百分比仅为0.14%，大多数块体体积小于1m3。各段岩体的三维块度模数均大于4.0，属较完整~完整岩体。右岸地下厂房的随机块体集中在厂房的顶拱部位，左岸随机块体主要位于边墙部位；块体以稳定块体为主，但可移动块体占50%以上，最大块体体积达152.0m3，块体最大埋深为8.8m，对地下厂房围岩进锚喷支护时，锚杆（锚索）的最小长度应大于8.8m，以充分保证地下厂房围岩的稳定性。
The Wudongde hydropower station is the most upstream ladder of fourworld-class hydropower stations—Wudongde, Baihetan, Xiluodu and Xiangjiaba,which are being constructed on the downstream of Jinshajiang River. The project willhas tremendous benefits such as electricity generation, flood control and sedimentdesilting. The dam is located in the Wudongde valley between Yunnan and Sichuanand the underground powerhouses are suited in the rock masses on the banks ofJinshajiang River. A curvature arch dam will be constructed and the layeredlimestones and marbles will serve as abutments. The rock fractures and blocks aremain factors endangering the whole project and hence being the focus.
The dissertation studies the rock fractures and blocks in dam area in detail basedon the Wudongde hydropower station project. The main contents cover:(1) statisticalanalysis for the measured fractures and three-dimensional (3d) fracture networkmodeling by an inverse method;(2) evaluating the2d and3d fracture persistence byprojection method on the basis of fracture networks, and discussing the distributioncharacteristics and scale effect of fracture persistence;(3)computing the blockiness foreach rock mass and analyzing the assemblage characteristics of blocks;(4)expandingthe blockiness modulus into three dimensions，determining the3d block modulus foreach rock mass and its grade;(5) identification of the stochastic blocks inunderground powerhouses, quantification of their amount, sizes and stability, andproviding suggestion for the construction.
The following conclusions can be drawn from the research:(1) two fracturegroups are developed in dam area, with west and northeast dip directions;the fracturetrace length is lognormally or exponentially distributed with average values ranging in1.0~4.0m; the average spacing is wide or very wide; the maximum3d frequency is0.251m-3.(2) the2d persistence value of flat-dipping fractures for each rock mass isless than10.0%, and that of medium and steep-dipping fractures are in8.0%~22.5%and0~11.6%,respectively; In three dimensions, the persistence values of horizontal andlateral slip surface are in the range of0.5~4.0%and1.9~23.4%, respectively; the3dpersistence of lateral slip surface is approximately normally distributed and exhibitsconsiderable scale effect and oriented-independent characteristics duo to the fracturefeatures.(3) the blockiness degree differs from each rock mass; the maximum andminimum values are74.5%and0.14%, respectively; the majority of blocks are less than1m3in volume.(4)the3d blockiness modulus for each rock mass is greater than4.0and therefore each rock mass is integral or sub-integral.(5) the stochastic blocksare largely suited in the vault of the right powerhouse and the sidewalls of the leftpowerhouse; the majority of blocks are stable but removable; the largest block is152.0m~3;the maximum embedded depth of blocks can be up to8.8m, so it issuggested that the anchor bolts supporting the surrounding blocks should be greaterthan8.8m in order to guarantee the stability of the powerhouses.
论文依托乌东德水电站工程，对坝区岩体裂隙和块体进行了系统研究。主要研究内容包括：（1）对坝区典型地段的实测裂隙进行统计分析，采用逆建模方法构建三维裂隙网络模型；（2）基于三维裂隙网络模型，采用带宽投影法求算裂隙的二维和三维连通率，分析连通率的分布特征和尺寸效应；（3）计算各高程拱座岩体的块体百分比，分析各段岩体的块度组合特征；（4）将岩体块度模数这一概念拓展到三维空间，对坝区岩体进行三维块度模数计算并进行分级；（5）采用一般块体方法对地下电站厂房的随机块体进行预测分析，确定随机块体的规模、数量和稳定性，为地下厂房的开挖支护提供建议。
研究表明：乌东德坝区主要发育倾W向和NE向的两组裂隙，平均迹长在1.0~4.0m之间，服从对数正态分布或负指数分布，裂隙平均间距属宽~很宽间距，最大三维裂隙密度为0.251m-3。拱座岩体缓倾角裂隙的二维连通率均小于10.0%，中倾角裂隙连通率位于8.0%~22.5%之间，陡倾角裂隙连通率位于0~11.6%；三维情况下，底滑面连通率为0.5~4.0%，侧滑面连通率为1.9~23.4%，侧滑面连通率近似服从正态分布，具有显著的尺寸效应，侧滑面连通率随裂隙发育特征表现出显著的方位特征。各段岩体的块体化程度存在差异，最大的块体百分比为74.5%，最小块体百分比仅为0.14%，大多数块体体积小于1m3。各段岩体的三维块度模数均大于4.0，属较完整~完整岩体。右岸地下厂房的随机块体集中在厂房的顶拱部位，左岸随机块体主要位于边墙部位；块体以稳定块体为主，但可移动块体占50%以上，最大块体体积达152.0m3，块体最大埋深为8.8m，对地下厂房围岩进锚喷支护时，锚杆（锚索）的最小长度应大于8.8m，以充分保证地下厂房围岩的稳定性。
The Wudongde hydropower station is the most upstream ladder of fourworld-class hydropower stations—Wudongde, Baihetan, Xiluodu and Xiangjiaba,which are being constructed on the downstream of Jinshajiang River. The project willhas tremendous benefits such as electricity generation, flood control and sedimentdesilting. The dam is located in the Wudongde valley between Yunnan and Sichuanand the underground powerhouses are suited in the rock masses on the banks ofJinshajiang River. A curvature arch dam will be constructed and the layeredlimestones and marbles will serve as abutments. The rock fractures and blocks aremain factors endangering the whole project and hence being the focus.
The dissertation studies the rock fractures and blocks in dam area in detail basedon the Wudongde hydropower station project. The main contents cover:(1) statisticalanalysis for the measured fractures and three-dimensional (3d) fracture networkmodeling by an inverse method;(2) evaluating the2d and3d fracture persistence byprojection method on the basis of fracture networks, and discussing the distributioncharacteristics and scale effect of fracture persistence;(3)computing the blockiness foreach rock mass and analyzing the assemblage characteristics of blocks;(4)expandingthe blockiness modulus into three dimensions，determining the3d block modulus foreach rock mass and its grade;(5) identification of the stochastic blocks inunderground powerhouses, quantification of their amount, sizes and stability, andproviding suggestion for the construction.
The following conclusions can be drawn from the research:(1) two fracturegroups are developed in dam area, with west and northeast dip directions;the fracturetrace length is lognormally or exponentially distributed with average values ranging in1.0~4.0m; the average spacing is wide or very wide; the maximum3d frequency is0.251m-3.(2) the2d persistence value of flat-dipping fractures for each rock mass isless than10.0%, and that of medium and steep-dipping fractures are in8.0%~22.5%and0~11.6%,respectively; In three dimensions, the persistence values of horizontal andlateral slip surface are in the range of0.5~4.0%and1.9~23.4%, respectively; the3dpersistence of lateral slip surface is approximately normally distributed and exhibitsconsiderable scale effect and oriented-independent characteristics duo to the fracturefeatures.(3) the blockiness degree differs from each rock mass; the maximum andminimum values are74.5%and0.14%, respectively; the majority of blocks are less than1m3in volume.(4)the3d blockiness modulus for each rock mass is greater than4.0and therefore each rock mass is integral or sub-integral.(5) the stochastic blocksare largely suited in the vault of the right powerhouse and the sidewalls of the leftpowerhouse; the majority of blocks are stable but removable; the largest block is152.0m~3;the maximum embedded depth of blocks can be up to8.8m, so it issuggested that the anchor bolts supporting the surrounding blocks should be greaterthan8.8m in order to guarantee the stability of the powerhouses.
引文
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