夏热冬暖地区公共建筑能耗定额分类模型及标准建筑的研究
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摘要
建筑能耗定额是指通过统计分析法或技术分析法确定的,定额期内建筑内社会生产活动在标准化条件下提供单位社会产品所必需消耗的能源数量标准。能耗定额的研究过程中,主要需要解决以下问题:①制定能耗定额的指标体系;②对建筑进行合理的分类;③用精确并且实用的方法制定出某类建筑的定额值。本文对公共建筑能耗定额的分类模型及标准建筑的建立进行了深入的研究,得出了一些定额编制的方法和理论。本论文主要进行的研究工作和结论如下:
①本文论证了建筑能耗定额在编制过程中,分类模型建立的目的、作用及必要性。在分类模型的建立中,分类指标的合理选取是关键,本文研究得到了适用于不同地区各类建筑的分类指标的选取方法及依据,即:分类指标的合理性、能耗显著性及稳定性。
②本文根据公共建筑能耗影响因素及不同建筑的用能特点,把建筑进行了一次分类、二次分类……,对应的分类指标为一次分类指标、二次分类指标……。首先根据分类指标的合理性从各因素中挑选出可疑分类指标,进而根据能耗的影响敏感性对这些指标进行分类。当所有可疑分类指标对能耗不再具有敏感性时,分类结束。
③本文分析了深圳市公共建筑的用能特点,以深圳市近300栋样本建筑2007年全年能耗数据为基础,并依据以上理论,对该市各类公共建筑进行了分类,最终得到了该市公共建筑分类结果验证了以上理论的可行性、实用性及合理性。该市公共建筑可进行两次分类,第一次分类指标为建筑功能,第二次分类指标按照不同功能为:建筑面积、建筑规模及建筑类型等。。
④本文从理论上研究了基于建筑能耗定额的典型建筑选取和标准建筑的建立。在选取典型建筑时,通过3个步骤进行选取,即:基于数据的初步选取、基于能耗敏感性因素的一票否决及基于各能耗因素权值评价的权衡判断。在建立标准建筑时,重要因素重点考察、逐项进行标准化,做到各项标准化工作有文可依。
⑤本文以深圳市政府办公楼为案例,依据以上理论选取了该市第二类办公楼(10000m~2~20000m~2)的一栋典型建筑,并对该栋建筑进行了标准化,得到了一栋用于计算技术定额值的标准建筑。
Building energy quota is a standard amount of energy which is necessarily consumed to output unit of social product under standardized conditions in the fixed period, and it is determined through statistical analysis or technical analysis method. Given the current study, in the research of energy consumption quota there were some difficulties as follow: a. the establishment of the index system of energy consumption quota; b. the reasonable classification of buildings; c. accurate and practical methods for the detailed quota of certain building. This dissertation studied mainly in classification model and standerd building of public building energy consumption quota system, and draw some method and theory in compiling building energy quota. The main research work and conclusions of this dissertation are as follows:
①This dissertation demonstrated the aim, effect and necessity of classification model in compiling building energy quota. In classification model, the key is reasonable selection of classification indicator. Selection method and basis of indicator is established , which can be used in different regions and buildings, that is rationality , energy consumption significantly and stability.
②Based on public building energy consumtion influencing factor and energy consumption feature, building clacification can be devided into first clacification, secord clacification and so on, correspondingly the clacification indictor was devided into first indictor secord indictor and so on. Firstly, some factors is delected as suspect classification indictors, then the indictors were distinguished as first indictor and secord indictor and so on by energy sensitivity. When there was no suspect indictor is sensitive, clacification is over.
③This paper analyzes the characteristics in using energy of public buildings in Shenzhen City, based on annual energy consumption in 2007 of nearly 300 sample buildings of Shenzhen. And based on above theory, various public buildings were classified. The results of classification for public buildings of the city as follows: the public buildings can be classified twice; in the first classification, the index is the building function, and in the second classification, according to different functional, the index is the construction area, building size and building types. And the author verified the feasibility , practicability and rationality of the above theory
④This dissertation studied selection of typical building and establishment of standardized building theoretically in building energy consumption. In the selection of typical building , it was selected though three steps , namely Initial selection based on the data, the one-vote veto system based on sensitivity factors of energy consumption and trade-off judgement based on weight rating of sensitivity factors. In the establishment of standardized building, important factor is mainly considered, and factors is standardized member by member, making the standardizing work have basis to obey.
⑤In this dissertation, author taked government office building in Shenzhen as an case. Based on the above theoretical , author selected a typical building in the secord category of office building, and the building was standardized which is used to calculate the technical energy quota.
①本文论证了建筑能耗定额在编制过程中,分类模型建立的目的、作用及必要性。在分类模型的建立中,分类指标的合理选取是关键,本文研究得到了适用于不同地区各类建筑的分类指标的选取方法及依据,即:分类指标的合理性、能耗显著性及稳定性。
②本文根据公共建筑能耗影响因素及不同建筑的用能特点,把建筑进行了一次分类、二次分类……,对应的分类指标为一次分类指标、二次分类指标……。首先根据分类指标的合理性从各因素中挑选出可疑分类指标,进而根据能耗的影响敏感性对这些指标进行分类。当所有可疑分类指标对能耗不再具有敏感性时,分类结束。
③本文分析了深圳市公共建筑的用能特点,以深圳市近300栋样本建筑2007年全年能耗数据为基础,并依据以上理论,对该市各类公共建筑进行了分类,最终得到了该市公共建筑分类结果验证了以上理论的可行性、实用性及合理性。该市公共建筑可进行两次分类,第一次分类指标为建筑功能,第二次分类指标按照不同功能为:建筑面积、建筑规模及建筑类型等。。
④本文从理论上研究了基于建筑能耗定额的典型建筑选取和标准建筑的建立。在选取典型建筑时,通过3个步骤进行选取,即:基于数据的初步选取、基于能耗敏感性因素的一票否决及基于各能耗因素权值评价的权衡判断。在建立标准建筑时,重要因素重点考察、逐项进行标准化,做到各项标准化工作有文可依。
⑤本文以深圳市政府办公楼为案例,依据以上理论选取了该市第二类办公楼(10000m~2~20000m~2)的一栋典型建筑,并对该栋建筑进行了标准化,得到了一栋用于计算技术定额值的标准建筑。
Building energy quota is a standard amount of energy which is necessarily consumed to output unit of social product under standardized conditions in the fixed period, and it is determined through statistical analysis or technical analysis method. Given the current study, in the research of energy consumption quota there were some difficulties as follow: a. the establishment of the index system of energy consumption quota; b. the reasonable classification of buildings; c. accurate and practical methods for the detailed quota of certain building. This dissertation studied mainly in classification model and standerd building of public building energy consumption quota system, and draw some method and theory in compiling building energy quota. The main research work and conclusions of this dissertation are as follows:
①This dissertation demonstrated the aim, effect and necessity of classification model in compiling building energy quota. In classification model, the key is reasonable selection of classification indicator. Selection method and basis of indicator is established , which can be used in different regions and buildings, that is rationality , energy consumption significantly and stability.
②Based on public building energy consumtion influencing factor and energy consumption feature, building clacification can be devided into first clacification, secord clacification and so on, correspondingly the clacification indictor was devided into first indictor secord indictor and so on. Firstly, some factors is delected as suspect classification indictors, then the indictors were distinguished as first indictor and secord indictor and so on by energy sensitivity. When there was no suspect indictor is sensitive, clacification is over.
③This paper analyzes the characteristics in using energy of public buildings in Shenzhen City, based on annual energy consumption in 2007 of nearly 300 sample buildings of Shenzhen. And based on above theory, various public buildings were classified. The results of classification for public buildings of the city as follows: the public buildings can be classified twice; in the first classification, the index is the building function, and in the second classification, according to different functional, the index is the construction area, building size and building types. And the author verified the feasibility , practicability and rationality of the above theory
④This dissertation studied selection of typical building and establishment of standardized building theoretically in building energy consumption. In the selection of typical building , it was selected though three steps , namely Initial selection based on the data, the one-vote veto system based on sensitivity factors of energy consumption and trade-off judgement based on weight rating of sensitivity factors. In the establishment of standardized building, important factor is mainly considered, and factors is standardized member by member, making the standardizing work have basis to obey.
⑤In this dissertation, author taked government office building in Shenzhen as an case. Based on the above theoretical , author selected a typical building in the secord category of office building, and the building was standardized which is used to calculate the technical energy quota.
引文
[1]赵键,马驰.建筑节能工程设计手册.经济科学出版社2005:2-10.
[2]董守聪.从能源危机看建筑节能[J].设计研究, 2006, (2):51-53.
[3]中华人民共和国统计局.国际统计年鉴2008[M].北京:中国统计出版社, 2008.
[4]JGJ26-95民用节能设计标准(采暖居住部分)[S]. 1995.
[5]GB 50189-2005公共建筑节能设计标准[S]. 2005.
[6]江亿.我国建筑能耗状况有效的节能途径[J].暖通空调, 2005, 35(5):30-31.
[7]Hui, Sam C.M.1. Building energy efficiency standards in Hong Kong and mainland China[J]. Proceedings ACEEE Summer Study on Energy Efficiency in Buildings2000(9).
[8]FengYan-ping, WuYong b, LiuChang-bin. Energy-efficiency supervision systems for energy management in large public buildings: Necessary choice for China[J]. Energy Policy, (2009) 2060–2065.
[9]房和城乡建设部科技发展促进中心张小玲.设置用能定额降低公建能耗[J].建筑科技2009.
[10]Liu, Wenzhoa. Rational irrigation quota under limited water supvly[J]. Shuili Xuebao / JournalofHydraulieEngineering.1998,9:75一80.
[11]武安红.单产品企业的取水定额编制方法[D].华中师范大学, 2006.
[12]钱伯宁.武汉大学济宁市城市用水定额编制[D].武汉:武汉大学2004.
[13]陆克.天津市城市用水定额编制研究[D].天津:天津大学,2008.
[14]毛建军.关于我国工程预算定额的理论及其运用研究[D].成都:西南财经大学, 2000.
[15]王春梅.建筑施工企业定额的编制研究.河北:河北农业大学. 2006.
[16]清华大学建筑节能研究中心.中国建筑节能年度研究报告2009[M].北京:中国建筑工业出版社, 2009.
[17]徐强.公共建筑用能定额研究现状及思考.建筑科技[J]. 2010(8):35-37.
[18]武涌,刘长滨.中国建筑节能管理制度创新研究[M].中国建筑工业出版社, 2007.
[19]Wei, YuWen.The Role and Applieation of Quotas[J]. AACE International. Transaetions of the Annual Meeting, 2003.
[20]Changyuan. The study of economic incentive policy for building energy efficiency of Beijing[J]. Proceedings of 2007 International Conference on Management Science and Engineering, 2007.
[21]周智勇.建筑能耗定额的理论与实证研究[D].重庆:重庆大学, 2010.
[22]辛格,刘全儒,郭延平,于明.植物系统分类学[M].北京:化学工业出版社, 2008.
[23]SurveyResearehUsingSPSS(vs.0Revised). SPSSIne. Chieago1llinois, 1998.6.
[24]TheBasie:SPSSforWindows10.0.SPSSIne. ChieagoIllinois, 1999.9.
[25]周济,兰毅辉.中国古代分类思想的共性和个性[J].科学技术于辩证法,1989(8 ).
[26]梁珍等.公共建筑能耗主要影响因素的分析[J].低温建筑技术, 2001(3).
[27]鄢涛.深圳市公共建筑能耗与节能分析[D].重庆:重庆大学, 2005.
[28]中华人民共和国国务院令第531号《公共机构节能条例》.
[29]SZDB/Z 26—2010深圳市地方标准《建筑物基本指标、功能分类及编码》[S].2010
[30]JGJ67-2006办公建筑设计规范[S]. 2006.
[31]SZJG 29-2009深圳市公共建筑节能设计标准[S]. 2009.
[32]Hans H. Bock. Probabilistic models in cluster analysis[J]. Computational Statistics & Data. 1996(23)Pages 5-28.
[33]Wei Chunyang. Hierarchical cluster analysis of tobacco leaves from different areas based on fractal color Transactions of the Chinese [J]. Society of Agricultural Machinery.
[34]JGJ48-88商场类建筑设计标准[S]. 1988.梁珍等.
[35]商场建筑能耗主要影响因素及节能分析.节能技术, 2001(3).
[36]JGJ62-90,旅游旅馆建筑设计规范[S]. 1990.
[37]JGJ64-98饮食建筑设计标准[S]. 1998.
[38]中国国家标准化管理委员会, GB/T 13391—2009餐饮企业的等级划分和评定[S] , 2009.
[39]魏庆芃,王鑫,肖贺,杨秀.中国公共建筑能耗现状和特点[J].建筑科技2009(8).
[40]田胜元.实验设计与数据处理[M].北京:中国建筑工业出版社. 1988.
[41]田俊.数据正态性简易判断方法及偏态数据幂变换法[J].中国公共卫生2003.19(12).
[42]谢明霞.基于模糊统计分析模型的概念层次分类研究[J].地理空间信息2009(2).
[43]杨李宁.公共建筑空调工程能效比的研究[D].重庆:重庆大学, 2007.
[44]ASHRAE handbook & product directory y-1977 fundamen-tal[M]. American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-conditioning Engineers, Inc. 1977.
[45]魏明华.深圳市深圳市公共建筑空调系统运行能效比影响因素分析[D].重庆:重庆大学, 2008.
[2]董守聪.从能源危机看建筑节能[J].设计研究, 2006, (2):51-53.
[3]中华人民共和国统计局.国际统计年鉴2008[M].北京:中国统计出版社, 2008.
[4]JGJ26-95民用节能设计标准(采暖居住部分)[S]. 1995.
[5]GB 50189-2005公共建筑节能设计标准[S]. 2005.
[6]江亿.我国建筑能耗状况有效的节能途径[J].暖通空调, 2005, 35(5):30-31.
[7]Hui, Sam C.M.1. Building energy efficiency standards in Hong Kong and mainland China[J]. Proceedings ACEEE Summer Study on Energy Efficiency in Buildings2000(9).
[8]FengYan-ping, WuYong b, LiuChang-bin. Energy-efficiency supervision systems for energy management in large public buildings: Necessary choice for China[J]. Energy Policy, (2009) 2060–2065.
[9]房和城乡建设部科技发展促进中心张小玲.设置用能定额降低公建能耗[J].建筑科技2009.
[10]Liu, Wenzhoa. Rational irrigation quota under limited water supvly[J]. Shuili Xuebao / JournalofHydraulieEngineering.1998,9:75一80.
[11]武安红.单产品企业的取水定额编制方法[D].华中师范大学, 2006.
[12]钱伯宁.武汉大学济宁市城市用水定额编制[D].武汉:武汉大学2004.
[13]陆克.天津市城市用水定额编制研究[D].天津:天津大学,2008.
[14]毛建军.关于我国工程预算定额的理论及其运用研究[D].成都:西南财经大学, 2000.
[15]王春梅.建筑施工企业定额的编制研究.河北:河北农业大学. 2006.
[16]清华大学建筑节能研究中心.中国建筑节能年度研究报告2009[M].北京:中国建筑工业出版社, 2009.
[17]徐强.公共建筑用能定额研究现状及思考.建筑科技[J]. 2010(8):35-37.
[18]武涌,刘长滨.中国建筑节能管理制度创新研究[M].中国建筑工业出版社, 2007.
[19]Wei, YuWen.The Role and Applieation of Quotas[J]. AACE International. Transaetions of the Annual Meeting, 2003.
[20]Changyuan. The study of economic incentive policy for building energy efficiency of Beijing[J]. Proceedings of 2007 International Conference on Management Science and Engineering, 2007.
[21]周智勇.建筑能耗定额的理论与实证研究[D].重庆:重庆大学, 2010.
[22]辛格,刘全儒,郭延平,于明.植物系统分类学[M].北京:化学工业出版社, 2008.
[23]SurveyResearehUsingSPSS(vs.0Revised). SPSSIne. Chieago1llinois, 1998.6.
[24]TheBasie:SPSSforWindows10.0.SPSSIne. ChieagoIllinois, 1999.9.
[25]周济,兰毅辉.中国古代分类思想的共性和个性[J].科学技术于辩证法,1989(8 ).
[26]梁珍等.公共建筑能耗主要影响因素的分析[J].低温建筑技术, 2001(3).
[27]鄢涛.深圳市公共建筑能耗与节能分析[D].重庆:重庆大学, 2005.
[28]中华人民共和国国务院令第531号《公共机构节能条例》.
[29]SZDB/Z 26—2010深圳市地方标准《建筑物基本指标、功能分类及编码》[S].2010
[30]JGJ67-2006办公建筑设计规范[S]. 2006.
[31]SZJG 29-2009深圳市公共建筑节能设计标准[S]. 2009.
[32]Hans H. Bock. Probabilistic models in cluster analysis[J]. Computational Statistics & Data. 1996(23)Pages 5-28.
[33]Wei Chunyang. Hierarchical cluster analysis of tobacco leaves from different areas based on fractal color Transactions of the Chinese [J]. Society of Agricultural Machinery.
[34]JGJ48-88商场类建筑设计标准[S]. 1988.梁珍等.
[35]商场建筑能耗主要影响因素及节能分析.节能技术, 2001(3).
[36]JGJ62-90,旅游旅馆建筑设计规范[S]. 1990.
[37]JGJ64-98饮食建筑设计标准[S]. 1998.
[38]中国国家标准化管理委员会, GB/T 13391—2009餐饮企业的等级划分和评定[S] , 2009.
[39]魏庆芃,王鑫,肖贺,杨秀.中国公共建筑能耗现状和特点[J].建筑科技2009(8).
[40]田胜元.实验设计与数据处理[M].北京:中国建筑工业出版社. 1988.
[41]田俊.数据正态性简易判断方法及偏态数据幂变换法[J].中国公共卫生2003.19(12).
[42]谢明霞.基于模糊统计分析模型的概念层次分类研究[J].地理空间信息2009(2).
[43]杨李宁.公共建筑空调工程能效比的研究[D].重庆:重庆大学, 2007.
[44]ASHRAE handbook & product directory y-1977 fundamen-tal[M]. American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-conditioning Engineers, Inc. 1977.
[45]魏明华.深圳市深圳市公共建筑空调系统运行能效比影响因素分析[D].重庆:重庆大学, 2008.